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Abi Biology 2017 > Plant Tissues > Flashcards

Plant Tissues Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two main types of plant tissues?

A

Meristematic

Permanent

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2
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of similarly differentiated cells that group together to perform a common function

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3
Q

What is meristematic tissue?

A

Those that can divide

Not specialised

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4
Q

What is permanent tissue?

A

Those that have become completely differentiated to perform a common function

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5
Q

What are the two types of meristematic tissue?

A

Apical meristem

Lateral meristem

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6
Q

What is apical meristem?

A

Tissues that grow in height and length

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7
Q

What is lateral meristem?

A

Tissue that grows in width

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8
Q

What are the three types of permanent tissue?

A

Dermal
Ground
Vascular

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9
Q

Where can the dermal tissue be found?

A

In the epidermis

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10
Q

What is the function of the dermal tissue?

A

For protection

Prevention of water loss

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11
Q

Where are four places where ground tissue is found?

A

Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Chlorenchyma
Sclerenchyma

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12
Q

What are the five main functions of ground tissue?

A 
Regeneration
Protection
Food storage 
Support
Photosynthesis
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13
Q

Where are two places where vascular tissue can be found?

A

Phloem

Xylem

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14
Q

What does xylem carry?

A

Water

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15
Q

What does phloem carry?

A

Food

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16
Q

What is the function of vascular tissue?

A

To transport water, mineral salts and food

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17
Q

What does meristematic tissue do?

A

The cells are constantly dividing through mitosis

They produce new cells for growth and to replace damaged cells

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18
Q

Where can apical meristem be found?

A

In the tips of roots and stems

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19
Q

What kind of growth is apical meristem needed for?

A

Primary growth

Length of roots and stems

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20
Q

What is another name for lateral meristem?

A

Cambium

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21
Q

Where can cambium be found?

A

In the stems of flowering plants

Between xylem and phloem in vascular bundles

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22
Q

What kind of growth is cambium necessary for?

A

For growth in the width of the stem

Lateral roots

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23
Q

What are lateral roots?

A

In the tap root system, they are the roots that spread out from the tap root

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24
Q

What is the structure of meristematic cells?

A 
Small
Brick shaped
Thin cell wall
Large round nucleus (for active cell division)
Dense cytoplasm
No vacuoles
No intracellular airspaces
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25
Q

How does meristematic tissue act as a lubricant?

A

The cells on the tips of the roots burst

The dense cytoplasm in them acts as a lubricant to allow the roots to grow further

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26
Q

What happens to meristematic tissue after a while?

A

It will turn into permanent tissue through the process of differentiation

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27
Q

How does differentiation occur?

A

Cells undergo chemical and structural changes

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28
Q

What is the general function of parenchyma?

A

Packaging material

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29
Q

What is the general function of collenchyma?

A

Structure and support

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30
Q

What is the general function of sclerenchyma?

A

Strength and protection

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31
Q

What is the general function of the epidermis?

A

Protection

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32
Q

What is the general structure of permanent tissue?

A 
Has a specific function
Cells are larger
The cell walls are thicker
The cytoplasm is not as dense
Large vacuoles are common
Shapes and sizes differ according to function
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33
Q

Where can the dermal tissue be found?

A

Surrounding the outside of the plant

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34
Q

What does the epidermis prevent?

A

Drying out

Mechanical injury

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35
Q

Which is the most abundant tissue?

A

Ground tissue

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36
Q

What does ground tissue do?

A

Fills spaces between other tissues

Is used for mechanical support

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37
Q

What is the structure of the epidermis like?

A

Brick shaped
No intercellular airspaces
Cells walls are strengthened with cellulose and lignin
Transparent to allow sunlight to reach the cells beneath
These plant cells have no chloroplasts
Waxy cuticles on the stems and leaves

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38
Q

Why are the cuticles on the epidermal cells necessary on the stems and leaves, but not on the roots?

A

The cuticle reduces water loss, but on the roots water needs to be able to pass easily through the roots

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39
Q

What are three types of specialised epidermal cells?

A

Stomata
Root hair
Trichomes

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41
Q

What kind of cell is a guard cell?

A

An epidermal cell

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42
Q

Where can a guard cell be found?

A

On the leaf epidermis

On the underside of the leaf

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43
Q

What is the structure of the guard cell like?

A

Kidney shaped
The only epidermal cells with chloroplasts
Unevenly thickened cell wall (thin outer, thick inner)

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44
Q

What does a turgid guard cell create?

A

A stomata

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45
Q

What is a stomata?

A

A hole between guard cells that allows for gaseous exchange

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46
Q

What happens when guard cells become flaccid?

A

The stomata closes

47
Q

What are trichomes?

A

Epidermal hairs
They are small outgrowths on the surface of a plant
They are multicellular

48
Q

What is the size of trichomes?

A

They are microscopic

49
Q

Where can trichomes be found?

A

On the stems of some plants

50
Q

What is a root hair?

A

Also an epidermal outgrowth
They are unicellular
It does not have a cuticle

51
Q

Where can root hairs be found?

A

On the roots of cells

52
Q

Why can chlorenchyma not be considered its own type of ground tissue?

A

It is a specialised parenchyma

53
Q

Where can parenchyma be found?

A

In the spaces between other tissues

54
Q

What is the basic structure of parenchyma?

A 
Living
Round
Thin cell walls
Large vacuoles
Large intercellular spaces
55
Q

Why are large vacuoles in parenchyma important?

A

They store water
They control turgor pressure
They provide internal support for young plants

56
Q

Why are the large intercellular spaces necessary in parenchyma?

A

Allows gases to move between cells

57
Q

What else does parenchyma do?

A 
Stores sugar and starch for the plant
Used as packaging tissue
Provided carbohydrates through photosynthesis
Gaseous exchange
Rigidity (turgor pressure)
58
Q

Why is chlorenchyma different from ordinary parenchyma?

A

It contains chloroplasts

59
Q

Where are chlorenchyma found?

A

In herbaceous leaves and stems

60
Q

What is the general structure of chlorenchyma?

A

Thin walls for gaseous diffusion

Plenty of chloroplasts for maximum photosynthesis

61
Q

What is the function of a root hair?

A

To increase the surface area

To help absorb water and mineral salts

62
Q

Where can palisade chlorenchyma be found?

A

Underneath the epidermis

63
Q

Where can spongy chlorenchyma be found?

A

Underneath the palisade chlorenchyma

64
Q

What is the structure of palisade chlorenchyma?

A

Rectangular
Vertical to intercept maximum sunlight
Tightly packed

65
Q

What is the structure of spongy parenchyma?

A

Round

Large intercellular airspaces for movement of gasses

66
Q

How does being vertical help palisade chlorenchyma absorb more sunlight?

A

Having a short side on the bottom as opposed to having along side in the bottom means that the surface area exposed to the sun is increased

67
Q

Where can collenchyma be found?

A

In young stems just beneath the epidermis

68
Q

What is the structure of collenchyma?

A

Living
Unevenly thickened cell walls
No intercellular spaces (filled with pectin and cellulose)
Often have chloroplasts

69
Q

What is the function of collenchyma?

A

For structure and support

For photosynthesis

70
Q

What is the difference between collenchyma and parenchyma?

A

The collenchyma has cellulose where parenchyma has intercellular air spaces

71
Q

Where is sclerenchyma found?

A

Leaves
Stems
Fruits

72
Q

What is the structure of sclerenchyma?

A

Dead cells
Evenly thickened cell walls (lignin and cellulose)
Pits in walls (allow water to move)
At the centre is a lumen (empty space)

73
Q

What are the two types of sclerenchyma?

A

Sclereids

Firbres

74
Q

Where can sclereids be found?

A

Stone in peach

Gritty part of a pear

75
Q

Where can fibres be found?

A

Rope
Twine
Linen

76
Q

Where can xylem be found?

A

Leaves
Stem
Roots

77
Q

What is the general structure for xylem?

A

Walls contain lignin
Mature cells are dead
Large lumen present (to carry the water)

78
Q

What are the two kinds of xylem?

A

Vessels

Tracheids

79
Q

Where do vessels occur?

A

In older plants

80
Q

Where do tracheids occur?

A

In younger plants

81
Q

What is the structure of vessels?

A

Elongated
Arranged end-to-end
Form a long continuous tube

82
Q

What is the structure of tracheids?

A

Long, narrow cells
Taper at ends
Form a tube

83
Q

Apart from carrying water, what function does xylem have?

A 
Strengthening component (dead cells) and lignin
Lignin is waterproof (does not collapse)
84
Q

Where can phloem be found?

A

Roots
Stems
Leaves

85
Q

What are the two types of cells that form phloem?

A

Sieve cell

Companion cell

86
Q

What is the structure of a sieve cell?

A

Forms a tube with sieve plates
Has a large vacuole
Has a thin layer of cytoplasm
Has no nucleus

87
Q

What is the function of the companion cell?

A

It is attached to the sieve cell
Has a nucleus for communication
Controls the sieve cell

88
Q

What are the phloem cells like when mature?

A

Living

89
Q

What does T/S mean?

A

Transection

90
Q

What does a transection mean?

A

The diagram shows the cell when it has been cut across itself

91
Q

What are the two types of chlorenchyma?

A

Palisade chlorenchyma

Spongy chlorenchyma

92
Q

How does the structure of lateral meristem differ from apical meristem?

A

They are flatter and slightly elongated

The cell walls are slightly thicker

93
Q

What is secondary meristematic tissue?

A

When a group of cells divides actively for a particular function (replace damaged and worn-out cells)

94
Q

How many layers does the epidermis form?

A

Usually a single layer

95
Q

What is the biological word for drying out?

A

Dessication

96
Q

What is the structure of sclereids?

A

Rounder than fibres

97
Q

What is the structure of fibres?

A

More elongated

98
Q

Where is the cell wall in collenchyma thickest?

A

In the corners

99
Q

What are vessel elements?

A

The individual cells composing the xylem vessels

100
Q

What are transverse walls?

A

The walls between vascular cells

101
Q

What is another name for a transverse wall?

A

A cross-wall

102
Q

What three patterns does lignin form in xylem cells?

A

Spiral
Annular
Pitted

103
Q

What do pits in xylem cell walls do?

A

Enable lateral transport between the xylem vessels

104
Q

What is xylem like in a cross section?

A

Round

105
Q

Which kind of xylem transports water faster?

A

Vessels

106
Q

Why does xylem need to be so strong?

A

If it was weak, the water pressure would crush the xylem and it wouldn’t work

107
Q

What are sieve plates?

A

Cross-walls between sieve cells

108
Q

What do sieve plates do?

A

They are perforated and serve to filter the substances that travel through the phloem

109
Q

Why do sieve tubes need companion cells?

A

The companion cells have nuclei, which instruct the sieve tube’s metabolic processes

110
Q

Where does phloem transport food to and from?

A

From the leaves to the rest of the plant

111
Q

Where does xylem transport water to and from?

A

From the roots to the rest of the plant

112
Q

How do you identify parenchyma?

A

Air spaces
Large vacuoles
Thin cell walls

113
Q

How do you tell the difference between collenchyma and sclerenchyma?

A

Sclerenchyma: cell walls are thickened evenly
Collenchyma: cell walls are unevenly thickened (most thickened around the corners

Abi Biology 2017 (57 decks)

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