Protists Flashcards
how many supergroups of eukaryotes are there
5
how would the THEORETICAL kingdom Protista look like
it would be paraphyletic
is there a kingdom Protista
NO
protists are
Eukaryotes
true or false
protists are mostly multicellular
FALSE - they are mostly single-celled
protist is a term used to
encompass those eukaryotes that are NEITHER plants, animals nor fungi
true or false
protists are nutritionally diverse
TRUE
what kinds of protist nutrition are there
- photoautotrophs
- heterotrophs
- mixotrophs
mixotrophs
combination of photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition
heterotrophs
absorb organic molecules or ingest larger food particles
photoautotrophs
contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis
why would the Kingdom Protista be paraphyletic
the common ancestor of ALL the protists would have to include some species that are not protists or exclude some species that are protists
what are the 5 supergroups
- excavata
- SAR
- Archaeplastida
- Unikonta
what is the reproductive diversity in protists?
- some do sexual reproduction
- some do asexual reproduction
- some do alternation of generation
alternation of generation is also known as
sporadic meiosis
what is older prokaryotic or eukaryotic
prokaryotic
what are two structures that show endosymbiotic origins of eukaryotes
- plastids
- mitochondria
mitochondria are the
endosymbiosis of aerobic prokaryotes
endosymbiosis of aerobic prokaryotes
mitochondria
plastids
endosymbiosis of photosynthetic cyanobacterium
endosymbiosis of the photosynthetic cyanobacterium
plastids
chloroplasts are a _____
plastid
what was the first photosynthetic organism
cyanobacteria
how was cyanobacteria acquired by eukaryotes
ingestion
when is the endosymbiosis and structure of the plastid HOMOLOGOUS
when it first evolved from the cyanobacterium into red algae and green algae
primary endosymbiosis is associated with
a prokaryote
secondary endosymbiosis is done with a
photosynthetic eukaryote
the plastids resulting from secondary endosymbiosis is
analogous
Dinoflagellates, Apicomplexans, Stramenopiles all got plastids from the
red algae
Euglenids and chlorarachniophytes got plastids from the
green algae
which protist has a nucleomorph
chlorarachniophytes
supergroup Excavata is
monophyletic
what are three protists in the Excavata supergroup
- diplomonads
- Parabasalids
- Euglenozoans
how is clade Excavata characterized
by its cytoskeleton and excavated (dug in) feeding grooves
diplomonads is from clade
Excavata
where do diplomonads live
anaerobic environments (without oxygen)
what are some traits associated with the diplomonads
they have two equal-sized nuclei and multiple flagella
many diplomonads are
parasitic
true or false
diplomonads lack plastids
TRUE, they live without sunshine
what are the mitochondrial structures called in diplomonads
mitosomes
parabasalids have mitochondria called
hydrogenosomes
what is an example of a parabasalid
trichomonas vaginalis
what main feature of the euglenozoans distinguish them from the rest of the clade
their spiral or crystalline rod/covering
what protists are included in the excavates
those with modified mitochondria and protists with unique flagella
the crystalline shell of the Euglenozoans is a
synapomorphy that supports the monophyly of the Euglenozoans in the clade
examples of Euglenozoans
- kinetoplastids
- euglendis
Kinetoplastids
have a single mitochondrion with an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast
what species are included in kinetoplastids
free-living species that are consumers of prokaryotes in freshwater, marine and moist terrestrial ecosystems
what is an example of a kinetoplastid
the parasite Trypanosoma (sleeping sickness)
true or false
some species of kinetoplastids are parasitic
TRUE - sleeping sickness
Euglendis can be both
autotrophic and heterotrophic (mixotrophs)
what distinguishes euglenids from other protists
they have one or two flagella that emerge from a pocket at one end of the cell
Euglendis are part of what clade in what supergroup
Euglenozoan in supergroup Excavata
kinetoplastids are part of what clade in what supergroup
Euglenozoan in supergroup Excavata
the SAR clade is named from
the first letters of its 3 major clades
what are the three major clades within SAR
- stramenopiles
- alevolates
- rhizarians
what are three protists in clade stramenopiles
- diatoms
- brown algae
- oomycetes
what are three protists in clade alveolates
- dinoflagellates
- apicomplexans
- ciliates
what are three protists in clade rhizarians
- forams
- radiolarians
- cerocozoans
_______ are the most important producers
stramenopiles
most stramenopiles have
a hairy flagellum paired with a smooth flagellum
are there multicellular stramenopiles
yes, brown algae
diatoms
unicellular algae with a unique two-part glass-like wall of silicon dioxide
true or false
diatoms are good at photosynthesis and removing CO2
true
diatoms can be _______ and _______
colonial or single celled
what is the largest and most complex algae
brown algae
all brown algae are
multicellular
what is included in brown algae
many species commonly called seaweeds
true or false
brown algae have the most complex multicellular anatomy of all algae
true
what are structures that look like plants in seaweeds
- blades = leave like structure
- stipe = stem-like structure
- holdfast = root-like structure
the plant-like structures in seaweed are ______ traits
analogous traits
What gave rise to the diversity of protists that exist today?
Has origins in endosymbiosis - relationship between two species in which one organism lives inside the cell/cells of another organism (host)
Endosymbiosis and spread of photosynthesis was spread to how many of the supergroups
3 out of the 4