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Biology 1020 > Angiosperms > Flashcards

Angiosperms Flashcards

1
Q

all angiosperms belong to this phyla

A

Anthophyta

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2
Q

flowers are an angiosperm structure specialized for

A

sexual reproduction

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3
Q

flower

A

specialized shoot with UP TO 4 types of modified leaves

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4
Q

inside the ovule how does one develop an egg

A

from a megaspore, mitosis develops a megagametophyte which develops an egg

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5
Q

what are the synapomorphies of angiosperms

A

flowers and fruits

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6
Q

are flowers and fruits essentially the same thing

A

yes - juts at different stages

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7
Q

what does a fruit have to have to be considered a fruit

A

seeds

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8
Q

complete flowers

A

have all four whorls

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9
Q

flowers are ______

A

modified leaves

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10
Q

most angiosperms are _____

A

hermaphroditic

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11
Q

hermaphroditic

A

having both male and female reproductive organs

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12
Q

can hermaphroditic angiosperms be incomplete

A

YES - they can be missing the sepals or petals

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13
Q

where is the microgametophyte

A

in the anther

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14
Q

why are stigma taller than anthers

A

to prevent self-pollination

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15
Q

where do you find microspores in a flower

A

stamen

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16
Q

where do you find megaspores in a flower

A

carpel

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17
Q

what do flowers look like when they are animal pollinated

A
  1. bright colours
  2. aromatic
  3. landing platforms
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18
Q

which pollination method (abiotic or biotic) is LESS energy intensive

A

wind (abiotic)

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19
Q

what do flowers look like when they are wind pollinated

A
  1. lots of pollen
  2. no energy into smells, colours
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20
Q

what structures are wind pollinated flowers missing

A

sepals and petals (don’t need them)

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21
Q

coevolution

A

evolution of interacting species in response to changes in each other

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22
Q

what have flowering plants coevolved with

A

specific pollinators

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23
Q

fruits consist of

A

mature ovary

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24
Q

can fruit include other flower parts beside ovary

A

true

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25
Q

mature fruits can be either

A

fleshy or dry

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26
Q

fleshy fruits

A

wall of ovary (pericarp) becomes soft

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27
Q

dry fruits

A

wall of ovary does NOT become soft

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28
Q

example of dry fruits

A
  1. beans
  2. nuts
  3. grains
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29
Q

the pericarp was once the

A

ovary wall

30
Q

true fruits are made from

A

the pericarp and seed (only ovaries)

31
Q

accessory fruits are made from

A

pericarp and other floral parts

32
Q

true or false
the pericarp has three layers

33
Q

what are the three layers of the pericarp

A
  1. endocarp
  2. mesocarp
  3. ectocarp
34
Q

examples of fleshy fruits

35
Q

berries must be

A
  1. fleshy
  2. have many small seeds
  3. pericarp
36
Q

what are NOT seeds

A
  1. strawberry
  2. raspberry
  3. apple
37
Q

examples of berries

A
  1. banana
  2. kiwi
  3. tomatoes
  4. pumpkin
  5. grape
38
Q

sporophyte flowers are composed of

A

both male and female structure

39
Q

male gametophytes are contained

A

within pollen grains

40
Q

where are pollen grains produced

A

microsporangia of anthers

41
Q

female gametophyte AKA

A

embryo sac

42
Q

embryo sac develops

A

within an ovule

43
Q

where is the ovule found

A

inside ovary

44
Q

most flowers have mechanisms to ensure ______

A

cross-pollination

45
Q

______ makes the ______ which gives rise to pollen grains

A

microsporocyte makes microspores by meiosis which makes pollen grains

46
Q

pollen grains AKA

A

microgametophyte

47
Q

the ovule holds the

A

megasporocyte

48
Q

ovule undergoes ____ to produce _____

A

meiosis to produce megaspores

49
Q

ovule ploidy

50
Q

megaspore ploidy

51
Q

what surrounds the megaspore

A

megasporangium (2n)

52
Q

what makes up the female gametophyte

A
  1. 3 antipodal cells
  2. 2 polar nuclei
  3. 2 synergids
  4. 1 egg
53
Q

egg ploidy

54
Q

is the megagametophyte recognized in angiosperm life cycle

55
Q

microsporocytes ploidy

56
Q

microspore ploidy

57
Q

what provides nutrition to developing embryo

58
Q

fertilization creates ____ with ____ ploidy

A

zygote with 2n

59
Q

the endosperm is ____ ploidy

60
Q

seed consists of

A
  1. embryo (2n)
  2. endosperm (3n)
  3. seed coat (2n)
61
Q

seed coat ploidy

62
Q

how many meiosis events are in angiosperms

63
Q

development of male gametophyte in pollen grain steps

A
  1. microsporocyte *2n undergoes meiosis and produces 4 microspores (n)
  2. each microspore undergoes mitosis to produce generative cell and tube cell
64
Q

development of female gametophyte in the embryo sac

A
  1. ovule undergoes meiosis and forms 4 megaspores with ONE surviving
  2. surviving megaspore undergoes mitosis 3 times to form 8 nuclei and 7 cells
65
Q

what makes up the embryo sac

A
  1. antipodal cells *3)
  2. polar nuceli (2)
  3. egg (1)
  4. synergids (2)
66
Q

why is double fertilization advantageous

A
  1. no sperm is wasted
  2. can synchronize all parts of the new sporophyte growing (development of fruit with development of food source)
67
Q

angiosperms originated ____ years ago

A

140 million

68
Q

true or false
we fully understand how angiosperms originated from other seed plants

A

FALSE - we don;t

69
Q

what is the significance of Archaefructus Sinensis

A

it is the first true flowering plant despite lacking petals or sepals

70
Q

what relative of angiosperms is suggested to be the basal lineage (ancestral)

A

Bennettitales

71
Q

Bennettitales importance

A

they were woody plants which suggests woody is the ancestral state

Biology 1020 (29 decks)

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