Oceans 1, 2,3 - Symes side

Question 1

What are the 4 ocean resources?

Answer 1

• Biological, i.e. krill/fish
• Oil and gas
• Minerals
• Renewable energy

Question 2

Where are the oil and gas reserves found?

Answer 2

Near the continental shelf

Question 3

What are the negative impacts of offshore drilling?

Answer 3

• Could leak - environment
• Could be a negative military strategy
• Visual impact
• Pollution from oil spills
• High risk low reward
• Noise disturb marine procreation
• Profits not evenly disturbed
• Finite resources

Question 4

What are the positive impacts oil rigs?

Answer 4

• Multiplier effect
• Long term they are effective
• Rigs act as artificial reefs underwater increasing organism pop.

Question 5

How has production change?

Answer 5

• Since mid-twentieth century - stimulated the extension of exploration to edge of the continental shelf

Question 6

Why will demand for oil + gas increase and decrease?

Answer 6

• Decreased during covid
• Increased during rise of electric vehicles

Question 7

Why will the price of oil + gas increase and decrease?

Answer 7

• Sanctions
• Global exchange rates
• Variable to a change in demand

Question 8

What are the limitations + advantages of supertankers?

Answer 8

• Greater operating expenses - L
• Ship more at one time - A
• Require deepwater - L
• Cannot be breached - A
• Weigh 250,000 tonnes - L

Question 9

What are the limitations and advantages of undersea pipelines?

Answer 9

• Fast production - A
• Sanctions - L
• Can be breached - L
• Hit by floats + anchors - L
• Leaks - L

Question 10

What % of energy consumption is from renewable resources?

Answer 10

10.6 %

Question 11

What’s the biggest renewable sources?

Answer 11

Biomass/ solar/geothermal heat

Question 12

How does tidal energy work?

Answer 12

• Comes from movements of water drawn by the gravitational pull of the moon
• Shape + depth of coastline influence tidal range
• Water bulges to the moon

Question 13

How does a tidal barrage work? Give an example.

Answer 13

• The incoming tide is held behind a sea wall and then released -> tidal range
• La Rance in France

Question 14

Advantages and disadvantages of tidal barrage?

Answer 14

• Might disrupt trade/ fishing - D
• Disturbs migratory fish - D
• Disrupts equilibrium in sediment cell - D
• Requires deep narrow river - D
• Not everywhere has right infrastructure - D
• Take space away from local communities - D
• Tides predictable - A

Question 15

What is tidal stream energy?

Answer 15

• Take advantage of ocean currents on the sea floor to drive turbines
• Around coasts or island
• Can resemble underwater and wind turbines

Question 16

What are 4 techniques in generating wave power?

Answer 16

• Point absorber
• Wave roller
• Device installed on the surface (generator)
• Pelamis - elongated steel tube - hydraulic systems

Question 17

What are the obstacles in creating wave energy?

Answer 17

• Rough seas - devices cannot
  survive conditions
• Servicing equipment + adds costs
• Size + weight reduces efficiency of energy conversion
• Corrosion

Question 18

Advantages of wave power?

Answer 18

• Generate 7x more than wind turbines
• Waves are everywhere + full of power
• Cold, gloomy day
• Can predict waves through satellite data
• Reliable

Question 19

Disadvantages of wave power?

Answer 19

• Waves travel in a specific direction
• Small amount of energy from waves globally
• Devices need maintenance
• Nuclear power = competition
• Complex environment - marine creatures break down metal
• Won’t replace solar or wind

Question 20

What are the zone where resources are shared?

Answer 20

The Clarion Clipperton Zone

Question 21

How much of the sea floor is being mined?

Answer 21

1%

Question 22

What is found on the sea floor?

Answer 22

• Gold
• Silver
• Diamonds
• Zinc
• Colbalt
• Manganese
• Copper

Question 23

Where can the metals on the sea floor be found?

Answer 23

Lining the outside of black smokers where plates converge or diverge on the sea floor

Question 24

What are the advantages of mining for metals?

Answer 24

• Countries that permit mining get a cut of the revenue
• Gold in international seabed = $150 trillion
• Potential for carbon free world if mining continues
• In the deep sea royalties paid to ISA -> shared for benefit of LIDCs
• Exploration of EEZ go back to sovereign state

Question 25

What are the disadvantages of mining?

Answer 25

• Child labour in the DRC - major cobalt source
• USA has not ratified UNCLOS agreement
• UNESCO no jurisdiction in deep water
• Exploration only happening on 0.004% of sea floor authorised by ISA
• Sediment plumes
• Mud cloud smother organisms

Question 26

What does ISA stand for?

Answer 26

International Seabed Authority

Question 27

How many licenses do they give out?

Answer 27

16

Question 28

How far is the EEZ?

Answer 28

200 miles off of the continental shelf