Animal Tissues Flashcards
How many types of animal tissue are there?
Four
What are the four types of animal tissue?
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nerve
How many types of epithelial tissue are there?
Four
How many types of connective tissue are there?
Five
How many types of muscle tissue are there?
Three
How many types of nerve tissue are there?
Two
What are the four types of epithelial tissue?
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Ciliated
What are the five types of connective tissue?
Areolar Dense Cartilage Bone Blood
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Striated
Smooth
Cardiac
What are the three types of nerve tissue?
Motor
Sensory
Interneurons
What does epithelial tissue do?
Cover internal and external surfaces
What is the general appearance of epithelial tissue?
Tightly packed
Few intercellular air spaces
Little material between cells
What is simple epithelial tissue?
Single cellular layer
Rests on a basal membrane
What is stratified epithelial tissue?
Multiple layers of cells
Where can squamous epithelium be found?
In the internal walls of cavities
Blood vessels, heart, alveoli, mouth oesophagus
What is endothelium?
The squamous epithelium that lines the inside of blood vessels
What is endocardium?
The squamous epithelium that lines the heart
What does squamous epithelium look like?
Single layer Thin Flat Tightly packed Arranged Ina mosaic pattern Nucleus horizontally flat and oval shaped
What does squamous epithelium do?
Prevents friction
Is permeable to gases and liquids
Protects underlying tissues
Where can cuboidal epithelium be found?
Lines glands that secrete or absorb Thyroid gland Sweat glands Salivary glands Renal tubules Embryonic epithelium
What is embryonic epithelium?
Gives rise to ova
And sperm
What does cuboidal epithelium look like?
Cube shaped
Nuclei are round and occur in the centre of the cell
What is the function of cuboidal epithelium?
Secretion
Absorption
What is secretion?
Release of useful substances
What is absorption?
Taking in substances
Where does columnar epithelium occur?
Alimentary canal If performing a sensory function: Nose Ears Taste-buds
What does columnar epithelium look like?
Elongated (column shaped)
Nuclei near the base of cells
What are goblet cells?
Columnar epithelium with a dip
What do goblet cells do?
Secrete mucous
What is the function of columnar epithelium?
Absorption
Secretion
Sensation
What forms multicellular glands?
Specialised cuboidal and columnar epithelium
What substances do multicellular glands secrete?
Enzymes Hormones Milk Mucous Sweat Wax Saliva
Where can ciliated epithelium be found?
Nasal cavities Trachea Bronchi Sensory organs (ear) Fallopian tubes Uterus
What does ciliated epithelium look like?
Columnar cells
With fine hairs (cilia)
What do the cilia on ciliated epithelium do?
Perform fast, rhythmical wave-like movements
What is the function of ciliated epithelium?
Move mucous away from the lungs (particularly dust particles trapped within the mucous)
Detect stimuli in sensory organs
Move the ovum
What does connective tissue do?
Binds, supports or surrounds other tissues or organs
What makes up the largest part of connective tissue?
The matrix that occurs between the cells and fibres
What can the matrix be?
Non-living
Fluid
Semi-fluid/jelly-like
Solid
Where can areolar connective tissue be found?
Layer beneath the skin
As packing tissue (between organs, blood vessels, nerves and muscles)
What is the areolar tissue like?
Jelly-like matrix
Two types of fibres within it
With other cells dispersed in it
What two kinds of fibres can be found in areolar connective tissue?
Yellow
White
What are yellow areolar fibres like?
Elastic
Branched
What are white areolar fibres like?
Inelastic collagen
Parallel
What cells can be scattered in the matrix of areolar tissue?
Fibroblasts Macrophages Mast cells Fat cells Lymphocytes
What does areolar connective tissue do?
Prevents heat loss (insulation)
Protects the organs (as packing tissue)
What is adipose?
Areolar connective tissue that has a large number of fat cells
Where can dense connective tissue be found?
Near muscles and bones
In joints
What are the two types of dense connective?
Tendons
Ligaments
What are ligaments like?
Connect bone to bone
Are elastic
What are tendons like?
Inelastic
Connect muscle to bone
What is dense connective tissue like?
Small amount of matrix
Small number of cells
Lots of parallel fibres
How does a ligament differ from a tendon in appearance?
Ligament: more yellow fibres
Tendon: more white fibres
What do ligaments do?
Permit a degree of movement in joints
What do tendons do?
Relay muscle contraction and relaxation to the bone so that movement can take place
What is cartilage?
Tough elastic connective tissue
Forms part of the endoskeleton for vertebrates
Where can cartilage be found?
Between bones
Lines joints
Forms some permanent structures (pinna, tip of the nose, c-shaped rings in the trachea)
What are the three types of cartilage?
Hyaline
Fibrous
Elastic
What is hyaline cartilage like?
Glass-like
Has few fibres
What is fibrous cartilage like?
Has many white collagen fibres
What is elastic cartilage like?
Has many yellow fibres
What is cartilage like?
Has a tough, rubbery matrix
Has lacunae
Has Chondrocytes
Is enclosed by the perichondrium
What does cartilage matrix consist of?
Mainly the protein chondrin
What are lacunae?
Fluid-filled spaces
What are chondrocytes?
Cartilage cells that secrete the matrix
How do chondrocytes occur?
In the lacunae
Alone
In pairs
Groups of four
What is the perichondrium?
A fibrous membrane that surrounds the cartilage
What does cartilage do?
Connects bones Deepens joint sockets to prevent dislocation without hindering movement Shock absorption Forms permanent structures Prevents friction Keeps tubes open
Where does bone occur?
In the skeletons of vertebrates
What is bone like?
Harder than cartilage
What is the structure of bone like?
Hard matrix Haversian canals Lamellae Lacunae Osteocyte Canaliculi Periosteum
What does the hard matrix of bone consist of?
Calcium phosphate
Calcium carbonate
What are Haversian canals?
Longitudinal canals that occur in bone tissue
What do Haversian canals do?
Contain blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels
What are the lamellae?
Concentric layers which surround the Haversian canal
What are lacunae?
Fluid spaces
Where can the lacunae of bone be found?
In the lamellae
What is an osteocyte?
A bone cell
Where do osteocytes occur?
In bone lacunae
What are canaliculi?
Small canals that connect lacunae and lamellae
What is a periosteum?
A fibrous membrane that encloses bone
What is a Haversian system?
A group of concentric lamellae which surround the Haversian canal
What is the function of bone?
Supporting framework Protection for delicate organs Attachment Manufacturing of blood corpuscles Storage of minerals
Why is blood a unique connective tissue?
It is the only liquid connective tissue
Contains no fibres
Where can blood be found?
In blood vessels
What are the three types of blood cells?
Leucocytes
Erythrocytes
Thrombocytes
What is the matrix of blood?
Blood plasma
What is blood plasma like?
Yellow
Watery
What are leucocytes?
White blood cells
What are erythrocytes?
Red blood cells
What are thrombocytes?
Platelets
How much water does blood plasma contain?
90%
What is 10% of blood plasma?
Dissolved substances
What kinds of substances does blood plasma contain?
Glucose Fats Mineral salts Enzymes Antibodies Amino acids Vitamins Hormones Gases (O2 and CO2) Plasma proteins
What are the plasma proteins?
Fibrinogen
Albumin
What is the function of blood plasma?
Transportation of nutrients Transportation of waste products Regulates body temperature Transports hormones Coagulation
What is coagulation?
Blood-clotting
What do erythrocytes look like?
Disc-like Do not contain nuclei Soft and pliable Can be squashed through capillaries Biconcave Contains haemoglobin
Why is is useful for erythrocytes to be squashed when they enter capillaries?
The slower movement allows for more efficient gaseous exchange
What does it mean to be biconcave?
Indented on both sides
Why are erythrocytes biconcave?
To allow a greater surface area for maximum absorption
What is haemoglobin?
An iron-containing protein
Acts as a carrier molecule for oxygen and carbon dioxide
Gives blood its red colour
What do erythrocytes do?
Transport oxygen
Transport carbon dioxide
What is haemoglobin called when it is bound to oxygen?
Oxyhaemoglobin
What is haemoglobin called when it is bound to carbon dioxide?
Carbaminohaemoglobin
What effect does air pressure have on blood?
The higher the air pressure, the lower the rate of erythrocyte production
What do leucocytes look like?
Larger than erythrocytes Irregularly shaped Slightly transparent Virtually colourless Have a nucleus
What ability do leucocytes have that improves their function?
They can move between cells
They can move through the walls of capillaries
What are the two types of leucocytes?
Phagocytes
Lymphocytes
What do phagocytes do?
Engulf bacteria and foreign substances
They protect the body from infection and disease in this way
What do lymphocytes do?
Produce antibodies which destroy bacteria and viruses
What do thrombocytes look like?
Flat discs
Do not contain nuclei
What do thrombocytes do?
Help to close damaged blood vessels (through blood clotting)
What is the general function of muscle tissue?
To contract and relax in order to cause movement
What is another name for striated muscle tissue?
Skeletal muscles
Where can skeletal muscles be found?
Attached to bone
What are skeletal muscles like?
Made up of muscle fibres
What are muscle fibres like?
A long cylindrical cell Contains light and dark bands Consists of sarcoplasm Has a large number of oval nuclei Many mitochondria Contains thousands of myofibrils Enclosed by the sarcolemma
Why do skeletal muscles appear to be striated?
The light and dark bands of the muscle fibres cause this
What is sarcoplasm?
The cytoplasm within a muscle cell
What is a sarcolemma?
The membrane which encloses a muscle cell
What do skeletal muscles do?
Allow for voluntary movement
Cause the movement of the skeleton
Work in pairs
These pairs contract and relax to result in coordinated movement
Where can smooth muscle tissue be found?
Alimentary canal Bladder Blood vessels Uterus Not attached to bone
What is smooth muscle tissue like?
Spindle-shaped fibres
One large oval nucleus per fibre
Also has sarcoplasm
Also has a sarcolemma
What does smooth muscle tissue do?
Allows for involuntary movement
Results in slow, rhythmic movements
Enables peristalsis to take place
Regulates blood flow
Where can cardiac muscle tissue be found?
In the walls of the heart
What is cardiac muscle tissue like?
Branched fibres Myocardial bridges Fibres are cross striated Fibres have a single nucleus in the centre Also has sarcoplasm Has a thin sarcolemma
What are myocardial bridges?
The muscular bridges that connect cardiac muscle fibres
They ensure the cardiac muscle functions as a unit
What does cardiac muscle do?
Displays automatism
Results in the uninterrupted, involuntary contraction and relaxation of the heart
This cause the heart to ‘pump’ blood
What is nerve tissue made up of?
Neurons
What are the two types of nervous system?
Central
Peripheral
Where can the central nervous system be found?
In the spinal cord
In the brain
Where does the peripheral nervous system occur?
Outside of the central nervous system
What does a neuron look like?
It has a cell body
It has outgrowths
What are the types of neural outgrowths?
Dendrites
Axons
What does the cell body of a neuron look like?
Has cytoplasm
Has a prominent nucleus
Has Nissl granules
What are Nissl granules?
Small dark bodies that are found in neural cytoplasm
What are neural outgrowths?
Nerve fibres which extend from the cell body
What is a dendrite?
An outgrowth which conducts nerve impulses to the cell body
There can be multiple outgrowths
What is an axon?
Long outgrowth which carries nerve impulses away from the cell body
Enclosed by a myelin sheath
There is a single axon for each neuron
What is the myelin sheath?
A fatty layer around the axon
What is the function of the myelin sheath?
Insulates the axon
Increases the speed of nerve impulses
What do sensory neurons do?
Conduct impulses from receptors to the central nervous system
What kind of receptors do sensory neurons conduct impulses from?
Touch receptors
Free nerve endings
Sensory organs
What is the function of motor neurons?
Conduct impulses from the brain to effectors
What are effectors?
Muscles and glands
What is the function of interneurons?
Conduct impulses between the motor and sensory neurons in the central nervous system
What is the function of nerve tissue?
Allows an organism to receive stimuli
Allows them to respond by transmitting impulses
