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Protists Flashcards

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1
Q

how many supergroups of eukaryotes are there

A

5

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2
Q

how would the THEORETICAL kingdom Protista look like

A

it would be paraphyletic

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3
Q

is there a kingdom Protista

A

NO

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4
Q

protists are

A

Eukaryotes

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5
Q

true or false
protists are mostly multicellular

A

FALSE - they are mostly single-celled

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6
Q

protist is a term used to

A

encompass those eukaryotes that are NEITHER plants, animals nor fungi

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7
Q

true or false
protists are nutritionally diverse

A

TRUE

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8
Q

what kinds of protist nutrition are there

A
  1. photoautotrophs
  2. heterotrophs
  3. mixotrophs
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9
Q

mixotrophs

A

combination of photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition

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10
Q

heterotrophs

A

absorb organic molecules or ingest larger food particles

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11
Q

photoautotrophs

A

contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis

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12
Q

why would the Kingdom Protista be paraphyletic

A

the common ancestor of ALL the protists would have to include some species that are not protists or exclude some species that are protists

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13
Q

what are the 5 supergroups

A
  1. excavata
  2. SAR
  3. Archaeplastida
  4. Unikonta
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14
Q

what is the reproductive diversity in protists?

A
  1. some do sexual reproduction
  2. some do asexual reproduction
  3. some do alternation of generation
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15
Q

alternation of generation is also known as

A

sporadic meiosis

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16
Q

what is older prokaryotic or eukaryotic

A

prokaryotic

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17
Q

what are two structures that show endosymbiotic origins of eukaryotes

A
  1. plastids
  2. mitochondria
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18
Q

mitochondria are the

A

endosymbiosis of aerobic prokaryotes

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19
Q

endosymbiosis of aerobic prokaryotes

A

mitochondria

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20
Q

plastids

A

endosymbiosis of photosynthetic cyanobacterium

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21
Q

endosymbiosis of the photosynthetic cyanobacterium

A

plastids

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22
Q

chloroplasts are a _____

A

plastid

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23
Q

what was the first photosynthetic organism

A

cyanobacteria

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24
Q

how was cyanobacteria acquired by eukaryotes

A

ingestion

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25
Q

when is the endosymbiosis and structure of the plastid HOMOLOGOUS

A

when it first evolved from the cyanobacterium into red algae and green algae

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26
Q

primary endosymbiosis is associated with

A

a prokaryote

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27
Q

secondary endosymbiosis is done with a

A

photosynthetic eukaryote

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28
Q

the plastids resulting from secondary endosymbiosis is

A

analogous

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29
Q

Dinoflagellates, Apicomplexans, Stramenopiles all got plastids from the

A

red algae

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30
Q

Euglenids and chlorarachniophytes got plastids from the

A

green algae

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31
Q

which protist has a nucleomorph

A

chlorarachniophytes

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32
Q

supergroup Excavata is

A

monophyletic

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33
Q

what are three protists in the Excavata supergroup

A
  1. diplomonads
  2. Parabasalids
  3. Euglenozoans
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34
Q

how is clade Excavata characterized

A

by its cytoskeleton and excavated (dug in) feeding grooves

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35
Q

diplomonads is from clade

A

Excavata

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36
Q

where do diplomonads live

A

anaerobic environments (without oxygen)

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37
Q

what are some traits associated with the diplomonads

A

they have two equal-sized nuclei and multiple flagella

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38
Q

many diplomonads are

A

parasitic

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39
Q

true or false
diplomonads lack plastids

A

TRUE, they live without sunshine

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40
Q

what are the mitochondrial structures called in diplomonads

A

mitosomes

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41
Q

parabasalids have mitochondria called

A

hydrogenosomes

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42
Q

what is an example of a parabasalid

A

trichomonas vaginalis

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43
Q

what main feature of the euglenozoans distinguish them from the rest of the clade

A

their spiral or crystalline rod/covering

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44
Q

what protists are included in the excavates

A

those with modified mitochondria and protists with unique flagella

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45
Q

the crystalline shell of the Euglenozoans is a

A

synapomorphy that supports the monophyly of the Euglenozoans in the clade

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46
Q

examples of Euglenozoans

A
  1. kinetoplastids
  2. euglendis
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47
Q

Kinetoplastids

A

have a single mitochondrion with an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast

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48
Q

what species are included in kinetoplastids

A

free-living species that are consumers of prokaryotes in freshwater, marine and moist terrestrial ecosystems

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49
Q

what is an example of a kinetoplastid

A

the parasite Trypanosoma (sleeping sickness)

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50
Q

true or false
some species of kinetoplastids are parasitic

A

TRUE - sleeping sickness

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51
Q

Euglendis can be both

A

autotrophic and heterotrophic (mixotrophs)

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52
Q

what distinguishes euglenids from other protists

A

they have one or two flagella that emerge from a pocket at one end of the cell

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53
Q

Euglendis are part of what clade in what supergroup

A

Euglenozoan in supergroup Excavata

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54
Q

kinetoplastids are part of what clade in what supergroup

A

Euglenozoan in supergroup Excavata

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55
Q

the SAR clade is named from

A

the first letters of its 3 major clades

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56
Q

what are the three major clades within SAR

A
  1. stramenopiles
  2. alevolates
  3. rhizarians
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57
Q

what are three protists in clade stramenopiles

A
  1. diatoms
  2. brown algae
  3. oomycetes
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58
Q

what are three protists in clade alveolates

A
  1. dinoflagellates
  2. apicomplexans
  3. ciliates
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59
Q

what are three protists in clade rhizarians

A
  1. forams
  2. radiolarians
  3. cerocozoans
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60
Q

_______ are the most important producers

A

stramenopiles

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61
Q

most stramenopiles have

A

a hairy flagellum paired with a smooth flagellum

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62
Q

are there multicellular stramenopiles

A

yes, brown algae

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63
Q

diatoms

A

unicellular algae with a unique two-part glass-like wall of silicon dioxide

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64
Q

true or false
diatoms are good at photosynthesis and removing CO2

A

true

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65
Q

diatoms can be _______ and _______

A

colonial or single celled

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66
Q

what is the largest and most complex algae

A

brown algae

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67
Q

all brown algae are

A

multicellular

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68
Q

what is included in brown algae

A

many species commonly called seaweeds

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69
Q

true or false
brown algae have the most complex multicellular anatomy of all algae

A

true

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70
Q

what are structures that look like plants in seaweeds

A
  1. blades = leave like structure
  2. stipe = stem-like structure
  3. holdfast = root-like structure
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71
Q

the plant-like structures in seaweed are ______ traits

A

analogous traits

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72
Q

What gave rise to the diversity of protists that exist today?

A

Has origins in endosymbiosis - relationship between two species in which one organism lives inside the cell/cells of another organism (host)

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73
Q

Endosymbiosis and spread of photosynthesis was spread to how many of the supergroups

A

3 out of the 4

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74
Q

Key step in organelle evolution

A

creating a dependency between partners (host and absorbed cell)

75
Q

Nucleomorphs

A

have 4 separate genomes within ONE eukaryotic cell

76
Q

how does an endosymbiont evolve into an organelle

A

the host was able to “steal” a proportion of the alga through photosynthesis until the alga became interdependent on the host (and vice versa)

77
Q

what are the three types of meiosis?

A
  1. sporic meiosis (alternation of generation)
  2. gametic meiosis
  3. zygotic meiosis
78
Q

does meiosis ONLY make gametes

A

NO, it can also make spores

79
Q

what protist shows sporic meiosis

A

Brown Algae Laminaria

80
Q

what is a hallmark of sporic meiosis

A

it has BOTH multicellular diploid phases AND haploid phases

81
Q

in sporic meiosis the multicellular diploid form is a

A

sporophyte

82
Q

the diploid sporophyte makes spores through _____ in sporic meiosis

A

meiosis

83
Q

the haploid gametophyte makes gametes through _____ in sporic meiosis

A

mitosis

84
Q

the multicellular haploid form in sporic meiosis is the

A

gametophyte

85
Q

what is the ONLY trait ALL protist share

A

being eukaryotic

86
Q

what distinguishes members of the alveolate clade

A

having membrane-enclosed sacs (alveoli) just under the plasma membrane

87
Q

true or false
the function of the alveoli is known

A

false, its unknown

88
Q

what protists are in the Alveloates clade

A
  1. dinoflagellates
  2. apicomplexans
  3. ciliates
89
Q

dinoflagellates have

A

two flagella

90
Q

dinoflagellates have cell reinforced by

A

cellulose plates

91
Q

true or false
dinoflagellates are affected by global warming

A

true

92
Q

where do dinoflagellates inhabit

A

both marine and freshwater phytoplankton

93
Q

what are nutritional mechanisms for dinoflagellates

A

aquatic phototrophs, mixotrophs and heterotrophs

94
Q

toxic “red tides” are caused by

A

dinoflagellate blooms

95
Q

Apicomplexans

A

parasites of animals

96
Q

how are apicomplexans spread

A

as infectious cells called sporozoites

97
Q

what characterizes apicomplexans

A

the apex found at one end that is specialized for penetrating host cells and tissues

98
Q

what is required for apicomplexans to reproduce

A

sexual and asexual stages that require two or more hosts

99
Q

ciliates

A

group of protists that use cilia to move and feed

100
Q

ciliates have ________ and _______

A

large macronuclei and small micronuclei

101
Q

how does genetic variation occur in ciliates

A

conjugation

102
Q

conjugation

A

two ciliate individuals exchange haploid micronuclei

103
Q

conjugation is a ______ process

A

sexual

104
Q

true or false
conjugation is a separate process from reproduction

A

YES, reproduction occurs by binary fission

105
Q

true or false
all ciliates are heterotrophic

A

YES

106
Q

example of a ciliate

A

paramecium

107
Q

rhizarians

A

most species are amoebas

108
Q

amoebas

A

protists that move and feed by PSEUDOPODIA

109
Q

how do rhizarians amoebas differ from amoebas from other clades

A

by having threadlike pseudopodia

110
Q

protists in rhizarians

A
  1. radiolarians
  2. forams
  3. cercozoans
111
Q

radiolarians have pseudopodia that extend

A

from the central body

112
Q

what are forams named for

A

their porous, multicehambered shells

113
Q

what are forams shells called

A

tests

114
Q

how do pseudopodia extend in forams

A

through pores in their test

115
Q

true or false
the foram shells uptake magnesium based on water temp

A

true

116
Q

true or false
forams can be used to estimate changes in ocean temp over time

A

true

117
Q

Formas : ___________ : ______________-

A

Rhizarians : SAR

118
Q

Radiolarians : _____________ : _____________-

A

Rhizarians : SAR

119
Q

Ciliates : ____________ : ______________

A

Alevolates: SAR

120
Q

Apicomplexans : ________ : ________

A

Alveolates : SAR

121
Q

true or false
land plants are descended from green algae

A

TRUE

122
Q

green and red algae are sisters to

A

land plants (Kingdom Plantae)

123
Q

Archaeplastida

A

supergroup that includes red algae, green algae, land plants

124
Q

green algae have 2 lineages

A
  1. chlorophytes
  2. charophytes
125
Q

red algae are red because of

A

accessory pigment phycoerythrin that masks the green of chlorophyll

126
Q

red algae are almost black in

A

deep water

127
Q

red algae are greenish-red in

A

shallow water

128
Q

red algae are _______

A

multicellular

129
Q

largest red algae

A

seaweeds

130
Q

are green algae a monophyletic clade

A

NO, paraphyletic

131
Q

green algae are named for their

A

green chloroplasts

132
Q

______ are most closely related to land plants

A

charophytes

133
Q

chlorophyceans live in

A

fresh water with some in marine

134
Q

examples of chlorophyceans

A

volvox and spirogyra

135
Q

three routes archaeplastida got larger in size

A
  1. coloniality
  2. multicellularity
  3. division of nuclei without cytokinesis
136
Q

the supergroup Unikonta includes

A

animals, fungi and some protists

137
Q

Unikonta has 2 lineages

A
  1. Amoebozoan Clade
  2. Opisthikont clade
138
Q

how are amoebozoans in Unikonta different than Rhizarians

A

these amoebas have lobe or tube-shaped pseudopodia INSTEAD of threadlike

139
Q

protists included in amoebozoans

A
  1. slime moulds
  2. tubulinids
  3. entamoebas
140
Q

Green and red algae : _______

A

Archaeplastida

141
Q

Amoebozoans : ______

A

Unikonta

142
Q

Slime moulds: ______: ________

A

Amoebozoa : Unikonta

143
Q

slime moulds were once thought to be

A

fungi

144
Q

two lineages of slime moulds

A
  1. plasmodial slime moulds
  2. cellular slime moulds
145
Q

shows what routes of size growth for Archaeplastida

A

division of nuclei (Caulerpa)

146
Q

shows what routes of size growth for Archaeplastida

A

coloniality (volvox)

147
Q

heteromorphic

A

alternation of generation where the sporophyte and gametophyte differ

148
Q

isomorphic

A

alternation of generation where the sporophyte and gametophyte are the same

149
Q

example of isomorphic

A

ulva

150
Q

example of heteromorphic

A

laminaria

150
Q

the resemblance of slime moulds and fungi is a result of

A

analogous = convergent evolution

151
Q

plasmodial slime moulds are _______ NOT _____

A

multi-nucleated and multicellular

152
Q

what does multi-nucleate mean

A

repeated cell division without cytokinesis

153
Q

what is the plasmodial slime mould feeding stage called

A

plasmodium

154
Q

how do plasmodial slime moulds distribute nutrients and oxygen

A

cytoplasm streaming

155
Q

cellular slime moulds have a ______ feeding stage

A

solitary

156
Q

what happens to cellular slime moulds when food is scarce

A

they aggregate and form a mass of cells that resembles a plasmodium and put up fruiting bodies of stalks

157
Q

cellular slime moulds form

A

multicellular aggregates where cells are separated by their membranes

158
Q

cellular slime moulds vs plasmodial slime moulds (differences)

A

cellular slime moulds
1. single cell haploid feeding
2. the fruiting body is asexual
3. spores are asexual
4. multicellular

plasmodial slime moulds
1. multi-nucleated diploid
2. not multicellular

159
Q

the similarity between slime moulds

A

spores making the stem of the fruiting body die so that those in the top can survive

160
Q

tubulinids are a diverse group of

A

amoebozoans with lobe or tube shaped pseudopodia

161
Q

tubulinids are _____ protists

A

unicellular

162
Q

most tubulinids are ________ (kind of nutrition) and actively seek ________

A

heterotrophic AND bacteria/protists

163
Q

tubulinids : ________ : ________

A

amoebozoan : Unikonta

164
Q

slime moulds : ______ : ______

A

amoebozoan : unikonta

165
Q

entamoebas : ______ : ______

A

amoebozoan : unikonta

166
Q

entamoebas are ______

A

parasites

167
Q

example of entamoebas

A

entamoeba histolytica

168
Q

opisthokonts : ________

A

unikonta

169
Q

opisthokonts include

A

animals
fungi
protists

170
Q

true or false
protists are extremely important in ecosystems

A

true

171
Q

examples of how protists are important for ecosystems

A
  1. producers
  2. symbionts
172
Q

up to 1/4 of worlds, photosynthesis is performed by

A

diatoms, dinoflagellates and other algae and protists

173
Q

true or false
protists are vital for aquatic and marine food webs

A

true

174
Q

types of symbiont relations done by protists

A

mutualism and parasitism

175
Q

example of protist mutualism

A

termites have protists that enable them to digest wood

photosynthetic symbiotic dinoflagellates in coral reefs

176
Q

lichens are symbiotic of

A

fungi and algae

177
Q

examples of parasitic relations of protists

A
  1. plasmodium (malaria)
  2. giardia (beaver fever)
  3. phytophthora (sudden oak death)
178
Q

if sea surface temps warm due to climate warming _______

A

Growth and biomass of photosynthetic protists and prokaryotes have declined as sea temps increase = available nutrients supply would be reduced

179
Q

Three main features that arose during Serial Endosymbiosis

A

a) Compartmentalization of Cellular Function- membrane infolding to form ER, nuclear envelope, EM
system.
b) Mitochondria – Endosymbiosis of a free-living heterotrophic aerobic prokaryote (bacteria)
c) Chloroplasts (Plastids)- Endosymbiosis of a photosynthetic cyanobacterium (more than 2
membranes)

180
Q

What is the proposed origin of mitochondria and plastids?

A

Mitochondria: Endosymbiosis of a free-living aerobic prokaryote (bacteria)
Plastids: Secondary endosymbiosis of a photosynthetic cyanobacterium (more than 2
membranes)

181
Q

Identify the three main lineages in the SAR Clade

A

Stramenopiles, Rhizarians, Alveolates

182
Q

hows what routes of size growth for Archaeplastida

A

multicellularity (sea lettuce/Ulva)

Biology 1020 (29 decks)

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