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Biology 1020 > Origins of Seeds > Flashcards

Origins of Seeds Flashcards

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1
Q

are seed plants a clade

A

yes

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2
Q

what are two benefits of seeds

A
  1. provide the embryo with more protection
  2. water is now no longer needed to complete fertilization
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3
Q

what does a seed consist of

A
  1. embryo
  2. nutrients
  3. surrounding protective coat
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4
Q

what are 6 morphological synapomorphies for seed plants

A
  1. seeds
  2. pollen
  3. all lack antheridia
  4. all have ovules
  5. all show heterospory
  6. reduced gametophytes
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5
Q

what three things are associated with ovules

A
  1. megaspores
  2. megasporangia
  3. integument(s)
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6
Q

ovules in gymnosperms vs angiosperms

A

gymnosperms = megaspores are in a strobilus (cone)

Angiosperms = megaspores are in flowers

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7
Q

nutrients for embryos in gymnosperms vs angiosperms

A

gymnosperm = megagametophyte tissue (haploid)

angiosperm = endosperm (3n)

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8
Q

spores make ____

A

gametophytes

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9
Q

how do megaspores become eggs

A

megaspore -> mitosis -> megagametophyte ->egg

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10
Q

what are two key adaptions to life on land

A
  1. pollen
  2. seeds
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11
Q

dominant stage in nonvascular plants

A

gametophyte

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12
Q

sporophyte in nonvascular plants

A

reduced and dependent on gametophyte for nutrients

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13
Q

gametophyte in seedless vascular plants

A

reduced and independent (photosynthetic and free-living)

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14
Q

dominant stage in seedless vascular plants

A

sporophyte

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15
Q

gametophyte in seed plants

A

reduced and dependent on surrounding sporophyte tissue for nutrition

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16
Q

dominant stage of seed plants

A

sporophyte

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17
Q

is gametophyte micro or macroscopic in seed plants

A

microscopic

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18
Q

is gametophyte micro or macroscopic in seedless vascular plants

A

macroscopic

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19
Q

is gametophyte micro or macroscopic in nonvascular plants

A

macroscopic

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20
Q

where do gametophytes remain in seed plants

A

within the sporangia of parental sporophyte

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21
Q

what is the gametophyte in seed plants dependent on

A

sporophyte for nutrition

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22
Q

the gametophyte is retained within

A

sporangia walls

23
Q

megasporangium- ______ - _____________

A

megaspore to female gametophyte

24
Q

microsporangium - ____________ - _______

A

microspore to male gametophyte

25
Q

female gametophyte develops within

A

an ovule

26
Q

male gametophytes develop within

A

a pollen grain

27
Q

can the pollen grain be considered the microgametophyte

A

yes

28
Q

fertilization of ______ with ______ leads to the development of a _____

A

ovule with pollen grain = seed

29
Q

gymnosperm megaspores have ____ integument(s)

A

one

30
Q

angiosperm megaspores have ____ integument(s)

A

2

31
Q

a woody cone in gymnosperms is male or female

A

female cone

32
Q

is an ovule in a cone an angiosperm or a gymnosperm

A

gymnosperm (angio is in a flower)

33
Q

what contains the male gametophytes

A

pollen grains

34
Q

_____ is transfer of pollen to part of a seed plant containing ovules

A

pollination

35
Q

what grows out of the pollen grain to deliver the sperm to the egg

A

pollen tube

36
Q

what makes gymnosperm sperm different than angiosperm sperm

A

gymnosperms have sperm with Micky mouse-like ears

37
Q

a seed develops from

A

the whole ovule

38
Q

a seed is a ______ embryo with its food supply and protective coat

A

sporophyte

39
Q

gymnosperm seeds are (haploid, diploid or both)

A

part diploid and part haploid

40
Q

what part of a gymnosperm seed is haploid

A

megagametophyte

41
Q

what part of a gymnosperm seed is diploid

A
  1. parental sporophyte (integument)
  2. new sporophyte
42
Q

why is seed dormancy advantageous

A

some seeds can remain dormant for a very long time - allows release in optimal conditions

43
Q

how can seeds be dispersed

A

abiotic - wind, water
biotic - animals

44
Q

the archegonia in seed plants are

A

temporarily containing sporophyte embryos

45
Q

the megaspore forms the

A

female gametophyte which gives new embryo food

46
Q

what stage of the gymnosperm lifecycle is this

A

seed

47
Q

what stage of the gymnosperm lifecycle is this

A

fertile ovule

48
Q

what stage of the gymnosperm lifecycle is this

A

unfertilized ovule

49
Q

spore wall ploidy

A

2n

50
Q

what does the integument become

A

seed coat

51
Q

the seed coat ploidy

A

2n

52
Q

the food source is the

A

megagametophyte

53
Q

what becomes the new sporophyte

A

embryo

Biology 1020 (29 decks)

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