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Abi Biology 2017 > Medical Biotechnology > Flashcards

Medical Biotechnology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is gene therapy?

A

When doctors manipulate genetic material to try and cure a condition

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2
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

A suspension of dead, weakened or fragmented pathogen (or toxins) that will stimulate the production of antibodies by the lymphocytes

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3
Q

How do vaccines work?

A

The dead cell means you don’t get sick
The antibody is made
The memory cell remembers how to make the antibody
If you become infected with the actual virus, the memory cell remembers how to make the antibody

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4
Q

Why are vaccines needed?

A

Antibodies, if made from scratch, can take up to five days

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5
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

When a person isn’t immune to a disease, but everyone around them is, so their risk is lower

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6
Q

What are the two types of immunity?

A

Adaptive

Innate

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7
Q

What are the two types of adaptive immunity?

A

Natural

Artificial

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8
Q

What is a DNA vaccine?

A

A vaccine where the specific part of DNA that instructs your cells to make the antibodies you need

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9
Q

What is biotechnology?

A

Manipulating a biological system to better affect the human

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10
Q

What is an antibiotic?

A

Drugs that fight off infections caused by microorganisms

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11
Q

Where did the first penicillin come from?

A

A fungus

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12
Q

What do antibiotics prevent?

A

Only infections caused by bacteria

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13
Q

How do antibiotics work?

A

They inhibit the bacterial cell from making a cell wall
They inhibit the bacterial cell from replicating its DNA
They inhibit the bacterial cell from making proteins

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14
Q

How can taking too little antibiotics be bad for you?

A

If you don’t take enough, only the resistant bacteria remain

These stronger bacteria are harder to kill

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15
Q

How can taking too many antibiotics be bad for you?

A

If you take them when you don’t need them, your body can work up immunity to them, and then they won’t work when you actually need them

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16
Q

Why are probiotics needed?

A

They replace the ‘good’ bacteria that are killed by antibiotics

17
Q

What are antigens?

A

Things that help your immune system to recognise your own cells

18
Q

What antigen does Group A have?

A

Only A

19
Q

What antigen does Group B have?

A

Only the B antigen

20
Q

What antigen does Group AB have?

A

Both antigens

21
Q

What antigen does Group O have?

A

Neither antigen A or B

22
Q

What does the + or - of blood type mean?

A

The positive means you have the Rhesus factor

Negative means you don’t

23
Q

What are antigens?

A

Proteins

24
Q

Why is cross matching of blood important?

A

If someone is given blood with proteins their immune system doesn’t recognise, the cells will be attacked and the blood will clot

25
Q

Which blood type is the universal recipient?

A

AB+

It has both antigens, so it’s immune system won’t reject any blood

26
Q

Which blood type is the universal donor?

A

O-

It doesn’t have either antigens, so no blood type will reject them

27
Q

Which blood type is the most rare?

A

AB+

28
Q

What was significant about Dolly?

A

She was the first complex mammal to be cloned

29
Q

What happened to Dolly?

A

She died of lung disease

30
Q

What does clone mean?

A

Make an identical copy of

31
Q

Why isn’t reproduction considered cloning?

A

Reproduction involves DNA from two organisms

A clone only has DNA from one organism

32
Q

What is the main difference between cloning and stem cell therapy?

A

Cloning: entire organism

Stem cell therapy: tissues/organs

33
Q

What can stem cell therapy be used for?

A

Skin grafts

Bone marrow transplant

34
Q

What can an embryonic stem cell do?

A

Develop into any kind of cell

35
Q

Where did scientists get embryonic stem cells from?

A

Fertility labs

36
Q

Why can experiments with embryonic stem cells be considered non-ethical?

A

The embryonic stem cells can be considered people

37
Q

Why are stem cells very useful?

A

The likelihood of a body accepting transplants grown from the patient’s DNA is greater than a transplant from somewhere else

38
Q

What is the difference between an embryonic and an adult stem cell?

A

Embryonic: can make any kind of cell
Adult: can only make the cells where the stem cell was (bone marrow stem cell, muscle stem cell)

39
Q

What are iPS cells?

A

Cells that have been taken from a patient, and turned back into stem cells

Abi Biology 2017 (57 decks)

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