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Biology 1020 > Descent with Modification > Flashcards

Descent with Modification Flashcards

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1
Q

The wide interpretation of evolution

A

earth’s many species are descendants of ancestral species that were different from modern-day species

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2
Q

Narrow interpretation of evolution

A

change in the genetic composition of a population over generations

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3
Q

why are evolutionary relationships shown in the form of trees

A

it shows how each species branches off from a common ancestor

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4
Q

what do “nodes” represent in the context of phylogenies

A

represents the most recent common ancestor of two or more descendant lineages

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5
Q

how do nodes in an evolutionary tree yield info on the relatedness of taxa

A

Two species are more related if they have a more recent common ancestor, and less related if they have a less recent common ancestor.

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6
Q

influence of Cuvier on Darwin’s thinking

A

established proof that many species like dinosaurs had become extinct in ages past

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7
Q

Influence of Hutton on Darwin’s thinking

A

inspired Darwin to incorporate the concept of an “ancient” mechanism that had been at work since the beginning of the Earth

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8
Q

influence of Lyell on Darwin’s thinking

A

The same geologic processes are operating today as in the past and at the same rate

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9
Q

Lamarck’s ideas about evolution

A
  1. use and disuse
  2. inheritance of acquired characters
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10
Q

how did the voyage on the Beagle affect Darwin’s thinking about evolution

A

observed that fossils resembled living species from the same region AND living species resembled other species from nearby regions

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11
Q

what theme does this describe:
life on earth has descended from a common ancestor

A

unity and continuity of life

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12
Q

what does continuity among all living things stem from

A

inheritance of information encoded in DNA

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13
Q

what is the GUT of biology

A

evolution

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14
Q

________ provides framework for making sense of strang variation in nature

A

adaption

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15
Q

What is NOT an adaption

A

genetic drift

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16
Q

what do organisms interact with

A

one another and their enviroment

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17
Q

how must organisms acquire energy

A

from environment

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18
Q

examples of organism interactions

A
  1. competition
  2. mutualism
  3. predation
  4. parasitism
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19
Q

mutualism

A

interaction between individuals of different species that results in positive effects

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20
Q

predation

A

one organism kills and consumes another

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21
Q

parasitism

A

relationship between the two living species in which one organism is benefitted at the expense of the other

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22
Q

what definition of evolution is illustrated with treelike diagrams

A

broad definition

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23
Q

what definition of evolution suggests its role in the unity and diversity of all species

A

broad definition

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24
Q

evolution is something that happens to _____ NOT _____

A

populations and individuals

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25
Q

who advocated for catastrophism

A

Cuvier

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26
Q

catastrophism

A

each boundary between strata represents a catastrophe

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27
Q

who rejected the idea of evolution

A

Cuvier

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28
Q

are fossils in older strata the same as fossils in newer strata

A

NO

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29
Q

past mechanisms are the same as current mechanisms

A

FALSE

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30
Q

Who used uniformitarianism as the mechanism of change

A

Lyell

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31
Q

uniformitarianism

A

mechanisms of change are constant over time

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32
Q

what did Hutton and Lyell perceive about Earth

A

changes in earth’s surface can result from slow, continuous actions still operating today

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33
Q

did uniformitarianism influence Darwin’s thinking

A

YES

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34
Q

what era did Darwin usher in

A

era of evolutionary biology

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35
Q

evolution is also seen as

A

descent with modification

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36
Q

two different way evolution can be relate

A

pattern and process

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37
Q

the pattern of evolution is revealed by

A

data from a range of scientific disciplines

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38
Q

the data in the pattern of evolution refers to the

A

observations about the natural world

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39
Q

process of evolution is the

A

mechanisms that produce the observed pattern of change

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40
Q

what does Darwin’s view of evolution challenge

A

traditional view of Earth inhabited by unchanging species

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41
Q

was Darwin the first to suggest life changed gradually over time

A

NO

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42
Q

how did Aristotle view species

A

as fixed

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43
Q

how did Aristotle believe life forms could be arranged

A

on a ladder of increasing complexity

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44
Q

what was Aristotle’s view of life called

A

scala naturae (scale of nature)

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45
Q

scala naturae is a _____ hierarchy

A

linear

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46
Q

who developed the two-part binomial for naming species

A

Linnaeus

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47
Q

where are fossils found

A

sedimentary rocks formed from sand and mud that settled to the bottm of aquatic habitats

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48
Q

strata

A

new layers of sediments cover older ones and compress them into superimposed layers of rock

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49
Q

_____ provides info about what species lived while that layer was formed

A

fossils in a stratum

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50
Q

paleontology

A

study of fossils

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51
Q

According to Cuvier, the older the stratum the

A

more dissimilar the fossils were to current life

52
Q

what was common from one layer to the next

A

extinction

53
Q

use and disuse principle

A

parts of the body that are used more will become stronger and longer while those not used will deteriorate

54
Q

inheritance of acquired characteristics

A

organisms could pass these modifications to its offsprings

55
Q

Lamarck thought evolution happened because

A

organisms had a drive to become more complex

56
Q

descent with modifications explains

A

adaptions of organisms and the unity an diversity of life

57
Q

what did Darwin find with the Galapagos islands

A

Galapagos had been colonized by organisms that have stayed from South America and then diversified

58
Q

adaption

A

inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific enviroments

59
Q

natural selection

A

process where individuals that have certain traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates

60
Q

what is the product of evolution

A

life’s diversity

61
Q

what three observations about nature did descent with modifications explain

A
  1. unity of life
  2. diversity of life
  3. match between organisms and their environment
62
Q

phrase that summarizes Darwin’s view of life

A

descent with modification

63
Q

unity of life is attributed to the

A

descent of all organisms from an ancestor that lived in the past

64
Q

history of life was viewed as a

A

tree

65
Q

each fork of the evolutionary tree diagram is the

A

most recent common ancestor

66
Q

______ of all species that ever lived are now extinct

A

99%

67
Q

The traits that are favoured depend on

A

the context the species live and mate

68
Q

Natural selection can ONLY amplify or diminish heritable traits that

A

DIFFER among the individuals of a population

69
Q

Natural selection was a mechanism proposed to explain

A

the observable patterns of evolution

70
Q

what mechanism was proposed to explain the observable patterns of evolution

A

natural selection

71
Q

artificial selection

A

Modified other species by selecting and breeding individuals that posses desired traits

72
Q

results of artificial breeding have

A

little resemblance to wild ancestors

73
Q

is this natural selection or artificial selection?
Brings changes dramatic changes in short periods of time

A

artificial selection

74
Q

natural selection should be capable of doing what

A

substantial changes over long periods of time

75
Q

what individuals have a higher probability of survival and reproducing offspring

A

those with more advantageous traits

76
Q

what leads to the accumulation of favourable traits in population

A

unequal ability of indivduals to survive and reproduce

77
Q

______ is a characteristic of all species

A

overreproducing

78
Q

Organisms’ heritable traits can influence both

A

its own performance AND how well its offspring cope to environmental challenges

79
Q

what is the evidence that all life arose from a common ancestor

A

the gradual accumulation of modifications over millions of years leads to adaptions and biodiversity

80
Q

how do fossils of extinct species document the divergence of extant groups

A

Shows that overt time descent with modification produced increasingly large differences among related groups of organisms

81
Q

how do soapberry bugs illustrate the main concept of natural selection

A

Soapberry bugs feed best when their beak matches the depth of seed found in the fruit = natural selection determines the length of their beaks

82
Q

how does the rise of MRSA constitute a direct observation of evolutionary change

A

genetic mutations in MRSA allow it to evolve and become more resistant to antibiotics such as penicillin

83
Q

two evidence of closer evolutionary relationship between crocodiles and birds COMPARED to mammals and crocodiles

A
  1. birds have evolved from reptiles
  2. crocodiles share a more recent ancestor with birds than mammals
  3. have more similar DNA sequences/anatomical characteristics
84
Q

how do fossils support the idea that cetaceans evolved from terrestrial mammals

A

The earliest cetaceans lived 50 to 60 million years ago at a time when most mammals were terrestrial

85
Q

why would one predict the oldest horse should be found in North America

A

At the time, the continents of South America and North America were not connected so the horses found in North America could NOT cross to South

86
Q

what is a common misconception in the understanding of evolution via natural selection?

A

a population will change because it wants to better survive in response to environmental changes INSTEAD natural selection is RANDOM

87
Q

four types of data that document the pattern of evolution and how it occurs

A
  1. direct observations of evolutionary change
  2. homology
  3. fossil record
  4. biogeography
88
Q

natural selection is a process of ______ not a ______

A

editing NOT a creative mechanism

89
Q

species that produce new generations in short periods of time can have evolution happen

A

very fast by natural selection

90
Q

natural selection depends on what

A

time and place

91
Q

natural selection favours traits that would be

A

advantageous to that environment

92
Q

homology

A

similarities between different organisms that result from common ancestry

93
Q

characteristics can be similar but with different functions in _____ species

A

related

94
Q

is this homology or analogous?
features share common ancestry but NOT always the same function

A

homology

95
Q

species that are closely related share

A

similar features

96
Q

homologous structure

A

variations on a structural theme that was preset in their common ancestor

97
Q

vestigial structure

A

Remnant features that served a function in the organism’s ancestors but not today

98
Q

what is evidence that all life descended from common ancestors

A

All forms of life use the same genetic code

99
Q

Homologous characteristics form a _______ pattern

A

nested

100
Q

what does a nested pattern of characteristics look like

A

All life shares the deepest layer and each successive smaller group adds its own homologies to the ones shared with a larger group

101
Q

Evolutionary tree

A

A diagram that reflects evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms

102
Q

convergent evolution

A

independent evolution of similar features in different lineages

103
Q

based on convergent evolution, distantly related organisms can

A

resemble one another

104
Q

is this analogous or homologous
share similar function but NOT common ancestry

A

analogous

105
Q

analogous species share features because of

A

convergent evolution

106
Q

how can distantly related organisms resemble one another

A

Species that have evolved independently of each other but adapted to similar environments in similar ways

107
Q

Biogeography

A

Study of the geographic distribution of species

108
Q

Pangaea

A

Movement of plate tectonics that united earth’s landmasses into a single large continent 250 mya

109
Q

endemic

A

species found nowhere else in the world

110
Q

example of endemic species

A

island plants and animals

111
Q

inference from
members of a population often vary in their inherited traits

A

individuals whose inherited traits give a higher probability of survival and reproduction = more offspring than other individuals

112
Q

what observation does this describe

individuals whose inherited traits give a higher probability of survival and reproduction = more offspring than other individuals

A

members of a population often vary in their inherited traits

113
Q

inference from :
all species can produce more offspring than the environment can support

A

the unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce = accumulation of favourable traits in the population over generations

114
Q

Observation from :
the unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce = accumulation of favourable traits in the population over generations

A

all species can produce more offspring than the environment can support

115
Q

in order for natural selection to act, traits must be _____

A
  1. inheritable
  2. beneficial
  3. variation
116
Q

how does homology support evolutionary description of descent with modification

A
117
Q

hypotheses about relationships among different groups

A

evolutionary trees

118
Q

how did Pangaea separate

A

continental drift

119
Q

understanding continent movement and modern species distribution allows us to

A

predict when and where different group evolved

120
Q

who disproves Lamarck

A

August Weismann

121
Q

speciation vs adaption

A

Speciation leads to the diversification of lineages, whereas adaptation maximizes the survival and reproductive success of organisms in an ever-changing environment

122
Q

what locations does the Wallace Line show similarities between species

A

An imaginary line that runs between Bali and Lombok and represents the similarities between faunas.

123
Q

macroevolution

A

speciation event

124
Q

macroevolution can occur by

A

consistent small microevolutionary events (BUT NOT ALWAYS)

125
Q

what level is macroevolution measured at

A

population level

126
Q

the narrow definition of evolution is based on _____ measurements

A

quanitative

127
Q

what does a change in allele/gene frequency indicate

A

microevolution

Biology 1020 (29 decks)

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