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Biology 1020 > Intro to animals > Flashcards

Intro to animals Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

kingdom Animalia is a _____ kingdom

A

monophyletic

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2
Q

animals are ______, _______, with tissues that develop from _____

A
  1. multicellular
  2. heterotrophic
  3. embryonic layers
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3
Q

why are sponges still considered animals

A

based on DNA evidence

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4
Q

what is the basal lineage of the kingdom Animalia

A

sponges (phylum Proifera)

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5
Q

what is the exception to all animals having tissues

A

sponges - they have cells that are NOT organized into tissues

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6
Q

cells become ______

A

tissue

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7
Q

tissues become _____

A

organs

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8
Q

organs become ______

A

organ systems

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9
Q

organ systems become _____

A

organisms

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10
Q

how are animals different from fungi (in that both are heterotrophic)

A

fungi - they are absorptive heterotrophs

animals - they are ingestive heterotrophs

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11
Q

how many species of animals have been described

A

1.3 milion

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12
Q

about how many phyla is there

A

36

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13
Q

are there exceptions to the rules for animals

A

yes

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14
Q

what is agreed upon about Kingdom Animalia

A

they are a monophyletic kingdom with multicellular organism within the eukaryotes

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15
Q

where do Animals fit into the protist’s tree

A

Unikonta - Opisthokonts

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16
Q

typical characteristics of animals

A
  1. nutritional mode
  2. cell structure and specialization
  3. reproduction and development
  4. Hox genes
  5. larval stage
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17
Q

what is the nutritional mode for animals

A

ingestive heterotrophs

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18
Q

what is the main structural protein in animals

A

collagen

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19
Q

collagen

A

connects other tissues and is a major component of bone, skin, muscles, tendons, and cartilage.

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20
Q

true or false
collagen is found in other kingdoms besides animals

A

false - it’s unique to animals

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21
Q

what are some unique cell types of Animalia

A
  1. nerve cells
  2. muscle cells
  3. usually surrounded by membranes
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22
Q

what is the reproductive cycle of animals

A

gametic meiosis

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23
Q

most animals reproduce _____

A

sexually

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24
Q

what is the dominant stage in the life cycle

A

diploid

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25
Q

what is the ONLY haploid stage in gametic meiosis

A

gametes

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26
Q

the multicellular stage in gametic meiosis is

A

diploid

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27
Q

what is wrong with this statement
all animals reproduce sexually

A

most animals reproduce sexually, but some (like insects and some sharks) can do asexual reproduction

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28
Q

with asexual reproduction, the lineages would be _____ (female or male)

A

female

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29
Q

parthenogenesis

A

females make eggs (or sometimes live birth) by mitosis which results in lineages of female clones

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30
Q

what is wrong with this statement
the diploid stage is dominant in animals

A

sometimes the haploid stage can be dominant (seen sometimes in insects and bees)

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31
Q

____ fertilizes the ____

A

sperm and egg

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32
Q

describe sperm

A

flagellated and small

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33
Q

describe eggs

A

large and non-motile

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34
Q

what happens to the zygote

A

it undergoes rapid cell division (cleavage)

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35
Q

what does cleavage lead to

A

formation of a blastula

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36
Q

blastula undergoes _____ to form a _____

A

gastrulation and gastrula

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37
Q

cleavage

A

succession of mitotic cell division WITHOUT cell growth between divisions

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38
Q

a blastula is a _____

A

hollow ball of cells

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39
Q

what results from cleavage

A

blastula

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40
Q

what is the empty space inside the blastula called

A

the blastocoel

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41
Q

gastrulation

A

process where one end of the embryo folds inward, expands and fills the blastocoel

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42
Q

what does gastrulation produce

A

the archenteron

43
Q

if animals have true tissues, then they must have

A

ectoderm and endoderm

44
Q

true or false
sponges have true tissues with ectoderm and endoderm

A

false

45
Q

do all animals have a mesoderm layer

A

NO

46
Q

what gives rise to different tissues

A

embryonic tissue layers

47
Q

embryonic tissue layers are the

A

endoderm and ectoderm

48
Q

blastula undergoes _____ to form a _____

A

gastrulation and gastrula

49
Q

what is the opening in the gastrula

A

the balstophore

50
Q

what defines the larval stage

A
  1. sexually immature
  2. different morphology to parent
  3. different nutrition to parent
  4. Different habitats to parent
51
Q

ONLY animals have ___ that regulate the development of body form

A

Hox genes

52
Q

true or false
the Hox gene has been highly conserved

A

true - they are very similar between species

53
Q

what produces a wide diversity of animal morphology

A

Hox genes

54
Q

Hox genes

A

a family of regulatory genes that encode transcription factors and are essential during embryonic development.

55
Q

what animal does NOT have Hox genes

A

sponges

56
Q

true or false
animals evolved on land

A

FALSE - evolved in the sea because they colonized land LATER

57
Q

____ of animal species are extinct

A

99%

58
Q

animals are sister to _____

A

fungi

59
Q

CA of living animals lived ____

A

750 MYA

60
Q

three lines of evidence that choanoflagellates are closely related to animals

A
  1. cell morphology between starfish and choanoflagellates is very similar
  2. cell morphology unique to animal cells
  3. DNA sequence homology
61
Q

Neoproterozoic era holds the ______

A

Ediacaran biota

62
Q

_____ are some of the oldest fossils found from the Ediacaran era

A

Rangeomorph fossils

63
Q

what happens to the Ediacaran fossils during the transition to the Paleozoic era

A

they disappear

64
Q

1

A

zygote

65
Q

2

A

eight-cell stage

66
Q

3

A

blastula (hollow ball)

67
Q

5

A

gastrulation

68
Q

6

A

gastrula

69
Q

7

A

cleavage

70
Q

8

A

cleavage

71
Q

9

A

blastocoel

72
Q

10

A

blastocoel

73
Q

11

A

archenteron

74
Q

12

A

endoderm

75
Q

13

A

ectoderm

76
Q

14

A

blastophore

77
Q

when was the Cambrian explosion

A

Paleozoic

78
Q

most fossils of the Cambrian explosion are of

A

bilaterians

79
Q

bilaterians are organisms with

A
  1. bilaterally symmetrical forms
  2. complete digestive tract
  3. one-way digestive system
80
Q

what is associated with the Cambrian explosion

A

unprecedented diversification of animals

81
Q

what is one of the most significant fossil sites

A

Burgess Shale

82
Q

what is the importance of the Burgess Shale

A

shallow sea with animals of every major phylum

83
Q

several hypotheses for WHY the Cambrian explosion occurred

A
  1. new predator-prey relationships
  2. a rise of atmospheric oxygen
  3. evolution of the Hox gene complex
84
Q

when did the Hox gene complex evolve

A

during the Cambrian explosion in the Paleozoic

85
Q

what punctuated the continuable animal diversity in the Paleozoic

A

mass extinctions

86
Q

animals invaded land by ____ MYA

A

460

87
Q

vertebrates invaded land by _____ MYA

A

360

88
Q

in the Mesozoic there was _____

A

expanding habitats

89
Q

when did coral reefs emerge

A

Mesozoic

90
Q

what was the most dominant terrestrial vertebrates of Mesozoic

A

dinosaurs

91
Q

when did the first MAMMAL emerge

A

Mesozoic

92
Q

what followed the Cenozoic era

A

mass extinctions of both terrestrial AND marine animals

93
Q

what diversified during the Cenozoic era

A

modern MAMMAL orders and INSECTS

94
Q

what happened to the climate in the Cenozoic

A

cooled

95
Q

order these events
1. Cambrian explosion
2. divergence of Animalia and Choanoflagellates
3. Edicaran Biota

A

2 - 3- 1

96
Q

what are two major aspects related to the Mesozoic era

A
  1. coral reefs emerge
  2. dinosaurs are major terrestrial vertebrates
97
Q

what the mass extinctions in history allow

A

for speciation to grow in different ecological niches

98
Q

examples of what the Hox genes do

A
  1. segmentation
  2. differentiate between anterior and posterior
99
Q

major fossils in the Burgess Shale that represent the Cambrian explosion

A
  1. Hallucigenia
  2. Pikaia
  3. Marella
  4. Anomalocaridid
100
Q

what major fossil is this

A

Anomalocaris

101
Q

how did the Cambrian explosion follow the Edicaran Biota?

A

based on predator-prey relationships

102
Q

what is more common bilateral or radial symmetry

A

bilateral

103
Q

a one-way digestive tract is associated with ____ hole(s)

A

2 hols (mouth and anus)

104
Q

what goes hand in hand with bilaterians a

A

cephalization

Biology 1020 (29 decks)

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