Power and Borders - Jammu and Kashmir CS Flashcards
Who are the main actors?
India and Pakistan
Why is there a territorial integrity/ sovereignty issue?
- The conflict started after the partition of India in 1947 as both India and Pakistan claimed the former princely state J&K.
- J&K joined India in 1947
- Majority muslim pop. controlled by Hindu Indians -> Pakistan believed they should control muslim side
What did this dispute lead to?
3 wars
What type of region is Kashmir?
Himalayan
Why is the issue complex?
Govt said it was reducing all of article 370 which 35A is part of and which has been the bass of J&K complex
What did Article 370 allow?
The article allowed the state a certain amount of autonomy - its own constitution, a separate flag and freedom to make laws
Why was there an outbreak of violence in the Indian side of J&K?
Due to a separatist insurgency against Indian rule
What are the political causes of the issue?
ASSA gave Kashmirs the right to land -> India wants it to be a Hindu State
What are the environmental causes of the issue?
- The Indus Waters Treaty -> curiosity in international water -> sharing agreement -> countries divide the Indus basin water according to location rather than volume
- Several Indus Basin rivers flow through Kashmir before entering Pakistan -> control over water (resources)
What is the water used for?
Agriculture purposes
What are the religious causes of the issue?
In the Jammu region many muslims were massacred and others driven away to West Punjab.
Who massacred many muslims in the Jammu region?
Extremist Hindus and Sikhs
What are the social causes of the issue?
- Mass killings
- Enforced disappearances
- Torture
- Rape
- Sexual abuse
- Political repression
- Suppression of freedom of speech
How many muslims were either killed or migrated to Pakistan?
237,000
What is the relationship between citizens and the countries involved?
Locally - Separatist who protest for Kashmirs independence
Regionally - Internet blackout and curfew
What is the relationship between the Governments of the countries involved?
Locally - Conflict & violence -> further destruction from the Indian Govt
Regionally - Indian revoked Article 370 from the Indian administered J&K that had allowed autonomy
Why was there continuous 30 years of fighting?
J&K did not choose their nationality -> Pakistani or Indian at the partition
How many troops on both sides of J&K?
600,000 Indian troops
How many civilians have been killed?
70,000
How many civilians have been displaced?
700,000
What problems arise from Hindu Indians settling in Indian administered J&K?
- Religious clashes
- Demography changes
What do the Indian Govt suggest was the problem about Article 370?
Was preventing J&K from development
