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Biology 1020 > Animal body plans AND phylogeny > Flashcards

Animal body plans AND phylogeny Flashcards

1
Q

how do zoologists categorize animals?

A

by body plan

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2
Q

body plan

A

set of morphological and development traits

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3
Q

what is wrong with this statement
all body plans have remained the same

A
  1. some have been conserved
  2. some have undergone multiple changes over the course of evolution
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4
Q

two types of symmetry of body plans

A
  1. radial
  2. bilateral
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5
Q

radial symmetry

A

no front and back OR left and right

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6
Q

What symmetry is this

A

bilateral symmetry

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7
Q

What symmetry is this

A

radial

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8
Q

bilateral symmetry

A

two-sided symmetry

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9
Q

what do bilaterally symmetrical animals have

A
  1. dorsal side
  2. ventral side
  3. posterior side
  4. anterior side
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10
Q

how can animal body plans vary

A
  1. symmetry
  2. tissues
  3. body cavities
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11
Q

what does bilateral symmetry go hand in hand with

A

cephalization

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12
Q

do bilateral animals ALWAYS show high levels of cephalization

A

NO - think of how simple earthworms are

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13
Q

tissues

A

collections of specialized cells isolated from other tissues by membranous layers

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14
Q

how many germ layers give rise to tissues and organs of animal embryos

A

3

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15
Q

3 germ layers

A
  1. ectoderm
  2. endoderm
  3. mesoderm
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16
Q

ectoderm

A

germ layer covering the embryo’s surface

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17
Q

endoderm

A

innermost germ layer and lines the digestive tube (archenteron)

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18
Q

what does the endoderm line

A

the digestive tube (archenteron)

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19
Q

all true tissued animals have

A

endoderm and ectoderm

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20
Q

diploblastic animals

A

only have 2 or 3 germ layers - LACK mesoderm

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21
Q

true or false
diploblastic animals are differentiated based on coelom type

A

NO - they lack coelom

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22
Q

diploblastic animals have ____ symmetry

A

radial

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23
Q

animals with 3 germ layers have to be further organized (true or false)

A

true

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24
Q

what are further organizations of triploblastic animals

A
  1. what type of coelom do they have
  2. are they protostomes or deuterostome
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25
Q

three types of coeloms

A
  1. true coelom
  2. pseudocoelom
  3. acoelomate (no coelom)
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26
Q

what germ layer differentiates the coelom

A

mesoderm

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27
Q

why don’t diploblastic animals have a coelom

A

they have NO mesoderm

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28
Q

examples of diploblastic animals

A
  1. cnidarians
29
Q

examples of triploblastic animals

A
  1. ALL bilaterians
  2. flatworms
  3. arthropods
  4. vertebrates
30
Q

what do MOST triploblastic animals posses

A

body cavity

31
Q

what is a TRUE body cavity called

A

coelom

32
Q

coelomates

A

animals that posses a true coelom

33
Q

what is a true coelom

A

a coelom surrounded COMPLETELY by mesoderm tissue

34
Q

pseudocoelom

A

body cavity derived from mesoderm AND endoderm

35
Q

triploblastic animals with pseudocoelom AKA

A

pseudocoelomates

36
Q

what identifies a pseudocoelom

A

a coelom NOT completely lined with mesoderm

37
Q

triploblastic animals WITHOUT a coelom

A

acoelomates

38
Q

how to identify an acoelomate

A

there is NO body cavity/internal cavity

39
Q
A

pseudocoelomate

40
Q
A

acoelomate

41
Q
A

coelomate

42
Q

two types of animal development

A
  1. protostome development
  2. deuterostome development
43
Q

protostome development

A
  1. cleavage is spiral and determinate
  2. splitting of solid masses of mesoderm forms the coelom
  3. mouth develops from first hole (the blastophore)
44
Q

Deuterostomes development

A
  1. anus develops from the first hole (blastophore) and the mouth from the SECOND one
  2. mesoderm buds from the wall of the ARCHENTERON to form the coelom
  3. cleavage is radial and indeterminate
45
Q

protostome vs deuterostome development
cleavage is spiral and derterminate

A

protostome

46
Q

protostome vs deuterostome development
cleavage is radial and indeterminate

A

deuterostome development

47
Q

protostome vs deuterostome development
the fate of the cell is determined much later

A

deuterostome development

48
Q

protostome vs deuterostome development
the fate of the cell is determined very early in development

A

protostome

49
Q

what makes possible identical twins and embryonic stem cells

A

indeterminate cleavage

50
Q

indeterminate or determinate cleavage
each cell in the early stages of cleavage retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo

A

indeterminate

51
Q

blastophore forms during

A

gastrulation

52
Q

blastophore connects ____ to the ______

A

archenteron to exterior of the gastrula

53
Q

protostome vs deuterostome development
blastophore becomes the mouth

A

protostome

54
Q

protostome vs deuterostome development
blastophore becomes the anus

A

deuterostome development

55
Q

protostome vs deuterostome development
means first mouth

A

protostome

56
Q

protostome vs deuterostome development
means second mouth

A

deuterostome development

57
Q

5 important points about the relationships among LIVING animals that are reflected in phylogeny

A
  1. all animals share CA
  2. sponges are basal animals
  3. Eumetazoa (true animals) is a clade of animals with true tissues
  4. most animal phyla are bilaterians
  5. 3 major clades of bilaterian animals
58
Q

the 3 major clades of bilaterians are all _____ except for one which is _____

A

invertebrates and vertebrates

59
Q

what clade of bilaterians is classified as vertebrates

A

Chordata

60
Q

how do we know sponges are basal animals

A
  1. lack of hox genes
  2. lack of true tissues
  3. lack collagen
61
Q

the animal phylogeny is ______

A

monophyletic

62
Q

What node represents the CA of ALL Animalia

A

Node 1 (Meterozoan)

63
Q

is Bilateria a clade

A

yes

64
Q

what is represented by A

A

True tissue

65
Q

what do the Cnidarians and Ctenophora have in common and are they monophyletic

A
  1. share radial symmetry
  2. NO- they share a CA with bilateria (Paraphyletic)
66
Q

what are the 3 clades within Bilateria?

A
  1. Deuterostomia
  2. Lophotrochozoa
  3. Ecdysozoans
67
Q

what is represented by B

A

bilateral symmetry

68
Q

of the three clades in bilaterian, what is sister to what?

A

Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoan are sister to Deutersotomia

69
Q

what is the best way to describe clade Lophotrochozoa

A

as a very large polytomy

Biology 1020 (29 decks)

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