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Abi Biology 2017 > Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Axial Skeleton Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

The central axis that keeps the body upright

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2
Q

What organs does the axial skeleton protect?

A 
Brain
Sense organs
Spinal cord
Heart
Lungs
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3
Q

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

A

Skull
Vertebral column
Rib cage

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4
Q

What is a lateral view?

A

A view from the side

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5
Q

What does the skull consist of?

A

Tow groups of bones

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6
Q

What are the two groups of bones which make up the skull?

A

Facial

Cranial

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7
Q

What does the cranium consist of?

A

Eight flat bones

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8
Q

How are the cranial bones joined?

A

By serrated sutures

These are immovable

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9
Q

What is the function of the cranium?

A

To enclose the brain and protect it

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10
Q

How does the spinal cord pass through the cranium?

A

Through the foremen magnum

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11
Q

What is the foremen magnum?

A

The hole at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes

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12
Q

What structures exist on either side of the foremen magnum?

A

Articular condyles

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13
Q

What do the articular condyles do?

A

Articulate with the first cervical vertebra

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14
Q

What does it mean to articulate?

A

To move at or around a joint

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15
Q

What does the facial part of the skull consist of?

A

Fifteen irregular bones

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16
Q

What do the facial bones form?

A 
Forehead
Cheeks
Nose
Temples
Jaws (upper and lower)
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17
Q

Can the facial bones move?

A

No, except for the lower jaw

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18
Q

What is another name for the upper jaw?

A

Maxilla

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19
Q

What is another name for the lower jaw?

A

Mandible

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20
Q

What is another for the cheekbones?

A

The zygomatic bones

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21
Q

What structures occur on the edges of the mandible and maxilla?

A

Teeth

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22
Q

How many permanent teeth does an adult human have?

A

Thirty-two

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23
Q

What is a dental formula?

A

The number, type and arrangement of teeth of a specific animal

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24
Q

What is the human dental formula?

A
  1. 1.2.3
    - ——
  2. 1.2.3
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25
Q

How does a dental formula work?

A

The top sequence of numbers represents half of the upper jaw

The bottom sequence of numbers represents half of the lower jaw

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26
Q

How do you work out how many teeth an animal has from the dental formula?

A

Add up the numbers in the upper half of the jaw (numbers on top)
Multiply this total by four

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27
Q

What does the dental formula of a human mean?

A 
2.1.2.3
2 incisors
1 canine
2 premolars
3 molars
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28
Q

What does the vertebral column consist of?

A

Vertebrae joined together by ligaments

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29
Q

What is another name for the vertebral column?

A

Spine

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30
Q

How many vertebrae are there?

A

Thirty-three

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31
Q

Is the spine flexible?

A

To some extent, yes

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32
Q

How many types of vertebrae are there?

A

Five

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33
Q

What are the five types of vertebrae? (Name them from top to bottom)

A 
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccyx
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34
Q

How many vertebrae are in the cervical area?

A

Seven

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35
Q

How many vertebrae are in the thoracic section?

A

Twelve

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36
Q

How many vertebrae are in the lumbar section?

A

Five

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37
Q

How many vertebrae are in the sacral section?

A

Five

38
Q

How many vertebrae are in the coccyx?

A

Four

39
Q

What does an individual vertebra consist of?

A 
Centrum
Neural arch
Processes
Spinal canal
Articular surfaces
40
Q

What is the centrum?

A

The body of the vertebra

41
Q

What is the neural arch?

A

The part of the vertebra that connects the centrum to the neural spine

42
Q

What is a process? (On the vertebra)

A

An outgrowth

43
Q

How many processes does a vertebra have?

A

Three

44
Q

What is a neural spine?

A

One of the processes of a vertebra

45
Q

What are the other two processes? (Of a vertebra)

A

Transverse processes

46
Q

What does the neural spine look like?

A

An outgrowth which protrudes towards the back and slightly downwards

47
Q

What do the transverse processes look like?

A

They extend to the sides

48
Q

What is another name for the spinal canal?

A

The foramen

49
Q

Where can the spinal canal be found?

A

Between the neural arch and the centrum

50
Q

What does the foramen do?

A

Provides a pathway for the spinal cord

51
Q

What do the articular surfaces do?

A

Articulate with the previous and successive vertebrae

In the case of the thoracic vertebrae, they also articulate with the ribs

52
Q

What occurs between the vertebrae?

A

Cartilage discs

53
Q

What kind of cartilage exists between the vertebrae?

A

Fibrous

54
Q

What is the function of the fibrous cartilage discs?

A

To prevent friction and absorb shock

55
Q

How do spinal nerves connect to the spinal cord?

A

Through small openings between consecutive vertebrae

56
Q

What are true vertebrae?

A

Vertebral bones which are separate from one another

57
Q

What are false vertebrae?

A

Vertebrae which are fused

58
Q

Which vertebrae are true?

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar

59
Q

Which vertebrae are false?

A

Sacral

Coccyx

60
Q

What is visible when the spine is viewed from the side?

A

Four curvatures

61
Q

How do the cervical vertebrae curve?

A

Towards the front

62
Q

How do the thoracic vertebrae curve?

A

Towards the back

63
Q

How do the lumbar vertebrae curve?

A

Towards the front

64
Q

How do the sacral vertebrae curve?

A

Towards the back

65
Q

How does the spine appear when viewed from the side?

A

S-shaped

66
Q

Why is the spine s-shaped?

A

For flexibility
For shock absorption
For balance

67
Q

What is the first cervical vertebra?

A

The atlas

68
Q

What kind of movement does the atlas allow for?

A

The nodding motion of the head

69
Q

What is the second cervical vertebra?

A

The axis

70
Q

What kind of movement does the axis allows for?

A

The rotation of the skull

71
Q

What are the functions of the vertebral column?

A

Supports the skull
Surrounds and protects the spinal cord
Provides a place of attachment for most of the appendicular skeleton
Provides a place of attachment for the back muscles
Provides flexibility and absorbs shock

72
Q

What does the rib cage consist of?

A

Thoracic vertebrae
Ribs
Sternum

73
Q

How many ribs are there?

A

Twelve pairs

So twenty four

74
Q

What is the sternum?

A

A long, flat, dagger-shaped bone

75
Q

Where can the sternum be found?

A

At the front of the rib cage

76
Q

What are the ribs?

A

Narrow, flat, arched bones

77
Q

What are all of the ribs attached to?

A

The thoracic vertebrae

78
Q

What are the three types of ribs?

A

True
False
Floating

79
Q

What are true ribs?

A

Ribs that attach directly to the sternum through cartilage

80
Q

What are false ribs?

A

Ribs that are attached to the proceeding rib by cartilage

81
Q

What are floating ribs?

A

They are not attached to anything in the front

82
Q

Which ribs are true?

A

The first seven pairs

83
Q

Which ribs are false?

A

The second three pairs

84
Q

Which ribs are floating?

A

The remaining two pairs

85
Q

What kind of cartilage exists in the rib cage?

A

Hyaline

86
Q

What is the function of the rib cage?

A

Protects the organs in the thoracic cavity

Plays a role in breathing

87
Q

What is the thoracic cavity?

A

The space created between the rib cage and the spine

88
Q

Which organs exist in the thoracic cavity?

A

Lungs

Heart

89
Q

How does the rib cage assist with breathing?

A

The movement of the rib cage increases the volume of the thoracic cavity
They provide a place of attachment for the intercostal muscles, which play a major role in this process

90
Q

How does the skull rotate on the atlas?

A

The atlas rotates around a bony projection of the axis

Abi Biology 2017 (57 decks)

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