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Abi Biology 2017 > Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

The central axis that keeps the body upright

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2
Q

What organs does the axial skeleton protect?

A 
Brain
Sense organs
Spinal cord
Heart
Lungs
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3
Q

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

A

Skull
Vertebral column
Rib cage

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4
Q

What is a lateral view?

A

A view from the side

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5
Q

What does the skull consist of?

A

Tow groups of bones

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6
Q

What are the two groups of bones which make up the skull?

A

Facial

Cranial

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7
Q

What does the cranium consist of?

A

Eight flat bones

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8
Q

How are the cranial bones joined?

A

By serrated sutures

These are immovable

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9
Q

What is the function of the cranium?

A

To enclose the brain and protect it

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10
Q

How does the spinal cord pass through the cranium?

A

Through the foremen magnum

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11
Q

What is the foremen magnum?

A

The hole at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes

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12
Q

What structures exist on either side of the foremen magnum?

A

Articular condyles

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13
Q

What do the articular condyles do?

A

Articulate with the first cervical vertebra

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14
Q

What does it mean to articulate?

A

To move at or around a joint

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15
Q

What does the facial part of the skull consist of?

A

Fifteen irregular bones

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16
Q

What do the facial bones form?

A 
Forehead
Cheeks
Nose
Temples
Jaws (upper and lower)
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17
Q

Can the facial bones move?

A

No, except for the lower jaw

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18
Q

What is another name for the upper jaw?

A

Maxilla

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19
Q

What is another name for the lower jaw?

A

Mandible

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20
Q

What is another for the cheekbones?

A

The zygomatic bones

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21
Q

What structures occur on the edges of the mandible and maxilla?

A

Teeth

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22
Q

How many permanent teeth does an adult human have?

A

Thirty-two

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23
Q

What is a dental formula?

A

The number, type and arrangement of teeth of a specific animal

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24
Q

What is the human dental formula?

A
  1. 1.2.3
    - ——
  2. 1.2.3
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25
How does a dental formula work?
The top sequence of numbers represents half of the upper jaw | The bottom sequence of numbers represents half of the lower jaw
26
How do you work out how many teeth an animal has from the dental formula?
Add up the numbers in the upper half of the jaw (numbers on top) Multiply this total by four
27
What does the dental formula of a human mean?
``` 2.1.2.3 2 incisors 1 canine 2 premolars 3 molars ```
28
What does the vertebral column consist of?
Vertebrae joined together by ligaments
29
What is another name for the vertebral column?
Spine
30
How many vertebrae are there?
Thirty-three
31
Is the spine flexible?
To some extent, yes
32
How many types of vertebrae are there?
Five
33
What are the five types of vertebrae? (Name them from top to bottom)
``` Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Coccyx ```
34
How many vertebrae are in the cervical area?
Seven
35
How many vertebrae are in the thoracic section?
Twelve
36
How many vertebrae are in the lumbar section?
Five
37
How many vertebrae are in the sacral section?
Five
38
How many vertebrae are in the coccyx?
Four
39
What does an individual vertebra consist of?
``` Centrum Neural arch Processes Spinal canal Articular surfaces ```
40
What is the centrum?
The body of the vertebra
41
What is the neural arch?
The part of the vertebra that connects the centrum to the neural spine
42
What is a process? (On the vertebra)
An outgrowth
43
How many processes does a vertebra have?
Three
44
What is a neural spine?
One of the processes of a vertebra
45
What are the other two processes? (Of a vertebra)
Transverse processes
46
What does the neural spine look like?
An outgrowth which protrudes towards the back and slightly downwards
47
What do the transverse processes look like?
They extend to the sides
48
What is another name for the spinal canal?
The foramen
49
Where can the spinal canal be found?
Between the neural arch and the centrum
50
What does the foramen do?
Provides a pathway for the spinal cord
51
What do the articular surfaces do?
Articulate with the previous and successive vertebrae | In the case of the thoracic vertebrae, they also articulate with the ribs
52
What occurs between the vertebrae?
Cartilage discs
53
What kind of cartilage exists between the vertebrae?
Fibrous
54
What is the function of the fibrous cartilage discs?
To prevent friction and absorb shock
55
How do spinal nerves connect to the spinal cord?
Through small openings between consecutive vertebrae
56
What are true vertebrae?
Vertebral bones which are separate from one another
57
What are false vertebrae?
Vertebrae which are fused
58
Which vertebrae are true?
Cervical Thoracic Lumbar
59
Which vertebrae are false?
Sacral | Coccyx
60
What is visible when the spine is viewed from the side?
Four curvatures
61
How do the cervical vertebrae curve?
Towards the front
62
How do the thoracic vertebrae curve?
Towards the back
63
How do the lumbar vertebrae curve?
Towards the front
64
How do the sacral vertebrae curve?
Towards the back
65
How does the spine appear when viewed from the side?
S-shaped
66
Why is the spine s-shaped?
For flexibility For shock absorption For balance
67
What is the first cervical vertebra?
The atlas
68
What kind of movement does the atlas allow for?
The nodding motion of the head
69
What is the second cervical vertebra?
The axis
70
What kind of movement does the axis allows for?
The rotation of the skull
71
What are the functions of the vertebral column?
Supports the skull Surrounds and protects the spinal cord Provides a place of attachment for most of the appendicular skeleton Provides a place of attachment for the back muscles Provides flexibility and absorbs shock
72
What does the rib cage consist of?
Thoracic vertebrae Ribs Sternum
73
How many ribs are there?
Twelve pairs | So twenty four
74
What is the sternum?
A long, flat, dagger-shaped bone
75
Where can the sternum be found?
At the front of the rib cage
76
What are the ribs?
Narrow, flat, arched bones
77
What are all of the ribs attached to?
The thoracic vertebrae
78
What are the three types of ribs?
True False Floating
79
What are true ribs?
Ribs that attach directly to the sternum through cartilage
80
What are false ribs?
Ribs that are attached to the proceeding rib by cartilage
81
What are floating ribs?
They are not attached to anything in the front
82
Which ribs are true?
The first seven pairs
83
Which ribs are false?
The second three pairs
84
Which ribs are floating?
The remaining two pairs
85
What kind of cartilage exists in the rib cage?
Hyaline
86
What is the function of the rib cage?
Protects the organs in the thoracic cavity | Plays a role in breathing
87
What is the thoracic cavity?
The space created between the rib cage and the spine
88
Which organs exist in the thoracic cavity?
Lungs | Heart
89
How does the rib cage assist with breathing?
The movement of the rib cage increases the volume of the thoracic cavity They provide a place of attachment for the intercostal muscles, which play a major role in this process
90
How does the skull rotate on the atlas?
The atlas rotates around a bony projection of the axis

Abi Biology 2017 (57 decks)

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