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Biology 1020 > origins of plants > Flashcards

origins of plants Flashcards

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1
Q

plants started to get taller because

A

of the competition for light

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2
Q

what is the first woody fossil found

A

archaeopetris

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3
Q

archaeopteris had _____ but no _____

A

wood but NO seeds

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4
Q

archaeopteris was a ______

A

progynysperm

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5
Q

true or false
land plants evolved in water and moved to land secondary

A

NO - they evolved on land and then moved to the oceans as a secondary evolution

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6
Q

what is the importance of the archaeopetris

A

it shows a plant BEFORE gymnosperms that could have better access to sunlight because of its wood

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7
Q

closest relatives of land plants

A

green algae - charophytes

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8
Q

true or false
many characteristics of land plants also appear in a variety of protists

A

true

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9
Q

what protists clade shows the MOST characteristics with land plants

A

algae

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10
Q

what are the three morphological synapomorphies of charophytes and land plants SHARED with their CA

A
  1. rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins
  2. structure of flagellated sperm
  3. formation of phargmoplast
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11
Q

phragmoplast

A

structure present in cell division

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12
Q

order of early terrestrial earth

A
  1. no life on earth
  2. cyanobacteria appear
  3. non-vascular plants appear
  4. forests are formed
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13
Q

benefits of early land plants

A
  1. no natural predation
  2. no competition for resources (had easier access to sun and CO2)
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14
Q

disadvantages of early land plants

A
  1. gravity
  2. climatize to extreme temperatures
  3. lack of water
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15
Q

agleophyton is another early land plant species, but it has

A

NO seeds

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16
Q

what are ANCESTRAL traits of agleophyton

A
  1. rhizome (no true roots)
  2. dichotomous branching
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17
Q

what is the main DERIVED trait of agleophyton

A

it has a dominant sporophyte

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18
Q

4 groups of plants

A
  1. non-vascular
  2. seedless-vascular
  3. gymnosperms
  4. angiosperms
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19
Q

what is the dominant stage in non-vascular plants

A

gametophyte

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20
Q

what is the dominant stage in seedless-vascular plants

A

sporophyte

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21
Q

what is the dominant stage in gymnosperms

A

sporophyte

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22
Q

what is the dominant stage in gymnosperms

A

sporophytye

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23
Q

what is the dominant stage in angisperms

A

sporophyte

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24
Q

what happens to the GAMTEOPHYTE over time in the groups of plants

A

from the non-vascular to angiosperms the gametophyte is reduced in size

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25
Q

the evolution of sporopollenin via the mechanism of natural selection

A

the CA of land plants would have shown natural variation in which some members had sporopollenin whereas others don’t. As such, when desiccation occurred to their water source those with the sporopollenin would survive better.

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26
Q

charophytes have a layer of durable polymer called _____

A

sporopollenin

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27
Q

sporopollenin prevents

A

the exposed zygotes from drying out

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28
Q

sporopollenin can be found in

A

plants and charophytes

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29
Q

what are the FIVE major derived traits of plants (that are NOT in charophytes)

A
  1. alternation of generations
  2. multicellular dependent embryos
  3. walled spores produced in sporangia
  4. multicellular gametangia
  5. apical meristems
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30
Q

true or false
ALL the derived traits of plants are found in all the lineages

A

FALSE - some of these traits are lost in some lineages (reversals)

31
Q

true or false
some non-plants also have some of the derived traits of plants

A

TRUE - convergence

32
Q

plants alter between two ____ stages

A

multicellular

33
Q

gametophyte

A

haploid

34
Q

what does the gametophyte produce

A

haploid gametes by mitosis

35
Q

the sporophyte is created by

A

fusion of gametes

36
Q

sporophyte

A

diploid

37
Q

the sporophyte produces

A

haploid SPORES by meiosis

38
Q

true or false
ALL members of kingdom Plantae undergo alternation of generation

A

TRUE

39
Q

is an alternation of generations a synapomorphy for kingdom Plantae

A

NO - some other lineages (algae) show this trait

40
Q

where is the diploid embryo retained

A

within the tissue of the female gametophyte

41
Q

how are nutrients transferred from parent to embryo

A

through placenta transfer cells

42
Q

land plants are called ______

A

embryophytes

43
Q

why are land plants known as embryophytes

A

because of the embryo dependency on parent

44
Q

the sporophyte produces _____ in the ______

A

spores in sporangia

45
Q

meiocytes are

A

the cells in the sporangia that undergo meiosis

46
Q

what is an example of a meiocyte

A

sporocyte

47
Q

true or false
all sporocyte are meiocytes

A

true

48
Q

true or false
ALL meiocytes are sporocytes

A

NO

49
Q

true or false
spore walls contain sporopollenin

A

true

50
Q

gametes are produced in

A

gametangia

51
Q

gametophyte makes ____ by ____ in _____ or ______

A

gametes AND mitosis AND gametangia antheridia/gametangia archegonia

52
Q

female gametangia are called

A

archegonia

53
Q

male gametangia are called

A

antheridia

54
Q

what are produced in archegonia

A

eggs

55
Q

what is produced in antheridia

A

sperm

56
Q

Marchantia or _____ are _____

A

liverwort and non-vascular

57
Q

what is dominant in Marchantia

A

gametophytes

58
Q

plants sustain continual growth in

A

their apical meristems

59
Q

how do cells become various tissues

A

cells from the apical meristems differentiate

60
Q

where do tissues undergo meiosis in plants for apical meristems

A

stems and roots

61
Q

the cuticle is a derived trait for

A

a waxy covering of the epidermis

62
Q

what does the cuticle prevent

A

water loss

63
Q

mycorrhizae

A

symbiotic associations between fungi and land plants

64
Q

what has helped plants without true roots to obtain nutrients

A

mycorrhizae

65
Q

highlights of plant evolution

A
  1. plants were on land
  2. fossilized spores and tissues were found
  3. fossilized larger structures
66
Q

are land plants monophyletic

A

TRUE

67
Q

vascular plants include

A

lycophytes, monilophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms

68
Q

vascular plants are

A

monophyletic

69
Q

nonvascular plants include

A

liverwort, mosses and hornworts

70
Q

nonvascular plants are

A

paraphyletic

71
Q

seedless vascular plants include

A

lycophytes and monilophytes

72
Q

seedless vascular plants are

A

paraphyletic

73
Q

seed plants include

A

gymnosperms and angiosperms

74
Q

seed plants are

A

monophyletic

Biology 1020 (29 decks)

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