Intro to animals Flashcards
kingdom Animalia is a _____ kingdom
monophyletic
animals are ______, _______, with tissues that develop from _____
- multicellular
- heterotrophic
- embryonic layers
why are sponges still considered animals
based on DNA evidence
what is the basal lineage of the kingdom Animalia
sponges (phylum Proifera)
what is the exception to all animals having tissues
sponges - they have cells that are NOT organized into tissues
cells become ______
tissue
tissues become _____
organs
organs become ______
organ systems
organ systems become _____
organisms
how are animals different from fungi (in that both are heterotrophic)
fungi - they are absorptive heterotrophs
animals - they are ingestive heterotrophs
how many species of animals have been described
1.3 milion
about how many phyla is there
36
are there exceptions to the rules for animals
yes
what is agreed upon about Kingdom Animalia
they are a monophyletic kingdom with multicellular organism within the eukaryotes
where do Animals fit into the protist’s tree
Unikonta - Opisthokonts
typical characteristics of animals
- nutritional mode
- cell structure and specialization
- reproduction and development
- Hox genes
- larval stage
what is the nutritional mode for animals
ingestive heterotrophs
what is the main structural protein in animals
collagen
collagen
connects other tissues and is a major component of bone, skin, muscles, tendons, and cartilage.
true or false
collagen is found in other kingdoms besides animals
false - it’s unique to animals
what are some unique cell types of Animalia
- nerve cells
- muscle cells
- usually surrounded by membranes
what is the reproductive cycle of animals
gametic meiosis
most animals reproduce _____
sexually
what is the dominant stage in the life cycle
diploid
what is the ONLY haploid stage in gametic meiosis
gametes
the multicellular stage in gametic meiosis is
diploid
what is wrong with this statement
all animals reproduce sexually
most animals reproduce sexually, but some (like insects and some sharks) can do asexual reproduction
with asexual reproduction, the lineages would be _____ (female or male)
female
parthenogenesis
females make eggs (or sometimes live birth) by mitosis which results in lineages of female clones
what is wrong with this statement
the diploid stage is dominant in animals
sometimes the haploid stage can be dominant (seen sometimes in insects and bees)
____ fertilizes the ____
sperm and egg
describe sperm
flagellated and small
describe eggs
large and non-motile
what happens to the zygote
it undergoes rapid cell division (cleavage)
what does cleavage lead to
formation of a blastula
blastula undergoes _____ to form a _____
gastrulation and gastrula
cleavage
succession of mitotic cell division WITHOUT cell growth between divisions
a blastula is a _____
hollow ball of cells
what results from cleavage
blastula
what is the empty space inside the blastula called
the blastocoel
gastrulation
process where one end of the embryo folds inward, expands and fills the blastocoel
what does gastrulation produce
the archenteron
if animals have true tissues, then they must have
ectoderm and endoderm
true or false
sponges have true tissues with ectoderm and endoderm
false
do all animals have a mesoderm layer
NO
what gives rise to different tissues
embryonic tissue layers
embryonic tissue layers are the
endoderm and ectoderm
blastula undergoes _____ to form a _____
gastrulation and gastrula
what is the opening in the gastrula
the balstophore
what defines the larval stage
- sexually immature
- different morphology to parent
- different nutrition to parent
- Different habitats to parent
ONLY animals have ___ that regulate the development of body form
Hox genes
true or false
the Hox gene has been highly conserved
true - they are very similar between species
what produces a wide diversity of animal morphology
Hox genes
Hox genes
a family of regulatory genes that encode transcription factors and are essential during embryonic development.
what animal does NOT have Hox genes
sponges
true or false
animals evolved on land
FALSE - evolved in the sea because they colonized land LATER
____ of animal species are extinct
99%
animals are sister to _____
fungi
CA of living animals lived ____
750 MYA
three lines of evidence that choanoflagellates are closely related to animals
- cell morphology between starfish and choanoflagellates is very similar
- cell morphology unique to animal cells
- DNA sequence homology
Neoproterozoic era holds the ______
Ediacaran biota
_____ are some of the oldest fossils found from the Ediacaran era
Rangeomorph fossils
what happens to the Ediacaran fossils during the transition to the Paleozoic era
they disappear
1
zygote
2
eight-cell stage
3
blastula (hollow ball)
5
gastrulation
6
gastrula
7
cleavage
8
cleavage
9
blastocoel
10
blastocoel
11
archenteron
12
endoderm
13
ectoderm
14
blastophore
when was the Cambrian explosion
Paleozoic
most fossils of the Cambrian explosion are of
bilaterians
bilaterians are organisms with
- bilaterally symmetrical forms
- complete digestive tract
- one-way digestive system
what is associated with the Cambrian explosion
unprecedented diversification of animals
what is one of the most significant fossil sites
Burgess Shale
what is the importance of the Burgess Shale
shallow sea with animals of every major phylum
several hypotheses for WHY the Cambrian explosion occurred
- new predator-prey relationships
- a rise of atmospheric oxygen
- evolution of the Hox gene complex
when did the Hox gene complex evolve
during the Cambrian explosion in the Paleozoic
what punctuated the continuable animal diversity in the Paleozoic
mass extinctions
animals invaded land by ____ MYA
460
vertebrates invaded land by _____ MYA
360
in the Mesozoic there was _____
expanding habitats
when did coral reefs emerge
Mesozoic
what was the most dominant terrestrial vertebrates of Mesozoic
dinosaurs
when did the first MAMMAL emerge
Mesozoic
what followed the Cenozoic era
mass extinctions of both terrestrial AND marine animals
what diversified during the Cenozoic era
modern MAMMAL orders and INSECTS
what happened to the climate in the Cenozoic
cooled
order these events
1. Cambrian explosion
2. divergence of Animalia and Choanoflagellates
3. Edicaran Biota
2 - 3- 1
what are two major aspects related to the Mesozoic era
- coral reefs emerge
- dinosaurs are major terrestrial vertebrates
what the mass extinctions in history allow
for speciation to grow in different ecological niches
examples of what the Hox genes do
- segmentation
- differentiate between anterior and posterior
major fossils in the Burgess Shale that represent the Cambrian explosion
- Hallucigenia
- Pikaia
- Marella
- Anomalocaridid
what major fossil is this
Anomalocaris
how did the Cambrian explosion follow the Edicaran Biota?
based on predator-prey relationships
what is more common bilateral or radial symmetry
bilateral
a one-way digestive tract is associated with ____ hole(s)
2 hols (mouth and anus)
what goes hand in hand with bilaterians a
cephalization
