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Geography > Powers and Borders - South Sudan CS > Flashcards

Powers and Borders - South Sudan CS Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the economic issues of sovereignty and conflict in South Sudan?

A
  • Dependent on oil, >80% of GDP
  • Oil found in Abyei state, contested territory
  • No roads in South Sudan to deliver aid or to deter from violence
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2
Q

What are the social issues of sovereignty and conflict in South Sudan?

A
  • Ethnic tensions erupt after independence
  • Limited infrastructure, only 8% with mobile phones
  • Underrepresentation of rural people and income only 43%
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3
Q

What are the physical and environmental issues of sovereignty and conflict in South Sudan?

A
  • Climate change increased flood affecting 1/2 the country (800,000 people)
  • Competition for access to natural resources
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4
Q

What are the political issues of sovereignty and conflict in South Sudan?

A
  • Corruption in govt, oil wealth not distributed back to development
  • Political tensions
  • Vested interested of neighbouring countries - proxy wars
  • Limited number of UNMISS troops
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5
Q

How long have South Sudan been experiencing armed conflict for?

A
  • Since 1950s
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6
Q

When did the first civil war begin?

A

1955

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7
Q

When did the second civil war begin?

A

1983

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8
Q

Why is there conflict in the Republic of South Sudan currently?

A
  • Due to a split in the SPLA govt
  • Divisions between the Dinka and the Nuer tribes
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9
Q

Who are the leader of the two tribes?

A

President Kiir -Dinka
Ex-Vice President Machar

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10
Q

What does UNMISS stand for?

A

United Nation Missions in South Sudan

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11
Q

What is the peace process used called?

A

IGAD

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12
Q

Who seized control of several regional towns?

A

Rebel factorions in Machars tribe

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13
Q

What happened in 2014?

A

Cease fire signed, but broken later

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14
Q

How many times was the peace deal broken?

A

12

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15
Q

Who imposed sanctions in 2015 and what did they include?

A
  • UNSC (The United Nations Security Council)
  • Travel bans and asset freezes
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16
Q

What did UNMISS involve of in 2021?

A
  • 13795 troops
  • 214 experts
  • 412 staff officers
  • Road building
  • Protection of civilians
  • Training
  • DDR
  • Police service
  • Report abuse of HR
  • Strengthening rule of law
  • Reintegration and protection of returnees
  • Monitoring of political developments
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17
Q

Who are the key players in this conflict?

A
  • UN
  • UNMISS
  • NGOs
  • IGAD
  • Neighbouring states
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18
Q

What’s the evidence there is an issue of sovereignty where S. Sudan is not protecting its own people?

A
  • 400,000 killed in last 5 years
  • 60 % face acute food shortages - 2021
  • 4 million displaced people
  • 750,000 affected by floods in Northern counties
  • 8.4 million in need of humanitarian aid
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19
Q

Why is the issue complex?

A
  • Cease fire broken 12 times
  • No political will to stop violence
  • The states have no secure apparatus or institutions
  • Neighbouring states supported different sides
  • Govt won’t acknowledge there’s famine
  • Terrible escalation of ethnic violence and violence against women
  • Every type of help offered by UN has failed
  • The Govt does not allow humanitarian projects
20
Q

What were the intervention strategies used?

A
  • IGAD peace deals
  • UNMISS peacekeepers
  • Humanitarian NGOs
  • Observers and treaties
  • Sanctions, Arms embargo
21
Q

What did IGAD peace deals include?

A
  • Put pressure on warring parties
  • Emergency mediation in 2013, facilitated and structured the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in 2015
22
Q

What did the UNMISS peacekeepers do?

A
  • Set up PoC camps, where 200,000 women and children were protected
  • Allow NGOs to support IDPs
23
Q

How have humanitarian NGOs helped?

A
  • Supplied food during famine
  • Vaccinations
  • Refugee camps
24
Q

What do the observers and treaties involve?

A

South Sudan have signed 4 treaties, for eventual justice, truth and reconciliation

25
Q

Why have sanctions and embargoes been put in place?

A

For agricultural production -> stability and better health

26
Q

What’s an example of organisations of different scales working together against the issues in SS?

A

The UN Mine Action Service has worked with Danish NGOs to clear over 1.4 billion m^2 of land to make it safe since 2004 -> 950,000 items of unexploded ordnance destroyed

27
Q

What are the short term benefits?

A
  • Humanitarian aid
  • Supply of food and medicine
  • Access to sanitation
  • Provision of shelter/ safety for IDPs
28
Q

What are the long term benefits?

A
  • Agricultural/vocational training
  • Education
  • Strengthened institutions to maintain rule of law
  • Demobilisation of armed forces
  • Rebuilding trust and reconciliation
29
Q

What are the short term consequences of global governance?

A
  • PoC very crowded conditions - stopped national genocide
  • Govt will not protect aid workers
  • NGOs well coordinated in the dry season only
  • Emergency meeting of UN to have secured changes in the focus of the UNMISS mission
  • IGAD new peace agreements
30
Q

What NGos are involved?

A
  • MSF
  • Oxfam
  • WHO
  • Care
  • UNICEF
  • UNHCR
31
Q

What are the long term consequences of global governance?

A
  • Few woman want to return home from refugee camps or leave PoC sites
  • 2021 5 female cabinet ministers - aim for 35% of women
  • Ethnic fighting not been stopped, no state security infrastructure
  • Famine, no crops, farmers scared to go back
  • Only 200km of road paved during dry season
  • Civil war armies being demobilised -> no work for returning soldiers
32
Q

What is DDR?

A

Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration

33
Q

What are opportunities for stability?

A
  • The UN relief, reintegration and protection mission in SS -> bring back IDPs and refugees
  • $1.2 million projects have been funded to build police stations, law courts, schools
34
Q

What are the opportunities for growth?

A
  • Most recent IMF loan to SS has stabilised economy for now
  • IGAD + IMNF loan insist that oil rev goes into one public account -> anti-corruption
  • 2012 infrastructure situation improved marginally (Juba to Uganda) -> boost trade
35
Q

What are the opportunities for development?

A
  • Vietnam sends female peacekeepers to SS to encourage further commitment of 35 % women participation in the govt
  • Needs to diversify its economy + improve HDI
36
Q

What is the life expectancy?

A

57

37
Q

What are their position on the HDI ranking?

A

185th

38
Q

What’s SS GDP/capita?

A

$2000

39
Q

What’s the literacy rate?

A

34 %

40
Q

How many years of schooling do people generally get?

A

5

41
Q

What are the challenges to do with inequality?

A
  • Rural areas have far less transport, less representation and suffer more famine -> inequality
  • The north suffered from floods -> 100,000 forced to leave
  • Violence against women + more displaced and interrupted humanitarian delivery
  • MDGs are not engaged - not effective state building
42
Q

What are the challenges to do with inequality with the youth and woman?

A
  • Not single school been built using national budget allocation
  • Youth unemployment high and woman remain largely excluded from national processes
43
Q

What are the challenges to do with injustice?

A
  • Violence and repression from the govt have disincentivised foreign donors to continue to support SS
  • High levels of violence and slow peace agreements + DDR failure -> further violence
  • Recent arrests and harassment of human rights activists
44
Q

When did South Sudan gain independence?

A

July 9th 2011

45
Q

What does SPLA stand for?

A

Sudan People’s Liberation Army

46
Q

How much of the population live on $1 per day?

A

Half the population

Geography (63 decks)

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