origins of plants Flashcards
plants started to get taller because
of the competition for light
what is the first woody fossil found
archaeopetris
archaeopteris had _____ but no _____
wood but NO seeds
archaeopteris was a ______
progynysperm
true or false
land plants evolved in water and moved to land secondary
NO - they evolved on land and then moved to the oceans as a secondary evolution
what is the importance of the archaeopetris
it shows a plant BEFORE gymnosperms that could have better access to sunlight because of its wood
closest relatives of land plants
green algae - charophytes
true or false
many characteristics of land plants also appear in a variety of protists
true
what protists clade shows the MOST characteristics with land plants
algae
what are the three morphological synapomorphies of charophytes and land plants SHARED with their CA
- rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins
- structure of flagellated sperm
- formation of phargmoplast
phragmoplast
structure present in cell division
order of early terrestrial earth
- no life on earth
- cyanobacteria appear
- non-vascular plants appear
- forests are formed
benefits of early land plants
- no natural predation
- no competition for resources (had easier access to sun and CO2)
disadvantages of early land plants
- gravity
- climatize to extreme temperatures
- lack of water
agleophyton is another early land plant species, but it has
NO seeds
what are ANCESTRAL traits of agleophyton
- rhizome (no true roots)
- dichotomous branching
what is the main DERIVED trait of agleophyton
it has a dominant sporophyte
4 groups of plants
- non-vascular
- seedless-vascular
- gymnosperms
- angiosperms
what is the dominant stage in non-vascular plants
gametophyte
what is the dominant stage in seedless-vascular plants
sporophyte
what is the dominant stage in gymnosperms
sporophyte
what is the dominant stage in gymnosperms
sporophytye
what is the dominant stage in angisperms
sporophyte
what happens to the GAMTEOPHYTE over time in the groups of plants
from the non-vascular to angiosperms the gametophyte is reduced in size
the evolution of sporopollenin via the mechanism of natural selection
the CA of land plants would have shown natural variation in which some members had sporopollenin whereas others don’t. As such, when desiccation occurred to their water source those with the sporopollenin would survive better.
charophytes have a layer of durable polymer called _____
sporopollenin
sporopollenin prevents
the exposed zygotes from drying out
sporopollenin can be found in
plants and charophytes
what are the FIVE major derived traits of plants (that are NOT in charophytes)
- alternation of generations
- multicellular dependent embryos
- walled spores produced in sporangia
- multicellular gametangia
- apical meristems
true or false
ALL the derived traits of plants are found in all the lineages
FALSE - some of these traits are lost in some lineages (reversals)
true or false
some non-plants also have some of the derived traits of plants
TRUE - convergence
plants alter between two ____ stages
multicellular
gametophyte
haploid
what does the gametophyte produce
haploid gametes by mitosis
the sporophyte is created by
fusion of gametes
sporophyte
diploid
the sporophyte produces
haploid SPORES by meiosis
true or false
ALL members of kingdom Plantae undergo alternation of generation
TRUE
is an alternation of generations a synapomorphy for kingdom Plantae
NO - some other lineages (algae) show this trait
where is the diploid embryo retained
within the tissue of the female gametophyte
how are nutrients transferred from parent to embryo
through placenta transfer cells
land plants are called ______
embryophytes
why are land plants known as embryophytes
because of the embryo dependency on parent
the sporophyte produces _____ in the ______
spores in sporangia
meiocytes are
the cells in the sporangia that undergo meiosis
what is an example of a meiocyte
sporocyte
true or false
all sporocyte are meiocytes
true
true or false
ALL meiocytes are sporocytes
NO
true or false
spore walls contain sporopollenin
true
gametes are produced in
gametangia
gametophyte makes ____ by ____ in _____ or ______
gametes AND mitosis AND gametangia antheridia/gametangia archegonia
female gametangia are called
archegonia
male gametangia are called
antheridia
what are produced in archegonia
eggs
what is produced in antheridia
sperm
Marchantia or _____ are _____
liverwort and non-vascular
what is dominant in Marchantia
gametophytes
plants sustain continual growth in
their apical meristems
how do cells become various tissues
cells from the apical meristems differentiate
where do tissues undergo meiosis in plants for apical meristems
stems and roots
the cuticle is a derived trait for
a waxy covering of the epidermis
what does the cuticle prevent
water loss
mycorrhizae
symbiotic associations between fungi and land plants
what has helped plants without true roots to obtain nutrients
mycorrhizae
highlights of plant evolution
- plants were on land
- fossilized spores and tissues were found
- fossilized larger structures
are land plants monophyletic
TRUE
vascular plants include
lycophytes, monilophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms
vascular plants are
monophyletic
nonvascular plants include
liverwort, mosses and hornworts
nonvascular plants are
paraphyletic
seedless vascular plants include
lycophytes and monilophytes
seedless vascular plants are
paraphyletic
seed plants include
gymnosperms and angiosperms
seed plants are
monophyletic
