Protozoa I Flashcards by Lindsey Herrera

______ = one that requires a temporary period as a parasite (mosquito, tick, etc.)

Temporary parasite

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What is the most common clinical form of Entamoeba histolytica amoebiasis? How does it look?

colitis
flask-shaped ulcers in the muscularis layer of the large intestine mucosa

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______ = insects, ticks and mites which either are parasitic or transmit parasites as vectors

Arthropods

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_______ = an organism that may resort to parasitic activity, but does not absolutely rely on any host for completion of its life cycle

Facultative parasite

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Which is larger: metazoa or protozoa?

metazoa

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_____ = Both partners benefit.

Mutualism

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How is giardiasis from Giardia lamblia diagnosed?

cysts in formed stools OR
cysts or trophozoites in liquid stools

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What is the cause of primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) (the “brain-eating” ameba) that is typically lethal?

Naegleria fowleri

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Commensalism = ______

Sharing the table. One partner benefits but the other is not hurt.

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______ = live within the body and tissues of their hosts

Endoparasite

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_____ = an organism (often an arthropod) that is responsible for transmitting the parasitic infection

Vector

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What does Naegleria fowleri cause?

primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) (the “brain-eating” ameba)
*** typically lethal

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______ = not suitable for parasite development, but severe disease might ensue nonetheless

Accidental host

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How is Acanthamoeba spp diagnosed?

microscopic examination of stained smears of biopsy specimens (brain tissue, skin, cornea) = positive for trophozoites and cysts

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What does Acanthamoeba spp cause?

Granulomatous amebic encephalitis, particularly in immunosuppressed patients
Keratitis, particularly associated with corneal injuries, and is assoc. with wearing contact lenses

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_____ = a host that harbours the adult or sexually mature parasite and in which the parasite reproduces sexually

Definitive host

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Paratenic or transport hosts = _____

one in which no parasite development occurs (carries)

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Mutualism = ______

Both partners benefit.

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______ = live on, but not in their hosts

Ectoparasite

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What is the infectious dose of Giardia lamblia?

less than 10 cysts

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_____ = any disease or infection that is naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals (often vertebrates) to humans. Animals thus play an essential role in maintaining the infections in nature.

Zoonosis

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Host specificity = _____

the degree to which a parasite requires a particular host

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What is a trophozoite?

a growing stage in the life cycle of some sporozoan parasites, when they are absorbing nutrients from the host (the multiplying, mobile form)

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Intermediate host = ______

one that harbours the immature or asexual stages of the parasite and where asexual reproduction often occurs

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Who are the high risk hosts of Entamoeba histolytica?

* homosexual men * institutionalized pts/nursing home pts/day care kids * travelers * recent immigrants

Dx? * Infection of small intestine that causes diarrhea/ dysentery (severe in AIDS and immunocompromised) * fecal-oral transmission * intracellular parasite

Cryptosporidiosis from Cryptosporidium spp.

Symbiosis = \_\_\_\_\_\_

any two organisms living in close association, commonly one living in or on the body of the other (contrast with free living)

Dx? * Watery diarrhea can be accompanied by dehydration, weight loss, abdominal pain, fever, nausea and vomiting * also found in other digestive tract organs, the lungs, and possibly conjunctiva

Cryptosporidiosis from Cryptosporidium spp.

What is the tx for giardiasis from Giardia lamblia?

metro

Dx? * foul smelling, greenish vaginal discharge * itching, burning * strawberry cervix

Trichomoniasis from Trichomonas vaginalis

\_\_\_\_\_ = one in which no parasite development occurs (carries)

Paratenic or transport hosts

\_\_\_\_\_\_ = the degree to which a parasite requires a particular host

Host specificity

Name 4 parasitic diseases that have a high mortality rate.

1. Malaria 2. Sleeping Sickness 3. Chagas 4. Visceral Leishmaniasis

Accidental host = \_\_\_\_\_\_

not suitable for parasite development, but severe disease might ensue nonetheless

Zoonosis = \_\_\_\_\_\_

any disease or infection that is naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals (often vertebrates) to humans. Animals thus play an essential role in maintaining the infections in nature.

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ = Sharing the table. One partner benefits but the other is not hurt.

Commensalism

Temporary parasite = \_\_\_\_\_\_

one that requires a temporary period as a parasite (mosquito, tick, etc.)

\_\_\_\_\_ = unicellular eukaryotes

Protozoa

Nematodes = elongated worms with rigid cuticula (\_\_\_\_\_)

roundworms

What kind of exudate is found in the liver of those with Amoebiasis from Entamoeba histolytica?

"anchovy paste" exudate

How is Naegleria fowleri diagnosed?

microscopic examination of CSF + for motile trophozoites

How is Cryptosporidiosis from Cryptosporidium spp. diagnosed?

oocycts on acid-fast stain

What is the tx for Trichomoniasis from Trichomonas vaginalis?

metro (for pt and prophylactically for the partner)

Which is larger: a nematode or malaria?

nematode

\_\_\_\_\_\_ = one that harbours the immature or asexual stages of the parasite and where asexual reproduction often occurs

Intermediate host

How is Entamoeba histolytica diagnosed?

look for cysts in feces

What are the s/s of Giardia lamblia?

* diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, gas * foul-smelling, greasy stools that tend to float * nausea, and vomiting * \*\*\* think FAT-rich GHIRARDELLI chocolates for FATTY stools of GIARDIA\*\*\*

Ectoparasite = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

live on, but not in their hosts

\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the only ciliate that infects humans.

Balantidium coli

Endoparasite = \_\_\_\_\_\_

live within the body and tissues of their hosts

\_\_\_\_\_\_ = “Any two organisms living in close association, commonly one living in or on the body of the other, are symbiotic, as contrasted with free living.”

Symbiosis

\_\_\_\_\_ = One partner harms or lives on the expense of the other (host).

Parasitism

\_\_\_\_\_\_ = flatworms that include flukes and tapeworms (dorsoventrally flattened)

Platyhelminthes

\_\_\_\_\_ = elongated worms with rigid cuticula (roundworms)

Nematodes

Dx? * extracellular parasite that adheres to epi * sexual or genital contact transmission * no cysts

Trichomoniasis from Trichomonas vaginalis

Definitive host = \_\_\_\_\_\_

a host that harbours the adult or sexually mature parasite and in which the parasite reproduces sexually

Dx? * extracellular parasite of the small intestine * fecal-oral transmission via cysts * the most common cause of non-bacterial diarrhea in the US

Giardia lamblia

Dx? * extracellular parasite but can become invasive --\> blood -\> liver, lungs --\> abscesses * Toxic to cells- causes lysis * fecal-oral transmission of cysts --\> large bowel infection --\> diarrhea (bloody), dysentery, colitis, RUQ pain

Amoebiasis from Entamoeba histolytica

Reservoir host = \_\_\_\_\_

an animal that harbours the same species of parasites as man and constitute a source of infection to him. Serves as an alternate animal host from which the parasite can be transmitted to humans (zoonosis) or domestic animals

Nematodes = _____ with _____ (roundworms)

elongated worms with rigid cuticula

How is Trichomoniasis from Trichomonas vaginalis diagnosed?

trophozoites on wet mount antigen detection PCR

Host = \_\_\_\_\_\_

an organism that harbours or nourishes another organism (parasite).

Facultative parasite = \_\_\_\_\_

an organism that may resort to parasitic activity, but does not absolutely rely on any host for completion of its life cycle

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ = a parasitic organism that cannot complete its life-cycle without exploiting a suitable host

Obligate parasite

How do Entamoeba histolytica multiply? Where?

binary fission in the small intestine

Platyhelminthes = _______ that include (dorsoventrally flattened)

flatworms that include flukes and tapeworms

\_\_\_\_\_\_ = an animal that harbours the same species of parasites as man and constitute a source of infection to him. Serves as an alternate animal host from which the parasite can be transmitted to humans (zoonosis) or domestic animals

Reservoir host

Platyhelminthes = flatworms that include flukes and tapeworms (\_\_\_\_\_\_ flattened)

dorsoventrally

What is the clinical presentation of Giardia lamblia?

asymptomatic --\> severe diarrhea, malabsorption

A ______ is an organism which lives upon or within another living organism at whose expense it obtains some advantage.

parasite

Obligate parasite = \_\_\_\_\_\_

a parasitic organism that cannot complete its life-cycle without exploiting a suitable host

Vector = \_\_\_\_\_

an organism (often an arthropod) that is responsible for transmitting the parasitic infection is known as the vector (typically reserved for cases where development ensues in the organism)

Balantidium coli is the only _____ that infects humans.

ciliate

Dx? * diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, gas * foul-smelling, greasy stools that tend to float * nausea and vomiting

* giardiasis from Giardia lamblia * \*\*\* think FAT-rich GHIRARDELLI chocolates for FATTY stools of GIARDIA\*\*\*

What form of Entamoeba histolytica is infectious? Why?

the cyst bc it's hardy/resistant

Which is larger: fungi or protozoa?

protozoa

\_\_\_\_\_ = an organism that harbours or nourishes another organism (parasite).

Host

Protozoa = \_\_\_\_\_\_

unicellular eukaryotes

What is a major risk factor for parasites?

poverty

What causes: 1. granulomatous amebic encephalitis, particularly in immunosuppressed patients 2. Keratitis, particularly associated with corneal injuries, and is assoc. with wearing contact lenses?

Acanthamoeba spp

What is the tx for Cryptosporidiosis from Cryptosporidium spp.?

nitazoxanide in immunocompetent hosts

Parasitism = \_\_\_\_\_\_

One partner (the parasite) harms or lives on the expense of the other (host).

What is the tx for Amoebiasis from Entamoeba histolytica? What about asymptomatic carriers?

active = metro carriers = iodoquinol

Why is Giardia lamblia so hard to control?

Zoonosis - Domestic dogs, beavers, elk, deer may serve as hosts

Arthropods = \_\_\_\_\_\_

insects, ticks and mites which either are parasitic or transmit parasites as vectors

This is the growing stage in the life cycle of some sporozoan parasites, when they are absorbing nutrients from the host (the multiplying, mobile form).

trophozoite