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Biology 1020 > Fungi > Flashcards

Fungi Flashcards

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1
Q

what is sister with fungi

A

animals

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2
Q

are fungi synonymous with mushrooms

A

NO

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3
Q

how are fungi important

A

they are important decomposers

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4
Q

diverse lifestyles of fungi

A
  1. decomposers
  2. parasites
  3. mutualists
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5
Q

above ground, structure is the _____ which is associated with

A

fruiting body and reproduction

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6
Q

where are spores found in fungi

A

the fruiting body above ground

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7
Q

why are spores above ground

A

because it makes dispersal easier

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8
Q

hyphae

A

long, skinny strands that are multicellular and make up the fungus body

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9
Q

a mass of hyphae of the SAME species is known as

A

mycelium

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10
Q

two types of body structures

A
  1. septate hypha
  2. coenocytic hypha
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11
Q

septate hypha

A

fungi that have hyphae divided into cells by septa with pores allowing cell to cell movement of organelles

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12
Q

what body structure has pores for organelle movement

A

septate hypha

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13
Q

septate hyphae = ____

A

dikaryotic

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14
Q

coenocytic hypha = _____

A

heterokaryotic

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15
Q

coenocytic hyphae aka

A

aseptic hypha

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16
Q

coenocytic fungi

A

lack septa and have a continuous cytoplasmic mass with lots of nuclei

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17
Q

do fungus have cell walls

A

yes

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18
Q

what are fungi cell walls made from

A

chitin

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19
Q

all fungi are ______

A

multinucleated

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20
Q

LEFT

A

septate hypha

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21
Q

RIGHT

A

Coenocytic hypha

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22
Q

haustoria

A

specialized hyphae that allow fungi to penetrate tissues of their host

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23
Q

example of haustoria

A

arbuscular - mutualistic relationship

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24
Q

haustoria can be either _____ or _____ (types of relationships_

A
  1. mutualistic
  2. parasitic
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25
Q

is fertilization in fungi life cycle

A

NO

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26
Q

what replaced fertilization

A
  1. plasmogamy
  2. karyogamy
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27
Q

plasmogamy

A

the union of cytoplasm of two mycelia

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28
Q

what are two results from plasmogamy

A
  1. heterokaryon
  2. dikaryotic
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29
Q

what is the multicellular stage in zygotic meiosis

A

haploid

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30
Q

dikaryotic

A

the haploid nuclei pair off two to a cell

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31
Q

heterokaryotic

A

haploid nuclei from each parent DO NOT fuse right away but remain and coexist in the mycelium

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32
Q

does karyogamy have to happen right away

A

NO

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33
Q

what happens during karyogamy

A

haploid nuclei fuse and produce diploid zygote

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34
Q

is the diploid stage long-lasting

A

NO

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35
Q

diploid phase undergoes ____ to produce____

A

meiosis and haploid spores

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36
Q

what is the only 2n stage in zygotic meiosis

A

zygote

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37
Q

what makes up the asexual reproduction of fungi

A
  1. spores germinate
  2. which produces mycelium
  3. mycelium becomes a spore-producing structure
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38
Q

what state is asexual reproduction

A

haploid

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39
Q

what begins sexual reproduction

A

some mycelium enters plasmogamy (the fusion of cytoplasm

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40
Q

what happens after plasmogamy

A

heterokaryotic OR dikaryotic stage

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41
Q

are nuclei joined during plasmogamy

A

NO

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42
Q

what phyla is associated with heterokarytic stage

A

Zygomycota

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43
Q

hydrokaryotic stage

A

lots of each mycelium’s nuclei remain together without being separated into sections (n+n)

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44
Q

dikaryotic stage

A

one nucleus of each mycelium are together in a compartment

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45
Q

phyla associated with dikaryotic

A
  1. Ascomycota
  2. Basidiomycota
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46
Q

what happens after heterokaryotic stage

A

karyogamy

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47
Q

stage in life cycle where the nuclei fuse together

A

karyogamy

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48
Q

what forms from karyogamy

A

zygote

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49
Q

what happens after a zygote is formed

A

meiosis to form haploid spores

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50
Q

haploid spores in SEXUAL reproduction undergo ____ to form ____

A

germination and form mycelium

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51
Q

terms used to refer to asexual reproduction

A
  1. mould
  2. yeast
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52
Q

moulds

A

produce haploid spores by mitosis and from VISIBLE mycelia

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53
Q

yeasts are ____ (single or multicellular)

A

single cells

54
Q

how do yeasts produce asexually

A

by simple cell division and pinching of “bud cells” from a parent cell

55
Q

can yeasts produce sexually

A

some can yes

56
Q

what is the clade formed by protistan relatives and fungi and animals

A

opisthokonts

57
Q

what are the basal fungi of the clade

A

chytrids

58
Q

what suggests chytrids as the basal group

A

morphological traits such as the ancestral trait of flagellated spores (zoospores)

59
Q

zygomycetes belong to phylum ____

A

Zygomycota

60
Q

zygomycetes include

A
  1. moulds
  2. parasites
  3. commensal symbionts
61
Q

zygomycetes have a _____ hyphae which mean they are _____

A

coenocytic and heterokaryotic

62
Q

what produces haploid spores in zygomycetes

A

asexual sporangia

63
Q

where are the suspensors

A

on either side of the bridge between them (AKA gametangia)

64
Q

what is associated with plasmogamy in zygomycetes

A

the cell wall that separates the nuclei leaves

65
Q

what does plasmogamy result in with zygomycetes

A

a zygosporangium

66
Q

once the zygosporangium is formed in zygomycetes, what is gone

A

the gametangia

67
Q

describe the structure that makes asexual and sexual spores in zygomycetes

A

its identical = a sporangium

68
Q

where does karyogamy happen in zygomycetes

A

in the zygosporangium

69
Q

what happens after a diploid nuclei is formed in zygomycetes

A

meiosis

70
Q

where do sexual spores come from in zygomycetes

A

out of the zygosporangium

71
Q

where do asexual spores come from in zygomycetes

A

hyphae (mycelium)

72
Q

Glomeromycetes belong to the phylum

A

Glomeromycota

73
Q

what were Glomeromycetes once considered to be

A

zygomycetes

74
Q

why are Glomeromycetes known as a separate clade from zygomycetes

A

based on how they form arbuscular mycorrhizae

75
Q

are Glomeromycetes monophyletic

A

yes

76
Q

arbuscular mycorrhizae

A

symbiotic relation with plants AND they have a structure that looks like a tree

77
Q

do septate species or coenocytic species have more or less chitin

A

more - they have the cross walls separating cells

78
Q

Ascomycetes belong to phyla

A

Ascomycota

79
Q

Ascomycetes live in

A

marine, freshwater and terrestrial habitats

80
Q

what is the KEY structure of Ascomycetes

A

Ascus

81
Q

Ascomycetes produce ____ spores in ____

A

sexual and asci

82
Q

Ascomycetes AKA

A

sac fungi

83
Q

where are asci contained in Ascomycetes

A

fruiting bodies called ascocarps

84
Q

Ascomycetes include

A

unicellular yeasts
cup fungi
morels

85
Q

Ascomycetes asexual reproduction by asexual spores called

A

conidia

86
Q

how are Ascomycetes asexual spores different compared to zygomycetes

A

they DO NOT come from the sporangia but instead pinch off of specialized hyphae tips

87
Q

are conidia formed inside sporangia

A

NO

88
Q

where are conidia formed

A

tips of specialized hyphae (conidiophores)

89
Q

Ascomycetes asexual life cycle

A
  1. mycelium with conidiophore produces asexual spores
  2. spores germinate into hypha
  3. hypha become mycelium
90
Q

are asexual parts of a life cycle haploid or diploid

A

haploid

91
Q

Ascomycetes are dikaryotic or heterokaryotic

A

dikaryotic

92
Q

Ascomycetes are septate or coenocytic

A

septate

93
Q

what does plasmogamy in Ascomycetes result in

A

dikaryotic - one nuclei of each parent mycelium contained together within each cell

94
Q

where does karyogamy happen in Ascomycetes

A

inside the ascus

95
Q

how are asci organized in Ascomycetes

A

into ascocarp

96
Q

what is formed in the ascus after meiosis

A

4 haploid products

97
Q

what is unique about the Ascomycetes life cycle

A

after meiosis mitosis happens right away to produce 8 SEXUAL spores

98
Q

the sexual spores after mitosis in Ascomycetes are known as

A

8 ascospores

99
Q

where do asexual spores come from in Ascomycetes

A

the conidiphore

100
Q

where do sexual spores come from in Ascomycetes

A

ascocarp after the 8 ascospores are formed by mitosis

101
Q

Basidiomycetes belong to phyla

A

basidiomycota

102
Q

Basidiomycetes include

A

mushrooms, fungi, plat parasites, shelf fungi and mycorrhizae

103
Q

defining structure of Basidiomycetes

A

basidium

104
Q

what is a basidium in Basidiomycetes

A

a transient diploid stage in the life cycle

105
Q

Basidiomycetes AKA

A

club fungi

106
Q

how are basidium organized in Basidiomycetes

A

into basidiocarps

107
Q

why are basidiocarps formed in Basidiomycetes

A

in response to environmental stimuli, mycelium reproduces SEXUALLY by producing these fruiting bodies

108
Q

Basidiomycetes are septate or coenocytic

A

septate

109
Q

Basidiomycetes plasmogamy results in

A

dikaryotic mycelium

110
Q

the ____ develops into the basidiocarp in Basidiomycetes

A

the n + n mycelium

111
Q

where are basidia (n+n) stored in Basidiomycetes

A

inside the gills

112
Q

where does karyogamy happen in Basidiomycetes

A

inside the gills (where the basidia are)

113
Q

what is the result of meiosis in Basidiomycetes

A

4 haploid nuclei

114
Q

where do sexual spores come from in Basidiomycetes

A

the basidium

115
Q

is there asexual reproduction in Basidiomycetes

A

NO

116
Q

what phyla are “fairy rings” associated with

A

Basidiomycetes

117
Q

how do fungi interact with other organisms

A
  1. decomposers
  2. mutualists
  3. pathogens
118
Q

fungi are efficient _____ as they can break down organic material like ____

A

decomposers and lignin/cellulose

119
Q

fungi form mutualistic relationships with

A

plants
algae
cyanobacteria
animals

120
Q

fungus-plant mutualisms

A

mycorrhizae such as endophytes

121
Q

endophytes

A

fungi that live inside leaves or other plant parts

122
Q

most endophytes belong to phyla ____

A

Ascomycota

123
Q

fungus-animal mutualism

A

sharing digestive services with animals

124
Q

lichen is a symbiotic association between

A

a photosynthetic microorganism (such as algae or cyanobacteria) and a fungus

125
Q

symbioses of lichens are so complete that are often given

A

scientific names as a whole

126
Q

example of fungi pathogens

A

Grosmannia clavigera (blue stain fungus) that is transmitted by pine bettles are has led to extensive damage of pine forests in BC

127
Q

are animals more or less susceptible to parasitic fungi compared to plants

A

less

128
Q

example of animals affected by parasitic fungi

A

white-nose syndrome that has devastated bat populations

129
Q

Plasmogamy can directly result in _____ and _____

A

heterokaryotic cells and dikaryotic cells

130
Q

how can ascospores be distinguished from conidia in sac fungi

A

ascospores = have undergone genetic recombination
conidia = have NOT

131
Q

are ascospores produced by mitosis or meiosis

A

trick question - both

Biology 1020 (29 decks)

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