Pathogens and the host Flashcards

1
Q

pathogenic bacteria

A

bacteria capable of causing disease.

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2
Q

signs and symptoms of clinical infection

A
  • inflammation
  • pain
  • pyrexia
  • tachycardia
  • rigors
  • increased white cell count
  • increased C reactive protein (CRP)
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3
Q

pyrexia

A

high temp.

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4
Q

tachycardia

A

heart rate that exceeds the normal resting rate.

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5
Q

rigors

A

sudden feeling of cold, increased temperature, sweating and shivering

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6
Q

pathogen

A

organism that can cause disease.

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7
Q

commensal

A

organism which is part of the normal body flora.

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8
Q

requirements for pathogenicity

A

infectivity

virulence

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9
Q

infectivity

A

ability to become established

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10
Q

virulence

A

ability to cause harmful effects once established

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11
Q

methods to increase infectivity

A
  • attachment

- acid resistance

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12
Q

virulence factors

A
  • invasiveness
  • toxin production
  • evasion of immune system
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13
Q

invasiveness example: streptococcus pyogenes

A
  • necrotising fasciitis
  • cellulitis
  • connective tissue breakdown
  • fibrinolysis
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14
Q

types of toxins produced by pathogens

A

exotoxins
enterotoxins
endotoxins

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15
Q

exotoxins

A

released extracellularly by the micro-organism.

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16
Q

enterotoxin

A

act on the GI tract

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17
Q

endotoxin

A

structurally part of the gram negative cell wall

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18
Q

tetanus

A

caused by clostridium tetani, exotoxin released acts on nerve synapse and causes the inhibition of inhibitory neurotransmitter release.

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19
Q

tetanus treatment

A

debridement (removal of dead/infected tissue), antibiotics and antitoxin

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20
Q

cholera

A

causes by vibrio cholerae, colonises small intestine produces an enterotoxin which causes increase in cAMP levels, increases ion conc in small intestine which causes dehydration.

21
Q

treatment of cholera

A

rehydration

22
Q

superantigens

A

certain exotoxins of strep pyogenes and Staph aureus stimulate the division of T-cells in the absence of specific antigen. overwhelming cytokine production causes toxic shock

23
Q

endotoxin action

A

caused by E. coli and other gram negative bacilli. induces uncontrolled host response, cytokine production, fevers, rigors hypotension, tachycardia, collapse

24
Q

colonisation

A

the establishment of the pathogen at the appropriate portal of entry

25
Q

latent infection

A

after the primary infection the virus lies dormant in host cells, viral DNA and RNA in host cells which is not expressed in large quantities.

26
Q

asymptomatic infection

A

infected host is a carrier for the disease but does not show any symptoms.

27
Q

infection

A

the invasion of an organism’s body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agents and the toxins they produce

28
Q

innate immunity

A

non-specific immunity formed of skin, gastric acid. muco-ciliary escalator and phagocytic cells

29
Q

phagocytic cells

A
  • polymorphs eg. neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils (fight acute infection
  • macrophages (fight chronic infection)
30
Q

aquired immunity

A

specific response to antigen concerned, an immunological memory is creates.
has a humoral (antibody) and cellular (t-cell) response

31
Q

IgM

A

involved in primary response

32
Q

IgG

A

involved in secondary response

33
Q

IgA

A

mucosal immunity

34
Q

IgE

A

allergy and helminth infection

35
Q

sites of viral entry

A
  • conjunctiva (mucus membrane over eye)
  • respiratory tract
  • arthropod
  • alimentary tract
  • skin
  • urinogenital tract
36
Q

acute viral infection

A

short time where host is infected with virus then nothing after. localised to specific site of body or can develop viraemia which causes widespread infection of tissues.

37
Q

examples of acute viral infections

A

influenza A virus

enterovirus

38
Q

influenza A

A

virus infects cells of the respiratory tract, destruction of respiratory epithelium, fever caused by altered cytokine expression.

39
Q

antigenic drift

A

minor changes in genes of a virus over time to generate antigenic variants.

40
Q

antigenic shift

A

abrupt major changes in virus antigenic structure.

41
Q

enterovirus infection

A

virus infects gut then can cause viraemia which allows it to spread to neural (causes paralysis) and non-neural tissue

42
Q

examples of enterovirus infections

A
Poliomyelitis (poliovirus)
Aseptic meningitis (many enteroviruses)
Myocarditis (coxsackie B viruses)
Pancreatitis (coxsackie B viruses)
Respiratory infections (many enteroviruses)
43
Q

virus induced tumours

A

virus infects cells and viral nucleic acid. this is incorporated into host genome causing change in cellular gene expression.
This can cause uncontrolled cell multiplication and tumour formation.

44
Q

production of antibodies

A

antibodies produced by B-lymphocytes when specific epitope is recognised, this is aided by t helper cells (CD4 T cells)

45
Q

antibody in infection

A
  • Neutralises bacterial toxins
  • Neutralises viruses in viraemic stage
  • Prevents adherence of microorganisms
  • Opsonises capsulate organisms
  • Useful means of diagnosis (serology)
46
Q

cell mediated immunity

A

CD4 Th1 helper cells activate macrophages to ingest and kill or contain pathogen.

47
Q

humoral immunity

A

memory B-cells are retained after an infection so that they can rapidly divide when the infection reoccurs.

48
Q

superantigens

A

Certain exotoxins of Strep pyogenes and Staph aureus
are able to stimulate division of T cells in the absence of specific antigen. Causes overwhelming cytokine production, causing “toxic shock”.