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Biology 1020 > Chordata > Flashcards

Chordata Flashcards

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1
Q

what are four traits that ALL chordates share

A
  1. dorsal hollow nerve cord
  2. pharyngeal gill slits
  3. notochord
  4. post anal tail
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2
Q

outgroup of Chordata

A

Echinodermata and hemichordate

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3
Q

Chordata includes (10)

A
  1. cephalochordates
  2. urochordates
  3. agnatha
  4. chondrichthyan
  5. Actinopterygii
  6. sarcopterygii
  7. amphibia
  8. reptilia
  9. aves
  10. Mammalia
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4
Q

Vertebrata includes

A
  1. agnatha
  2. chondrichthyan
  3. Actinopterygii
  4. sarcopterygii
  5. amphibia
  6. reptilia
  7. aves
  8. Mammalia
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5
Q

tetrapods includes

A
  1. amphibia
  2. reptilia
  3. aves
  4. Mammalia
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6
Q

Amniota includes

A
  1. reptilia
  2. aves
  3. Mammalia
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7
Q

what are the invertebrate chordates

A
  1. cephalochordates
  2. urochordates
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8
Q

least to most inclusive

A

chordate: Deuterostomia: Bilateria: Eumetazoa: Metazoa

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9
Q

how many animals gave rise to the vertebrates

A

one

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10
Q

when did the chordates begin to diversify the earth

A

Cambrian period

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11
Q

symmetry of chordates

A

bilateral

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12
Q

development of chordates

A

deuterostome

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13
Q

three clades of chordates

A
  1. Cephalochordata
  2. Urochordata
  3. Vertebrata
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14
Q

do all chordates show the FOUR derived characters at the same point in their lives

A

NO - some have them in the larval phase and others the adult phase

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15
Q

notochord

A

a longitudinal, flexible rod between digestive tube and nerve cord

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16
Q

what kinds of support is given by the notochord

A

skeletal and muscular support

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17
Q

where do we see the notochord in vertebrates

A

remnants remain at adulthood

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18
Q

how does the dorsal, hollow nerve cord develop

A

from a plate of ectoderm

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19
Q

what does the dorsal hollow nerve cord develop into

A

CNS (brain and spinal cord)

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20
Q

pharyngeal clefts

A

develop into the slits that open outside of the body

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21
Q

function of pharyngeal slits in invertebrate chordates

A

suspension-feeding structures

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22
Q

function of pharyngeal slits in vertebrates (EXCEPT those with limbs= tetrapods)

A

gas exchange

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23
Q

pharyngeal slits in tetrapods develop into

A

parts of the ear, head and neck

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24
Q

describe the post-anal tail in many species

A

highly reduced during embryonic development

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25
Q

what does the post-anal tail contain

A

skeletal elements and muscles

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26
Q

what does the post-anal tail provide for aquatic species

A

propelling force

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27
Q

Cephalochordata are

A

lancelets

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28
Q

least to most inclusive

A

Lancelets: Cephalochordata: Chordata: Deuterstomia: Bilateria: Eumetazoa: Metazoa

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29
Q

Cephalochordata are named for their

A

blade-like shape

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30
Q

habitat of Cephalochordata

A

marine

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31
Q

where do Cephalochordata retain the characteristics of the chordate body

A

adults

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32
Q

Urochordata are

A

tunicates aka sea squirts

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33
Q

Urochordata are most closely related to _____ than _____

A

other chordates then lancelets

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34
Q

least to most inclusive

A

Tunicates: Urochordata: Chordata: Deuterostomia: Bilateria: Eumetazoa: Metazoa

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35
Q

describe different kinds of Urochordata and their lifestyles

A
  1. most are sessile
  2. some are planktonic
  3. some are solitary
  4. some are colonial
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36
Q

reproduction in Urochordata

A

hermaphroditic with broadcast spawning

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37
Q

when does the Urochordata show the chordate body characters

A

in the larval stage

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38
Q

what makes Urochordata highly diverged

A

they have fewer hox genes
their chordate body characters are in the larva stage

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39
Q

explain how chordates could resemble lancelets

A

the Hox genes in the vertebrate brain are expressed in the lancelets simple never cord

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40
Q

what do Hox genes control

A
  1. cephalization (anterior vs posterior)
  2. control the development of paired appendages
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41
Q

vertebrates are more closely related to _______ (Cephalocordata or Urochordata)

A

Urochordata

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42
Q

what are three things that the sequencing of the tunicate gnome suggests

A
  1. genes associated with the heart and thyroid are common to ALL chordates
  2. genes associated with the transmission of nerve impulses UNIQUE to vertebrates
  3. neural crest
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43
Q

what is more accurate:
vertebrates are chordates that have a backbone
OR
vertebrates are chordates that have a vertebrae

A

vertebrates are chordates that have a verterbrae

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44
Q

what has allowed vertebrates to become more efficient at
1. capturing food
2. evading predators

A
  1. skeletal system
  2. complex nervous system
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45
Q

describe the Hox genes in the verberates

A

two sets of Hox genes (4 sets of Hox genes)

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46
Q

Hox genes of lancelets and tunicates VS the other vertebrates

A

have only ONE cluster of Hox genes

47
Q

what are the derived characteristics of vertebrates

A
  1. vertebrae enclosing a spinal cord
  2. an elaborate skull
  3. fin rays (aquatic forms)
48
Q

where do neural crest cells appear

A

along the edges of the closing neural tube of an embryo

49
Q

what do neural crest cells give rise to

A
  1. teeth
  2. some bones
    3.cartilage of the skull
  3. several types of neurons and sensory capsules
50
Q

how did animals of vertebrates get their name

A

from vertebrae (series of bones that make up the backbone)

51
Q

what are the closest living relatives to cetaceans (whales and dolphins)

A

vertebrates that MOVED to the water after being on land

52
Q

four innovations of early vertebrates

A
  1. cranium
  2. vertebrae
  3. bone
  4. neural crest cells
53
Q

order these traits from OLDEST to NEWEST in the evolution history
1. limbs capable of moving on land
2. amniotic eggs
3. bony exoskeleton
5. bony endoskeleton
6. jaws

A
  1. bony exoskeleton
  2. jaws
  3. bony endoskeleton
  4. limbs capable of moving on land
  5. amniotic eggs
54
Q

Haikouella place in the evolution of vertebrates

A

a fossil that LACKED a cranium

55
Q

myllokunmingia’s place in the evolution of vertebrates

A

First vertebrate WITH a cranium

56
Q

importance of Conodonts

A

they were the fossilized vertebrate that LACKED a jaw but HAD mineralized skeletal elements in their mouth and pharynx

57
Q

did the earliest vertebrates lack or have jaws

A

lacked jaws

58
Q

two lineages of jawless vertebrates

A
  1. hagfishes
  2. lampreys
59
Q

clade of jawless vertebrates are the

A

cyclostomes

60
Q

vertebrates with jaws make up the clade

A

gnathostomes

61
Q

Myixni are the

A

hagfishes

62
Q

least to most inclusive

A

Hagfish: Myxini: Cyclostomes: Vertebrata: Chordata: Deuterostomata: Bilateria: Eumetazoa: Metazoa

63
Q

least to most inclusive

A

lampreys: Petromyzontida: Cyclostomes: Vertebrata: Chordata: Deuterostomata: Bilateria: Eumetazoa: Metazoa

64
Q

least to most inclusive

A

Chondrichthyes: Gnathostomes: Vertebrata: Chordata: Deuterostomata: Bilateria: Eumetazoa: Metazoa

65
Q

where do Myxini live

A

marine

66
Q

Petromyzontida are _______ (way of feeding_

A

parasites

67
Q

habitat of Petromyzontida

A

marine and freshwater

68
Q

Gnathostomes include

A
  1. sharks
  2. ray-finned fishes
  3. lobe-finned fishes
  4. amphibians
  5. reptiles
  6. birds
  7. mammals
69
Q

what are Gnathostome jaws hypothesized to evolve from

A

skeletal supports of the pharyngeal (gill) slits

70
Q

describe the evolution of the function of the Gnathostome jaw

A

it went from feeding to respiration

71
Q

what are traits that Gnathsotomes have that Cyclostoms LACK

A
  1. another gene duplication
  2. enlarged forebrain for enhanced smell and vision
  3. lateral line system (aquatic species)
72
Q

why are cyclostomes NOT predators

A

because the development of predators require ANOTHER gene duplication

73
Q

basal lineage of Gnathostomes

A

Chondrichthyes

74
Q

lateral line system

A

a sensory system found in fishes and aquatic amphibians

75
Q

what are unique to Chondrichthyes

A

chondrocytes (cells that make cartilage)

76
Q

are the presence of chondrocytes in Chondrichthyes a plesiomorphic or apomorphic condition

A

apomorphic (derived)

77
Q

three types of birthing “methods” found in Chondrichthyes

A
  1. oviparous
  2. ovoviviparous
  3. viviparous
78
Q

what type of Chondrichthyes birth is this
lays eggs

A

oviparous

79
Q

what type of Chondrichthyes birth is this
the eggs hatch internally

A

ovoviviparous

80
Q

what type of Chondrichthyes birth is this
lay live young

A

viviparous

81
Q

a vast number of vertebrates belong to what SPECIFIC clade in Gnathsotomes

A

Osteichthyes

82
Q

what are the Bony Fishes

A
  1. Actinopterygii
  2. Actinistia
  3. Dipnoi
83
Q

out of the bony fish, which is/are the Ray-Finned fish

A

Actinopterygii

84
Q

out of the bony fish, which are/is the lobe-finned fish

A
  1. Actinisitia
  2. Dipnoi
85
Q

what are the lobe-finned fish called

A

Sacroptyergii

86
Q

Historic Osteichthyes are also known as

A

the bony fish (all three lineages of the bony fish)

87
Q

what lineages are considered to be under the Ostiechithyes

A
  1. bony fish (Actinosptyerygii, Actinistia, Dipnoi)
  2. Tetrapods (Amphibia, Reptilia, Mammalia)
88
Q

what lineage of bony fish is SISTER to us (humans/mammals)

A

Sacropterygii

89
Q

what do all living Osteichthyans share

A

a bony endoskeleton

90
Q

what sets tetrapods apart from other gnathostomes

A

they have limbs WITH digits

91
Q

what are some adaptions seen in tetrapods

A
  1. four limbs with digits
  2. neck that separates movement of the head
  3. fusion of pelvic girdle to backbone
  4. absence of gills (besides some aquatic species)
  5. ears for detecting sounds
92
Q

what was a transitional species of BOTH the fishes and tetrapods

A

tiktaalik

93
Q
A

tiktaalik

94
Q

least to most inclusive

A

ray-finned fish: Actinopterygii: Osteichthyes: Vertebrata: Chordata: Deuterstomia: Bilateria: Eumetazoa: Metazoa

95
Q

least to most inclusive

A

Actinistia: Sarcopterygii: Osteichthyes Vertebrata: Chordata: Deuterstomia: Bilateria: Eumetazoa: Metazoa

96
Q

least to most inclusive

A

Dipnoi: Sarcopterygii: Osteichthyes: Vertebrata: Chordata: Deuterostomia: Bilateria: Eumetazoa: Metazoa

97
Q

what traits of FISH did Tiktaalik show

A
  1. scales
  2. fins
  3. gills and lungs
98
Q

what traits of TETRAPODS did Tiktaalik show

A
  1. neck
  2. ribs
  3. fin skeleton
  4. flat skull
  5. eyes on top of the skull
99
Q

three clades of Amphibians

A
  1. frogs
  2. salamanders (Urodela)
  3. Caecilians
100
Q

least to most inclusive

A

salamander: order Urodela: Amphibians: vertebrata: Chordata: Deuterostomia: Bilateria: Eumetazoa: Metazoa

101
Q

what does it means when salamanders show paedomorphosis

A

their ability to retain juvenile features in sexually mature organisms

102
Q

are Amphibians tied to water

A

YES

103
Q

least to most inclusive

A

frogs: Order Anura: Amphibians: Vertebrata: Chordata: Deuterstomia: Bilateria: Eumetazoa: Metazoa

104
Q

how to tell a frog from a toad

A

toads have more leathery skin

105
Q

least to most inclusive

A

Caecilians: Apoda: Amphibians: Vertebrata: Chordata: Deuterostomia: Bilateria: Eumetazoa: Metazoa

106
Q

what kind of adaption is the absence of legs in Caecilians

A

secondary adaption

107
Q

fertilization of amphibians is

A

external

108
Q

Amniotes are a group of _______ whose members have a ______

A

tetrapods AND have extra membranes around their developing embryo

109
Q

2 lineages of Amniotes

A
  1. Diapsids
  2. Synapsids
110
Q

what lineage of Amniotes gave rise to the birds AND dinosaurs

A
  1. Diapsids
111
Q

what lineage of Amniotes gave rise to the mammals

A

Synapsids

112
Q

what are the FOUR extra layers that make up the amniotic egg

A
  1. allantois
  2. chorion
  3. amnion
  4. yolk sac
113
Q

what kind of membranes are the amniotic eggs

A

EXTRAembryonic

114
Q

least to most inclusive

A

amniotes: Vertebrata: Chordata: Deuterostomia: Bilateria: Eumetazoa: Metazoa

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