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origins of plants Flashcards

1
Q

plants started to get taller because

A

of the competition for light

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2
Q

what is the first woody fossil found

A

archaeopetris

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3
Q

archaeopteris had _____ but no _____

A

wood but NO seeds

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4
Q

archaeopteris was a ______

A

progynysperm

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5
Q

true or false
land plants evolved in water and moved to land secondary

A

NO - they evolved on land and then moved to the oceans as a secondary evolution

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6
Q

what is the importance of the archaeopetris

A

it shows a plant BEFORE gymnosperms that could have better access to sunlight because of its wood

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7
Q

closest relatives of land plants

A

green algae - charophytes

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8
Q

true or false
many characteristics of land plants also appear in a variety of protists

A

true

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9
Q

what protists clade shows the MOST characteristics with land plants

A

algae

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10
Q

what are the three morphological synapomorphies of charophytes and land plants SHARED with their CA

A
  1. rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins
  2. structure of flagellated sperm
  3. formation of phargmoplast
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11
Q

phragmoplast

A

structure present in cell division

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12
Q

order of early terrestrial earth

A
  1. no life on earth
  2. cyanobacteria appear
  3. non-vascular plants appear
  4. forests are formed
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13
Q

benefits of early land plants

A
  1. no natural predation
  2. no competition for resources (had easier access to sun and CO2)
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14
Q

disadvantages of early land plants

A
  1. gravity
  2. climatize to extreme temperatures
  3. lack of water
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15
Q

agleophyton is another early land plant species, but it has

A

NO seeds

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16
Q

what are ANCESTRAL traits of agleophyton

A
  1. rhizome (no true roots)
  2. dichotomous branching
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17
Q

what is the main DERIVED trait of agleophyton

A

it has a dominant sporophyte

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18
Q

4 groups of plants

A
  1. non-vascular
  2. seedless-vascular
  3. gymnosperms
  4. angiosperms
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19
Q

what is the dominant stage in non-vascular plants

A

gametophyte

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20
Q

what is the dominant stage in seedless-vascular plants

A

sporophyte

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21
Q

what is the dominant stage in gymnosperms

A

sporophyte

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22
Q

what is the dominant stage in gymnosperms

A

sporophytye

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23
Q

what is the dominant stage in angisperms

A

sporophyte

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24
Q

what happens to the GAMTEOPHYTE over time in the groups of plants

A

from the non-vascular to angiosperms the gametophyte is reduced in size

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25
the evolution of sporopollenin via the mechanism of natural selection
the CA of land plants would have shown natural variation in which some members had sporopollenin whereas others don't. As such, when desiccation occurred to their water source those with the sporopollenin would survive better.
26
charophytes have a layer of durable polymer called _____
sporopollenin
27
sporopollenin prevents
the exposed zygotes from drying out
28
sporopollenin can be found in
plants and charophytes
29
what are the FIVE major derived traits of plants (that are NOT in charophytes)
1. alternation of generations 2. multicellular dependent embryos 3. walled spores produced in sporangia 4. multicellular gametangia 5. apical meristems
30
true or false ALL the derived traits of plants are found in all the lineages
FALSE - some of these traits are lost in some lineages (reversals)
31
true or false some non-plants also have some of the derived traits of plants
TRUE - convergence
32
plants alter between two ____ stages
multicellular
33
gametophyte
haploid
34
what does the gametophyte produce
haploid gametes by mitosis
35
the sporophyte is created by
fusion of gametes
36
sporophyte
diploid
37
the sporophyte produces
haploid SPORES by meiosis
38
true or false ALL members of kingdom Plantae undergo alternation of generation
TRUE
39
is an alternation of generations a synapomorphy for kingdom Plantae
NO - some other lineages (algae) show this trait
40
where is the diploid embryo retained
within the tissue of the female gametophyte
41
how are nutrients transferred from parent to embryo
through placenta transfer cells
42
land plants are called ______
embryophytes
43
why are land plants known as embryophytes
because of the embryo dependency on parent
44
the sporophyte produces _____ in the ______
spores in sporangia
45
meiocytes are
the cells in the sporangia that undergo meiosis
46
what is an example of a meiocyte
sporocyte
47
true or false all sporocyte are meiocytes
true
48
true or false ALL meiocytes are sporocytes
NO
49
true or false spore walls contain sporopollenin
true
50
gametes are produced in
gametangia
51
gametophyte makes ____ by ____ in _____ or ______
gametes AND mitosis AND gametangia antheridia/gametangia archegonia
52
female gametangia are called
archegonia
53
male gametangia are called
antheridia
54
what are produced in archegonia
eggs
55
what is produced in antheridia
sperm
56
Marchantia or _____ are _____
liverwort and non-vascular
57
what is dominant in Marchantia
gametophytes
58
plants sustain continual growth in
their apical meristems
59
how do cells become various tissues
cells from the apical meristems differentiate
60
where do tissues undergo meiosis in plants for apical meristems
stems and roots
61
the cuticle is a derived trait for
a waxy covering of the epidermis
62
what does the cuticle prevent
water loss
63
mycorrhizae
symbiotic associations between fungi and land plants
64
what has helped plants without true roots to obtain nutrients
mycorrhizae
65
highlights of plant evolution
1. plants were on land 2. fossilized spores and tissues were found 3. fossilized larger structures
66
are land plants monophyletic
TRUE
67
vascular plants include
lycophytes, monilophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms
68
vascular plants are
monophyletic
69
nonvascular plants include
liverwort, mosses and hornworts
70
nonvascular plants are
paraphyletic
71
seedless vascular plants include
lycophytes and monilophytes
72
seedless vascular plants are
paraphyletic
73
seed plants include
gymnosperms and angiosperms
74
seed plants are
monophyletic

Biology 1020 (29 decks)

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