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Abi Biology 2017 > Cell Structure And Function > Flashcards

Cell Structure And Function Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the cell theory?

A

A theory that states:
All living things are made of cells and their products
New cells are created by old cells dividing in two
Cells are the basic building blocks of life

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2
Q

How did cell theory come about?

A

Developed by two microbiologists Schleiden and Schwann in 1839

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3
Q

What are the units within cells?

A

Organelles

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4
Q

What do cells group together to form?

A

Tissues

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5
Q

What do tissues group together to form?

A

Organs

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6
Q

What do organs group together to form?

A

Organ systems

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7
Q

What do organ systems group together to form?

A

Organisms

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8
Q

What is the smallest unit of life?

A

Cells

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9
Q

How can you tell the difference between the Golgi body and the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

The ER will be attached to either the cell membrane, or the nucleus
The Golgi body will not be attached to anything

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10
Q

Where is the nucleus situated in an animal cell?

A

In the centre

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11
Q

Where is the nucleus situated in a plant cell?

A

Near the side

The vacuole takes up the centre space

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12
Q

What do all cells have in common?

A

Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
DNA

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13
Q

What kinds of cells are prokaryotic?

A

Unicellular organisms

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14
Q

What are the two parts of a cell?

A

Living

Non-living

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15
Q

What is between cell walls in a plant?

A

The middle lamela

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16
Q

What is lignin like?

A

Thick, strong and waterproof

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17
Q

What is another name for a cell membrane?

A

Plasma membrane

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18
Q

What model describes what the cell membrane looks like?

A

Fluid-mosaic-model

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19
Q

What is a cell membrane made of?

A

Phospholipid bilayer
Protein
Carbohydrate chains attached to it

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20
Q

What is the phospholipid bilayer like?

A

Has hydrophilic fatty acid tails

Has hydrophobic glycerol heads

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21
Q

What do the proteins in the cell membrane do?

A

Help with active and facilitated diffusion

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22
Q

What are the carbohydrate chains in the cell membrane for?

A

Communication

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23
Q

What is the main function of the cell membrane?

A

To control what comes into the cell and what goes out of the cell

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24
Q

What are some other functions of the cell membrane?

A 
Transport of nutrients
Ingestion
Excretion
Strength of membrane allows mechanical support
Flexibility allows growth and movement
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25
Q

What is cytoplasm made of?

A

90% water

Dissolved nutrients and waste

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26
Q

What does the cytoplasm do?

A

It exerts pressure on the cell membrane (structure)
Holds nourishment for the organelles
Suspends the organelles
Can be a storage area

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27
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

Chromatin network
Nucleolus
Nucleoplasm
Nuclear membrane

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28
Q

What does the nucleolus do?

A

Makes RNA (ribosomes) which make proteins

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29
Q

What is nucleoplasm?

A

The jelly-like liquid inside the nucleus

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30
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

A double membrane surrounding the nucleus

Is selectively permeable

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31
Q

What do nuclear pores do?

A

Allow substances into the nucleus

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32
Q

What does DNA do?

A

Contains hereditary information

Contains the “code of life” (tells ribosomes what proteins to make)

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33
Q

Where does the DNA in the mitochondria come from?

A

Only from the mother of an organism

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34
Q

What are the two types of ER?

A

Rough

Smooth

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35
Q

What does the rough ER do?

A

Protein synthesis

Membrane production

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36
Q

What does the smooth ER do?

A

Lipid synthesis

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37
Q

What is the difference between the rough and smooth ER?

A

Rough has ribosomes

Smooth does not

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38
Q

What are the two types of ribosomes?

A

Free ribosomes and polyribosomes

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39
Q

What makes vesicles?

A

Golgi body
ER
Cell membrane

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40
Q

When are lysosomes usually produced?

A

When a cell dies

When an animal cell has lots of food vacuoles

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41
Q

What is a ‘floppy’ vacuole called?

A

Flaccid

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42
Q

What is the difference between cells called?

A

Differentiation

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43
Q

What is specialisation?

A

When cells change to perform a specific function

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44
Q

What kinds of functions might a cell preform?

A

Muscle cells contract and relax
Nerve cells conduct impulses
Glandular cells secrete substances

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45
Q

What is protoplasm?

A

The living material in plant and animal cells

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46
Q

What are all cells made up of?

A

Protoplasm

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47
Q

What is a cell wall?

A

A non-living component that animal cells do not have

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48
Q

What does protoplasm consist of?

A

Cytoplasm

Nucleoplasm

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49
Q

What is cytoplasm enclosed by?

A

The cell membrane

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50
Q

What is an organelle?

A

A membrane-bound structure that is found in the cytoplasm of a cell and that performs a specific function

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51
Q

What is the only non-living part of a cell?

A

The cell wall

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52
Q

What are the three parts of the cell wall?

A

Primary cell wall
Middle lamella
Secondary cell wall

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53
Q

What is a primary cell wall?

A

The first layer in the cell wall

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54
Q

Where does the primary cell wall occur?

A

On the outside of the cell membrane

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55
Q

How thick is the primary cell wall?

A

It is thin

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56
Q

What is the primary cell wall made of?

A

Cellulose fibres that can stretch as the cell grows

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57
Q

What is responsible for communication (and transportation) between plant cells?

A

Pits

And plasmodesmata

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58
Q

What are pits?

A

Small openings in the cell wall

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59
Q

What are plasmodesmata?

A

Cytoplasmic threads that extend through the pits to adjacent cells

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60
Q

What is the middle lamella?

A

The substance that connects cell walls to one another

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61
Q

Where does the middle lamella occur?

A

Outside the primary cell wall

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62
Q

What is the middle lamella made of?

A

Pectin

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63
Q

What is pectin?

A

A soluble, jelly-like polysaccharide

It is quite sticky

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64
Q

When does the secondary cell wall develop?

A

As the cells grow older

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65
Q

What does the secondary cell wall consist of?

A

Cellulose fibres

Lignin

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66
Q

What is lignin?

A

An organic substance that joins cellulose to one another in woody tissues

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67
Q

What does lignin do?

A

Thickens and strengthens the cell walls

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68
Q

What are the properties of the secondary cell wall?

A

It is inelastic

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69
Q

What are the pits of the secondary cell wall like?

A

They are deeper

Also have plasmodesmata

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70
Q

What is the permeability of the cell wall like?

A

Completely permeable

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71
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Support structure
Protects the living contents of the plant cell
Gives rigidity to the plant

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72
Q

What is sol cytoplasm?

A

The cytoplasm in a liquid state

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73
Q

What is gel cytoplasm?

A

Cytoplasm in a jelly-like state

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74
Q

What is the sol cytoplasm called?

A

The ground substance (hyaloplasm)

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75
Q

What does the ground substance look like?

A

It looks grey but is actually clear

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76
Q

Why does the ground substance look grey?

A

Due to the organelles and dissolved substances in it

77
Q

What is the function of cytoplasm?

A

It is the site of all metabolic processes
Cyclosis
Storage
Helps to maintain the shape of the cell

78
Q

What is cyclosis?

A

The movement of cytoplasm, specifically to circulate substances throughout the cell

79
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

The outer living boundary of the cytoplasm

In an animal cell, it also protects the contents of the cell

80
Q

Why are there proteins embedded in the cell membrane?

A

For transportation

81
Q

Which part of the phospholipid molecule face inwards?

A

The tail

82
Q

Which part of the phospholipid faces outward?

A

The head

83
Q

Why is the cell membrane referred to as fluid?

A

It is not static (it can move)

84
Q

What is the permeability of the plasma membrane like?

A

It is selectively permeable

85
Q

Which substances is the phospholipid bilayer impermeable to?

A

Water-soluble molecules

86
Q

What are examples of water-soluble molecules?

A

Glucose
Amino acids
Salts
Nucleic acids

87
Q

How do water soluble molecules move through the cell membrane?

A

Carrier proteins pick them up and drop them on the other side

88
Q

What do other proteins (that pass through the phospholipid bilayer) do?

A

Form small channels which will only allow certain ions through

89
Q

What are the main compounds that make up cells?

A 
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Water
89
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic

Eukaryotic

89
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

A cell in which there are no membrane-bound organelles i.e. Do not have a nucleus

89
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

A cell in which there are membrane-bound organelles i.e. Do have a nucleus

89
Q

What is an example of a prokaryotic cell?

A

Bacteria

89
Q

What are the two types of eukaryotic cells?

A

Animal

Plant

89
Q

What kind of surface area is optimal for a cell?

A

A large surface area is best

89
Q

Why do cells need a large surface area?

A

It facilitates the movement of substances into and out of the cell

89
Q

What is the optimal volume for a cell?

A

Relatively small

89
Q

Why must the volume of a cell be relatively small?

A

It allows for easy diffusion of substances within the cell

89
Q

Are all cells the same?

A

No, their size, shape and structures change

89
Q

What two forms can cytoplasm exist in?

A

Sol

Gel

89
Q

What does the nucleolus look like?

A

It is a dark body

89
Q

What is the chromatin network?

A

Tangled threads of DNA

90
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Structures that consist of DNA and histones

91
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Controls all of the activities of the cell

Contains DNA

92
Q

What does a mitochondrion look like?

A

A cylindrically-shaped hollow rod

It has a double membrane

93
Q

What does the inner membrane of the mitochondrion look like?

A

It has folds, known as cristae, to increase surface area

94
Q

What is the matrix?

A

A semi-fluid substance that fills all mitochondria

95
Q

Why does the matrix contain ribosomes?

A

They synthesis the enzymes that help with the chemical reactions within the mitochondria

96
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Cellular respiration

97
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

The process whereby glucose is transformed and energy is released

98
Q

What kind of energy does the cell use?

A

ATP energy

Adenosine triphosphate

99
Q

What affects the amount of mitochondria in a cell?

A

How much energy that cell needs

100
Q

What kind of cell will have more mitochondria?

A

A muscle cell

101
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Small spherical structures that occur in plant and animal cells

102
Q

What do ribosomes consist of?

A

RNA and proteins

103
Q

Where do ribosomes occur?

A

ER
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
In groups in the cytoplasm

104
Q

What are polyribosomes?

A

Ribosomes that occur in groups in the cytoplasm

105
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Protein synthesis

106
Q

What is protein synthesis?

A

The process during which 51 or more amino acids join to form a protein

107
Q

What is the ER?

A

A fine membranous network found in plant and animal cells

It forms a continuous system of canals throughout the cytoplasm

108
Q

What does ER stand for?

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

109
Q

Where does the ER occur?

A

Either connected to the plasma membrane or to the nuclear membrane

110
Q

What is the function of the ER?

A

Transports substances from one part of the cytoplasm to another
Increases the internal surface area of the cell

111
Q

What does the Golgi body look like?

A

Stacks of hollow, flat membrane sacs

These are called cisternae

112
Q

Where does the Golgi body occur?

A

Plant and animal cells near the nucleus

113
Q

What kind of cells will have more Golgi bodies?

A

In cells that have a secretory function

114
Q

What is the function of the Golgi body?

A

It plays a role in producing and processing secretions

It prepares proteins for transport to other parts of the cell

115
Q

What are examples of secretions that the Golgi body might produce?

A

Mucous

Saliva

116
Q

What are plastids?

A

A type of organelle that occurs only in plant cells

117
Q

What are the three types of plastids?

A

Chloroplast
Chromoplast
Leucoplast

118
Q

What do chloroplasts look like?

A

Oval-shaped

Surrounded by a double membrane

119
Q

Where do chloroplasts occur?

A

In photosynthesising parts of the plant i.e in the leaves

120
Q

What is stroma?

A

A fluid matrix that fills the chloroplast

121
Q

What are thylakoids?

A

Disc-shaped membranes that are contained in the stroma

122
Q

What is a granum?

A

A stack of thylakoids

123
Q

What is the plural form of granum?

A

Grana

124
Q

What is another name for thylakoids?

A

Lamellae

125
Q

What connects two grana?

A

A membrane known as the intergranum

126
Q

What is another name for the intergranum?

A

The middle lamella

127
Q

What is embedded in the thylakoids?

A

Chlorophyll

128
Q

What else does the stroma contain?

A

Enzymes
Starch grains
Oil droplets
Ribosomes

129
Q

What is the function of the chloroplast?

A

Photosynthesis

130
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

The process whereby radiant energy from the sun is converted into starch granules

131
Q

What is the formula for photosynthesis?

A

Radiant energy
H2O + CO2 —————-> C6H12O6 + O2
Chlorophyll

132
Q

What is the formula for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + O2 –> H2O + CO2 + ATP energy

133
Q

What are chromoplasts?

A

Plastids that give plants their orange, red or yellow colour

134
Q

How do chromoplasts occur?

A

Chloroplasts change into chromoplasts when autumn comes or when fruit ripens

135
Q

How do chromoplasts change the colour of the plant?

A

With pigments

136
Q

What are chromoplast pigments called?

A

Carotenoids

137
Q

Why do plants need colour?

A

To attract bees and birds for pollination

138
Q

What are leucoplasts?

A

Colourless plastids

139
Q

Where do leucoplasts occur?

A

In cells that store food in an insoluble form

140
Q

What is the function of leucoplasts?

A

They become specialised to store food in the form of starch, lipids or proteins

141
Q

What can happen if leucoplasts are exposed to light?

A

They can turn into chloroplasts

142
Q

What are vacuoles?

A

Fluid-filled compartments in the cytoplasm

143
Q

What encloses the vacuole?

A

A membrane called the tonoplast

It is selectively permeable

144
Q

What is the fluid inside a vacuole called?

A

Cell sap

145
Q

What is cell sap made of?

A

Water and dissolved nutrients

146
Q

What are vacuoles like in plant cells?

A

Large and prominent

147
Q

What are vacuoles like in animal cells?

A

Small or absent

148
Q

What is it called when the vacuole is not floppy?

A

Turgid

149
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A

Rigidity

Colouring (blue, violet and purple)

150
Q

How does vacuole give the cell rigidity?

A

It exerts turgor pressure on the cell

151
Q

How does the vacuole give colour to the plant?

A

Through pigments in the cell sap

152
Q

What are the pigments in cell sap called?

A

Anthocyanins

153
Q

What are four other types of vacuoles?

A

Contractile vacuoles
Food vacuoles
Vesicles
Lysosomes

154
Q

Where do contractile vacuoles occur?

A

In unicellular animals

155
Q

What do contractile vacuoles do?

A

Play a role in osmoregulation

156
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

Maintaining water balance

157
Q

Where do food vacuoles occur?

A

In simple animals

158
Q

What do food vacuoles do?

A

Play a role in the digestion and storage of food

159
Q

What is the size of vesicles?

A

Vesicles are small

160
Q

What do vesicles do?

A

Play a role in the transportation of substances from the Golgi body to parts inside and outside the cell

161
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Small vacuoles that are filled with digestive enzymes

162
Q

Where do lysosomes occur?

A

Only in animal cells

163
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A

Food digestions, particularly in unicellular animals

164
Q

How do lysosomes digest food?

A

They fuse with food vacuoles and release the enzymes that digest the food

165
Q

Where do centrosomes occur?

A

Only in animal cells

In the cytoplasm near the nucleus

166
Q

What do centrosomes consist of?

A

Two small cylindrical structures known as centrioles

167
Q

How are the centrioles positioned?

A

They are close to one another at lie at 90° to each other

168
Q

What does a centriole consist of?

A

Fibrils

169
Q

What does a fibril consist of?

A

Three tubular structures known as microtubles

170
Q

What is the function of the centrosome?

A

The centrioles play a role in mitosis when they form spindle fibres

171
Q

What is the difference between plant and animal cells concerning the cell wall?

A

Animal: absent
Plant: present

172
Q

What is the difference between plant and animal cells concerning plastids?

A

Animal: absent
Plant: present

173
Q

What is the difference between plant and animal cells concerning vacuoles?

A

Plant: large
Animal: small or absent

174
Q

What is the difference between plant and animal cells concerning lysosomes?

A

Plant: absent
Animal: present

175
Q

What is the difference between plant and animal cells concerning centrosomes?

A

Plant: absent
Animal: present

176
Q

What is the difference between plant and animal cells concerning shape?

A

Plant: fixed
Animal: irregular

Abi Biology 2017 (57 decks)

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