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Lindsey's Sketchy Parasites and Fungi > Protozoa I > Flashcards

Protozoa I Flashcards

1
Q

______ = one that requires a temporary period as a parasite (mosquito, tick, etc.)

A

Temporary parasite

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2
Q

What is the most common clinical form of Entamoeba histolytica amoebiasis? How does it look?

A
  • colitis
  • flask-shaped ulcers in the muscularis layer of the large intestine mucosa
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3
Q

______ = insects, ticks and mites which either are parasitic or transmit parasites as vectors

A

Arthropods

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4
Q

_______ = an organism that may resort to parasitic activity, but does not absolutely rely on any host for completion of its life cycle

A

Facultative parasite

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5
Q

Which is larger: metazoa or protozoa?

A

metazoa

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6
Q

_____ = Both partners benefit.

A

Mutualism

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7
Q

How is giardiasis from Giardia lamblia diagnosed?

A
  • cysts in formed stools OR
  • cysts or trophozoites in liquid stools
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8
Q

What is the cause of primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) (the “brain-eating” ameba) that is typically lethal?

A

Naegleria fowleri

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9
Q

Commensalism = ______

A

Sharing the table. One partner benefits but the other is not hurt.

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10
Q

______ = live within the body and tissues of their hosts

A

Endoparasite

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11
Q

_____ = an organism (often an arthropod) that is responsible for transmitting the parasitic infection

A

Vector

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12
Q

What does Naegleria fowleri cause?

A
  • primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) (the “brain-eating” ameba)
  • *** typically lethal
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13
Q

______ = not suitable for parasite development, but severe disease might ensue nonetheless

A

Accidental host

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14
Q

How is Acanthamoeba spp diagnosed?

A

microscopic examination of stained smears of biopsy specimens (brain tissue, skin, cornea) = positive for trophozoites and cysts

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15
Q

What does Acanthamoeba spp cause?

A
  1. Granulomatous amebic encephalitis, particularly in immunosuppressed patients
  2. Keratitis, particularly associated with corneal injuries, and is assoc. with wearing contact lenses
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16
Q

_____ = a host that harbours the adult or sexually mature parasite and in which the parasite reproduces sexually

A

Definitive host

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17
Q

Paratenic or transport hosts = _____

A

one in which no parasite development occurs (carries)

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18
Q

Mutualism = ______

A

Both partners benefit.

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19
Q

______ = live on, but not in their hosts

A

Ectoparasite

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20
Q

What is the infectious dose of Giardia lamblia?

A

less than 10 cysts

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21
Q

_____ = any disease or infection that is naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals (often vertebrates) to humans. Animals thus play an essential role in maintaining the infections in nature.

A

Zoonosis

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22
Q

Host specificity = _____

A

the degree to which a parasite requires a particular host

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23
Q

What is a trophozoite?

A

a growing stage in the life cycle of some sporozoan parasites, when they are absorbing nutrients from the host (the multiplying, mobile form)

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24
Q

Intermediate host = ______

A

one that harbours the immature or asexual stages of the parasite and where asexual reproduction often occurs

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25
Q

Who are the high risk hosts of Entamoeba histolytica?

A
  • homosexual men
  • institutionalized pts/nursing home pts/day care kids
  • travelers
  • recent immigrants
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26
Q

Dx?

  • Infection of small intestine that causes diarrhea/ dysentery (severe in AIDS and immunocompromised)
  • fecal-oral transmission
  • intracellular parasite
A

Cryptosporidiosis from Cryptosporidium spp.

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27
Q

Symbiosis = ______

A

any two organisms living in close association, commonly one living in or on the body of the other (contrast with free living)

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28
Q

Dx?

  • Watery diarrhea can be accompanied by dehydration, weight loss, abdominal pain, fever, nausea and vomiting
  • also found in other digestive tract organs, the lungs, and possibly conjunctiva
A

Cryptosporidiosis from Cryptosporidium spp.

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29
Q

What is the tx for giardiasis from Giardia lamblia?

A

metro

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30
Q

Dx?

  • foul smelling, greenish vaginal discharge
  • itching, burning
  • strawberry cervix
A

Trichomoniasis from Trichomonas vaginalis

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31
Q

_____ = one in which no parasite development occurs (carries)

A

Paratenic or transport hosts

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32
Q

______ = the degree to which a parasite requires a particular host

A

Host specificity

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33
Q

Name 4 parasitic diseases that have a high mortality rate.

A
  1. Malaria
  2. Sleeping Sickness
  3. Chagas
  4. Visceral Leishmaniasis
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34
Q

Accidental host = ______

A

not suitable for parasite development, but severe disease might ensue nonetheless

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35
Q

Zoonosis = ______

A

any disease or infection that is naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals (often vertebrates) to humans. Animals thus play an essential role in maintaining the infections in nature.

36
Q

_______ = Sharing the table. One partner benefits but the other is not hurt.

A

Commensalism

37
Q

Temporary parasite = ______

A

one that requires a temporary period as a parasite (mosquito, tick, etc.)

38
Q

_____ = unicellular eukaryotes

A

Protozoa

39
Q

Nematodes = elongated worms with rigid cuticula (_____)

A

roundworms

40
Q

What kind of exudate is found in the liver of those with Amoebiasis from Entamoeba histolytica?

A

“anchovy paste” exudate

41
Q

How is Naegleria fowleri diagnosed?

A

microscopic examination of CSF + for motile trophozoites

42
Q

How is Cryptosporidiosis from Cryptosporidium spp. diagnosed?

A

oocycts on acid-fast stain

43
Q

What is the tx for Trichomoniasis from Trichomonas vaginalis?

A

metro (for pt and prophylactically for the partner)

44
Q

Which is larger: a nematode or malaria?

A

nematode

45
Q

______ = one that harbours the immature or asexual stages of the parasite and where asexual reproduction often occurs

A

Intermediate host

46
Q

How is Entamoeba histolytica diagnosed?

A

look for cysts in feces

47
Q

What are the s/s of Giardia lamblia?

A
  • diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, gas
  • foul-smelling, greasy stools that tend to float
  • nausea, and vomiting
  • *** think FAT-rich GHIRARDELLI chocolates for FATTY stools of GIARDIA***
48
Q

Ectoparasite = _______

A

live on, but not in their hosts

49
Q

______ is the only ciliate that infects humans.

A

Balantidium coli

50
Q

Endoparasite = ______

A

live within the body and tissues of their hosts

51
Q

______ = “Any two organisms living in close association, commonly one living in or on the body of the other, are symbiotic, as contrasted with free living.”

A

Symbiosis

52
Q

_____ = One partner harms or lives on the expense of the other (host).

A

Parasitism

53
Q

______ = flatworms that include flukes and tapeworms (dorsoventrally flattened)

A

Platyhelminthes

54
Q

_____ = elongated worms with rigid cuticula (roundworms)

A

Nematodes

55
Q

Dx?

  • extracellular parasite that adheres to epi
  • sexual or genital contact transmission
  • no cysts
A

Trichomoniasis from Trichomonas vaginalis

56
Q

Definitive host = ______

A

a host that harbours the adult or sexually mature parasite and in which the parasite reproduces sexually

57
Q

Dx?

  • extracellular parasite of the small intestine
  • fecal-oral transmission via cysts
  • the most common cause of non-bacterial diarrhea in the US
A

Giardia lamblia

58
Q

Dx?

  • extracellular parasite but can become invasive –> blood -> liver, lungs –> abscesses
  • Toxic to cells- causes lysis
  • fecal-oral transmission of cysts –> large bowel infection –> diarrhea (bloody), dysentery, colitis, RUQ pain
A

Amoebiasis from Entamoeba histolytica

59
Q

Reservoir host = _____

A

an animal that harbours the same species of parasites as man and constitute a source of infection to him. Serves as an alternate animal host from which the parasite can be transmitted to humans (zoonosis) or domestic animals

60
Q

Nematodes = _____ with _____ (roundworms)

A

elongated worms with rigid cuticula

61
Q

How is Trichomoniasis from Trichomonas vaginalis diagnosed?

A

trophozoites on wet mount antigen detection PCR

62
Q

Host = ______

A

an organism that harbours or nourishes another organism (parasite).

63
Q

Facultative parasite = _____

A

an organism that may resort to parasitic activity, but does not absolutely rely on any host for completion of its life cycle

64
Q

_______ = a parasitic organism that cannot complete its life-cycle without exploiting a suitable host

A

Obligate parasite

65
Q

How do Entamoeba histolytica multiply? Where?

A

binary fission in the small intestine

66
Q

Platyhelminthes = _______ that include (dorsoventrally flattened)

A

flatworms that include flukes and tapeworms

67
Q

______ = an animal that harbours the same species of parasites as man and constitute a source of infection to him. Serves as an alternate animal host from which the parasite can be transmitted to humans (zoonosis) or domestic animals

A

Reservoir host

68
Q

Platyhelminthes = flatworms that include flukes and tapeworms (______ flattened)

A

dorsoventrally

69
Q

What is the clinical presentation of Giardia lamblia?

A

asymptomatic –> severe diarrhea, malabsorption

70
Q

A ______ is an organism which lives upon or within another living organism at whose expense it obtains some advantage.

A

parasite

71
Q

Obligate parasite = ______

A

a parasitic organism that cannot complete its life-cycle without exploiting a suitable host

72
Q

Vector = _____

A

an organism (often an arthropod) that is responsible for transmitting the parasitic infection is known as the vector (typically reserved for cases where development ensues in the organism)

73
Q

Balantidium coli is the only _____ that infects humans.

A

ciliate

74
Q

Dx?

  • diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, gas
  • foul-smelling, greasy stools that tend to float
  • nausea and vomiting
A
  • giardiasis from Giardia lamblia
  • *** think FAT-rich GHIRARDELLI chocolates for FATTY stools of GIARDIA***
75
Q

What form of Entamoeba histolytica is infectious? Why?

A

the cyst bc it’s hardy/resistant

76
Q

Which is larger: fungi or protozoa?

A

protozoa

77
Q

_____ = an organism that harbours or nourishes another organism (parasite).

A

Host

78
Q

Protozoa = ______

A

unicellular eukaryotes

79
Q

What is a major risk factor for parasites?

A

poverty

80
Q

What causes:

  1. granulomatous amebic encephalitis, particularly in immunosuppressed patients
  2. Keratitis, particularly associated with corneal injuries, and is assoc. with wearing contact lenses?
A

Acanthamoeba spp

81
Q

What is the tx for Cryptosporidiosis from Cryptosporidium spp.?

A

nitazoxanide in immunocompetent hosts

82
Q

Parasitism = ______

A

One partner (the parasite) harms or lives on the expense of the other (host).

83
Q

What is the tx for Amoebiasis from Entamoeba histolytica? What about asymptomatic carriers?

A

active = metro carriers = iodoquinol

84
Q

Why is Giardia lamblia so hard to control?

A

Zoonosis - Domestic dogs, beavers, elk, deer may serve as hosts

85
Q

Arthropods = ______

A

insects, ticks and mites which either are parasitic or transmit parasites as vectors

86
Q

This is the growing stage in the life cycle of some sporozoan parasites, when they are absorbing nutrients from the host (the multiplying, mobile form).

A

trophozoite

Lindsey's Sketchy Parasites and Fungi (32 decks)

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