principles of immunisation Flashcards
passive immunity
non-immune individual administered with a serum containing antibodies produced by an immune individual. Gives recipient short term immunity.
active immunity
antigen is administered to non-immune individual. The immune system of the individual produces antibodies against the antigen.
length of passive immunity
short-term
length of active immunity
long-term
vaccination
the administration of antigenic material to stimulate an individual’s immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen.
types of vaccination available for active immunity
- killed whole organism
- attenuated whole organism
- subunit (purified antigen)
- toxoid (inacivated toxins)
killed whole organism
pathogen is killed either using heat or chemicals. Then used as a vaccine as it still displays the same antigens
attenuated whole organism
an avirulent strain of the organism is isolated then used as a vaccine.
subunit vaccines
purified antigen is used as a vaccine.
toxoid vaccines
toxoid is treated with formalin so it retains its antigenic properties but is no longer toxic.
contraindications
cases where a drug should not be administered as it will cause harmful effects
contraindications of vaccines
- febrile illness (elevated body temperature)
- pregnancy
- allergy
- immunocompromised
herd immunity
the resistance to the spread of a contagious disease within a population that results if a sufficiently high proportion of individuals are immune to the disease
diseases children are vaccinated against
- diptheria
- tetanus
- pertussis
- polio
- haemophilis influenzae type b
- streptococcus pneumoniae
- rotavirus
- measles, mumps and rubella
- human papilloma virus
- neisseria meningitidis C
vaccines travellers may be given
- Hepatitis A
- Typhoid
- Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, C, W135, Y
- Cholera
- Yellow fever
- Japanese encephalitis
- Tick-borne encephalitis
- Rabies
