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Geography > CSMP - South Wales Case Study CS > Flashcards

CSMP - South Wales Case Study CS Flashcards

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1
Q

What industry was thriving in South Wales?

A

Iron, steel and coal

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2
Q

When did the industries thrive from?

A

1860-1950

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3
Q

When did the industry decline?

A

1950s

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4
Q

What parts in the South Coast of Wales were the ties of large integrated iron and steel works?

A
  • Port Talbot
  • New port
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5
Q

What were the reasons for the decline in the industry?

A
  • Demand falling
  • Global shift in market
  • New advances in tech
  • Land + labour cheaper in MICs
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6
Q

What were the short term consequences of the decline?

A
  • Loss of trade
  • Less taxes
  • Less services
  • Increased crime
  • Fall in house prices
  • Negative multiplier effect
  • Out migration
  • Higher unemployment
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7
Q

What were the long term consequences of the decline?

A
  • Subsequent development
  • Government policy
  • Sectoral shift in the area
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8
Q

Give an example of a govt policy.

A

Welsh Development Agency
- Transport Improved
- Industrial Estates

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9
Q

What increased demand for coal?

A

Great War - 1914 -> increased profits

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10
Q

When did mines close?

A

1921-1936

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11
Q

What happened in 1920?

A
  • Wage agreement abandoned
  • Miners laid off
  • Unemployment rose over 25%
  • Depression -> poverty
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12
Q

How did coal mining industry affect peoples health?

A
  • Lowered life expectancy
  • Claims to disability allowance
  • 2013 -> heart disease and respiratory problems
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13
Q

In the 1910s what players were involved and what role did they play?

A

Investors discovered coal deposits -> dev steel and iron industry

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14
Q

What were the changes to social opportunities in the 1910s?

A
  • Drive for profitability led to lax health and safety measures -> gender based health inequalities
  • 1913 employed 1/4 million miners
  • South Wales Miners Federation to improve wage + work conditions -> reduce inequalities
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15
Q

What are the different regions of South Wales?

A
  • Heads of the South Wales Valleys
  • Mouths of the Valleys
  • Coastal regions
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16
Q

What were the changes to the patterns of inequality & causes in 1910s?

A
  • Mining villages dependent on single industry
  • Coal used for domestic heating an steam ships + trains
  • Cyclical economic change did not lead to changes in deprivation levels
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17
Q

What were the place characteristic in 1910 of the South Wales Valleys?

A
  • Inhalation of coal dust -> poor health
  • Dangerous industry -> 6000 lost lives in pit disasters
  • Produced 50% of British iron exports
  • Houses did not conform to building regulations - small terraced
18
Q

In the 1920s what were the political characteristic?

A
  • Locals relied on self-reliance and welfare support from the Fed
  • 1922 Labour Party won all MP seats
19
Q

In the 1920s what were the cultural characteristic?

A

Strong social cohesion of mining communities -> strikes

20
Q

What does NCB stand for?

A

National Coal Board

21
Q

What happened during the global recession in 1920s?

A
  • Young skilled workers increased on the coastal cities ->ex coal mining industries declined economically
  • Aberfan lack of consumer demand -> shops closing
  • NCB - short revival of industry after WWII
22
Q

How did the characteristic of the region in South Wales change in the 1920s?

A
  • Rural depopulation policy -> encouraged surplus labour to move to regions with more jobs
  • Depletion in social capital in the Valleys -> ex miners could not meet the costs of relocation
23
Q

Why was the NCB established?

A

To boost coal production after WWII

24
Q

What were changes to the economy in the 1950s-1980s?

A

Decline of mines from 160 to 52

25
Q

What was discovered in 1950s-1980s?

A
  • North Sea Oil
  • Nuclear Power generates electricity
26
Q

What policy was created in 1950s-1980s?

A

Clean Air Act

27
Q

What happened during the 1980s recession?

A
  • NCB closed mines to reduce losses to the government - Thatcher
  • Gov Commission coal pit closures
  • Clean Air Act reduced domestic use of coal
28
Q

What are the economical effects after mine closures?

A
  • Less than 50% jobs lost due to closure
29
Q

What did the Govt invest in after mine closures?

A
  • A465 -> the only east-west link -> upgrade to dual carriageway in 2005
  • Factory and businesses set up on the coastal plain
30
Q

What were the changes to the social opportunities after mine closures?

A
  • Depopulation continued in Heads of the Valleys -> outmigration of 24 yr olds and 40-49
  • Challenge to retain pop to not fall below threshold where economy no long sustainable -> spiral of decline
31
Q

How were inequalities after mine closures increased?

A

Regeneration projects -> Cardiff Bay Development Corporation 1987 -> barrage to increase land value

32
Q

What were the Welsh Development agency in charge of?

A
  • Land reclamation of derelict colliery sites
  • Clearing old pits
  • Dev new infrastructure and factory buildings
33
Q

Which area of the Valleys were the most deprived?

A

The Heads of the Valleys

34
Q

What did the Uni of Wales establish in 2000?

A

Community University of the Valleys -> higher education courses at 3 sites to attract students

35
Q

What is the education like in the Valleys?

A
  • Young people perform less well compared to nations average
  • Highly qualified leave the Valleys
  • High proportion of workers with few/no formal qualifications
36
Q

What was the gender divide like after mine closures?

A
  • Ex miners reluctant to go into service sector as as jobs were not regarded as for men
  • Jobs increasingly available for men + women
37
Q

What are the effects of cyclical economic change and cuts to public spending after mine closures?

A
  • Reliance on state welfare
  • Former Miners took early retirement / claimed Sickness benefits -> state pensions
  • Young miners economically inactive
  • Reduction in Welfare Benefits in Austerity years removed £430m from economy of the Valleys
38
Q

What programme was enforced to help people enter the job market?

A

Jobs Growth Wales programme -> 6 month placements with firms at minimum wage to increase skills

39
Q

What are examples of EU funded projects?

A
  • Working Skills for Adults Scheme £2.7 million
  • Bridges into Work Scheme £5.5 million
  • Upgrade Heads of the Valleys Road £79 million
40
Q

Estimated impacts from EU funded projects.

A
  • Close to 37000 new jobs
  • Strengthened 11900 new businesses
  • Helped 72000 into work
  • Support 0.2 million gain qualifications
41
Q

What drove the decline of the mining industry?

A
  • Trade unions, political attitudes these unions
  • Geological and geographical conditions
  • Changing energy profile of UK

Geography (63 decks)

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