Oceans 1, 2,3 - Symes side Flashcards
What are the 4 ocean resources?
- Biological, i.e. krill/fish
- Oil and gas
- Minerals
- Renewable energy
Where are the oil and gas reserves found?
Near the continental shelf
What are the negative impacts of offshore drilling?
- Could leak - environment
- Could be a negative military strategy
- Visual impact
- Pollution from oil spills
- High risk low reward
- Noise disturb marine procreation
- Profits not evenly disturbed
- Finite resources
What are the positive impacts oil rigs?
- Multiplier effect
- Long term they are effective
- Rigs act as artificial reefs underwater increasing organism pop.
How has production change?
- Since mid-twentieth century - stimulated the extension of exploration to edge of the continental shelf
Why will demand for oil + gas increase and decrease?
- Decreased during covid
- Increased during rise of electric vehicles
Why will the price of oil + gas increase and decrease?
- Sanctions
- Global exchange rates
- Variable to a change in demand
What are the limitations + advantages of supertankers?
- Greater operating expenses - L
- Ship more at one time - A
- Require deepwater - L
- Cannot be breached - A
- Weigh 250,000 tonnes - L
What are the limitations and advantages of undersea pipelines?
- Fast production - A
- Sanctions - L
- Can be breached - L
- Hit by floats + anchors - L
- Leaks - L
What % of energy consumption is from renewable resources?
10.6 %
What’s the biggest renewable sources?
Biomass/ solar/geothermal heat
How does tidal energy work?
- Comes from movements of water drawn by the gravitational pull of the moon
- Shape + depth of coastline influence tidal range
- Water bulges to the moon
How does a tidal barrage work? Give an example.
- The incoming tide is held behind a sea wall and then released -> tidal range
- La Rance in France
Advantages and disadvantages of tidal barrage?
- Might disrupt trade/ fishing - D
- Disturbs migratory fish - D
- Disrupts equilibrium in sediment cell - D
- Requires deep narrow river - D
- Not everywhere has right infrastructure - D
- Take space away from local communities - D
- Tides predictable - A
What is tidal stream energy?
- Take advantage of ocean currents on the sea floor to drive turbines
- Around coasts or island
- Can resemble underwater and wind turbines
What are 4 techniques in generating wave power?
- Point absorber
- Wave roller
- Device installed on the surface (generator)
- Pelamis - elongated steel tube - hydraulic systems
What are the obstacles in creating wave energy?
- Rough seas - devices cannot
survive conditions - Servicing equipment + adds costs
- Size + weight reduces efficiency of energy conversion
- Corrosion
Advantages of wave power?
- Generate 7x more than wind turbines
- Waves are everywhere + full of power
- Cold, gloomy day
- Can predict waves through satellite data
- Reliable
Disadvantages of wave power?
- Waves travel in a specific direction
- Small amount of energy from waves globally
- Devices need maintenance
- Nuclear power = competition
- Complex environment - marine creatures break down metal
- Won’t replace solar or wind
What are the zone where resources are shared?
The Clarion Clipperton Zone
How much of the sea floor is being mined?
1%
What is found on the sea floor?
- Gold
- Silver
- Diamonds
- Zinc
- Colbalt
- Manganese
- Copper
Where can the metals on the sea floor be found?
Lining the outside of black smokers where plates converge or diverge on the sea floor
What are the advantages of mining for metals?
- Countries that permit mining get a cut of the revenue
- Gold in international seabed = $150 trillion
- Potential for carbon free world if mining continues
- In the deep sea royalties paid to ISA -> shared for benefit of LIDCs
- Exploration of EEZ go back to sovereign state
What are the disadvantages of mining?
- Child labour in the DRC - major cobalt source
- USA has not ratified UNCLOS agreement
- UNESCO no jurisdiction in deep water
- Exploration only happening on 0.004% of sea floor authorised by ISA
- Sediment plumes
- Mud cloud smother organisms
What does ISA stand for?
International Seabed Authority
How many licenses do they give out?
16
How far is the EEZ?
200 miles off of the continental shelf
