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Abi Biology 2017 > Applications Of IKS And Biotechnology > Flashcards

Applications Of IKS And Biotechnology Flashcards

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1
Q

What does IKS stand for?

A

Indigenous Knowledge Systems

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2
Q

What is an IKS?

A

Knowledge that certain communities or cultures have acquired over generations through their interactions with the environment

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3
Q

What does indigenous knowledge influence?

A 
Agriculture
Healthcare
The preparation of food
Education
Management of resources
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4
Q

What is biotechnology?

A

The use of organisms or biological systems in industrial processes

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5
Q

What kinds of industrial processes use biotechnology?

A

Food processing
Antibiotics
Genetic manipulation of crops

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6
Q

What kinds of organisms are often used in biotechnology?

A

Microorganisms

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7
Q

What are some examples of traditional biotechnology?

A

Plants with medicinal properties

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8
Q

How many people in South Africa use indigenous medicinal plants?

A

60%

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9
Q

How many plant species are used by South African healers?

A

Around 3000

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10
Q

How many traditional healers are there in South Africa?

A

Around 200 000

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11
Q

What is a detriment that stems from large-scale utilisation of medicinal plants?

A

Their population decreases

There is a risk of extinction

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12
Q

What are two examples of indigenous medicinal plants?

A

Devil’s claw

African potato

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13
Q

What is the Latin name for devil’s claw?

A

Harpogophytom procumbens

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14
Q

Where can Devil’s claw be found?

A

In the Kalahari desert

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15
Q

Which part of Devil’s claw has medicinal value?

A

Underground in its tubers

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16
Q

What ailments does Devil’s claw treat?

A

Arthritis
Rheumatism
It relives muscle and joint pain

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17
Q

What is the Latin name for the African potato?

A

Hypoxis hemerocallidea

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18
Q

Where can the African potato be found?

A

In grasslands

Particularly in Kwa-Zulu Natal and Pondoland

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19
Q

What can the African potato be used for?

A

It acts as a laxative

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20
Q

What substance within the African potato gives it its medicinal properties?

A

The sterols contained within it

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21
Q

What are sterols?

A

A subgroup of steroids which are found naturally in plants, animals and fungi
They are waxy compounds which are insoluble in water

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22
Q

What are two well known sterols?

A

Cholesterol found in animals

Ergosterol found in plants

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23
Q

Which two sterols are found in the African potato?

A

Phytosterols

Sterolins

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24
Q

What can phytosterols be used to treat?

A

A weak immune system

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25
Q

How does the body protect itself from pathogens?

A

By initiating an immune response

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26
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A disease-causing virus, bacterium, protozoan or fungus

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27
Q

What does the immune system have to be able to do in order to work efficiently?

A

Identify which particles belong to the body and which ones do not

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28
Q

What are the two types of immunity?

A

Natural

Acquired

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29
Q

What is the body’s first line of defence against pathogens?

A

External barriers that prevent harmful substances from entering the body

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30
Q

What, in humans, is this external barrier?

A

The skin

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31
Q

What are some natural immune responses that prevent harmful substances from entering the body?

A

Sneezing
Coughing
Tearing up
Mucous secretion

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32
Q

What is the second line of defence against pathogens?

A

Fever

Inflammation

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33
Q

Why does the body cause a fever when pathogens have been identified?

A

Most bacteria grow optimally at lower temperatures

Raising the temperature prevents them from growing and spreading

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34
Q

Why does your body cause inflammation when pathogens have been identified?

A

The blood vessels in this area widen

This causes more white blood cells (which can destroy pathogens) to flow to this area

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35
Q

What is acquired immunity?

A

It is the action of the immune system adapting to fight diseases it has conquered in the past more effectively

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36
Q

What does the body do once a pathogen has been defeated?

A

It stores a memory of the response

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37
Q

What does the body remember about a pathogen?

A

The antigens it has

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38
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A protein that exists in the outside of a cell

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39
Q

What do leucocytes do once they recognise a pathogen?

A

Destroy or neutralise it

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40
Q

What do phagocytes do when they recognise a pathogen?

A

They engulf it through phagocytosis

41
Q

What is the immune response of a lymphocyte?

A

To release antibodies

42
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

Attach themselves to antigens on the surface of a pathogen
This causes the pathogenic cell to burst
It is now destroyed

43
Q

What are memory cells?

A

Lymphocytes that remain in the blood

They contain the “blue print” for antibodies of particular pathogens

44
Q

What do memory cells do when the same pathogens are found in the blood stream?

A

They multiply and produce the antibodies

45
Q

What is it called when someone has a memory cell that knows how to defeat a disease?

A

That person is now immune to that disease

46
Q

What are the two types of acquired immunity?

A

Natural

Artificial

47
Q

What is naturally acquired immunity?

A

The kind of immunity that doesn’t require any medicinal assistance

48
Q

What are the two types of naturally acquired immunity?

A

Active

Passive

49
Q

What is passive naturally acquired immunity?

A

Antibodies are transferred from a mother to her child, either through the placenta or through the mother’s milk

50
Q

What is active naturally acquired immunity?

A

Immunity which develops through contact with pathogens and their subsequent destruction

51
Q

What are the two types of artificial acquired immunity?

A

Passive

Active

52
Q

What is artificially acquired immunity?

A

The kind of immunity that develops through intentional actions

53
Q

What is passive artificially acquired immunity?

A

The body is injected with antibodies that were developed in another organism
This offers immediate protection

54
Q

What is active artificially acquired immunity?

A

The body is inoculated with a dead or weakened form of a pathogen
The body is stimulated to form antibodies, but there is no threat

55
Q

What is another name for immunisation?

A

Inoculation

56
Q

What is inoculation?

A

Administration of a vaccine in order to develop immunity to a disease

57
Q

What does a vaccine consist of?

A

A dead or weakened form of pathogen

58
Q

Why are vaccines useful?

A

The body has time to develop antibodies without any actual threat to the body
When the actual pathogen comes along, the memory cell will already know how to defeat

59
Q

What disease did vaccines make possible to eliminate?

A

Smallpox

60
Q

Who is regarded as the father of immunology?

A

Edward Jenner

61
Q

What kinds of diseases have vaccines?

A 
Measles
Mumps
Rubella
Tetanus
Polio
Influenza
Yellow fever
Typhoid fever
Hepatitis A and B
62
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

Chemical substances that destroy pathogenic bacteria

63
Q

How are most antibiotics manufactured?

A

From moulds

64
Q

What was the first antibiotic?

A

Penicillin

65
Q

How discovered that penicillin was an antibiotic?

A

Alexander Fleming

66
Q

What are most antibiotics today?

A

Semi-synthetic

67
Q

Why can it be said that antibiotics are semi-synthetic?

A

They are chemically modified in the biotechnology industry to have different effects on different bacteria

68
Q

Why are antibiotics limited?

A

They can only destroy bacteria, not viruses

69
Q

Which cells determine your blood group?

A

Erythrocytes

70
Q

What determines blood type?

A

The kind of antigens that a red blood cell carries on its surface

71
Q

What are the two main types of antigens that an erythrocyte has?

A

A antigens

B antigens

72
Q

What are the four main blood groups?

A

A
B
AB
O

73
Q

Why are there four blood groups when there are only two antigens?

A

A person may have only the B antigen, only the A antigen, neither or both

74
Q

What causes people to have different blood types?

A

Their genetic makeup

75
Q

What is agglutination?

A

Blood-clot formation

76
Q

What can cause agglutination?

A

If the Anti-A antibodies identify the A antigen in the blood

77
Q

Why is it important to have only one type of blood in a person?

A

If there is an antigen in the cells that the blood plasma identifies as a threat agglutination will occur

78
Q

What is a blood transfusion?

A

When blood from one person is transferred to another

79
Q

How can blood transfusion be dangerous?

A

If two people who have the same blood type have a blood transfusion, they should be okay
However, if someone’s blood has an antigen that the other person has an antibody for, agglutination will occur

80
Q

Which blood type is known as the universal donor?

A

Type O blood

81
Q

Why is type O blood the universal donor?

A

It has no antigens, so no antibodies will react to it

82
Q

Which blood type is known as the universal recipient?

A

Type AB blood

83
Q

Why is type AB blood known as the universal recipient?

A

It has no antibodies, so all blood will be accepted

84
Q

What is cloning?

A

The process in which a genetically identical replica of a molecule, cell or entire organism is made

85
Q

What are the three types of cloning?

A

DNA
reproductive
Therapeutic

86
Q

What is DNA cloning?

A

The transfer of a particular gene from an organism to a foreign host cell

87
Q

What is the purpose of DNA cloning?

A

To obtain a desired characteristic

88
Q

What is reproductive cloning?

A

When a complete replica of an organism is created

89
Q

What is a famous example of a reproductive clone?

A

Dolly the sheep

90
Q

Why was Dolly the sheep so famous?

A

She was the first mammal to be cloned, and be able to function normally

91
Q

What ability do plants have (in respect to cloning) that animals do not?

A

Any plant cell can become a new plant if they have the correct growth medium

92
Q

What is therapeutic cloning?

A

The use of stem cells

93
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Undifferentiated cells which have many purposes

94
Q

What can stem cells be used for?

A

To study human development
To replace damaged tissues and organs
To treat certain diseases

95
Q

What kind of diseases could stem cells treat?

A

Leukaemia
Diabetes
Alzheimer’s

96
Q

Where can stem cells be found?

A

Embryos
Umbilical cords
Some instruments can reverse the specialisation of a cell to turn it back into a stem cell

97
Q

Why is cloning a controversial topic?

A

Although it is certain these techniques have many uses, whether these uses or methods are ethical is debatable

98
Q

What are ethics?

A

Moral questions

They concern right/wrong, good/bad, justifiable/not

99
Q

What are some issues that arise because of cloning?

A

Will clones have rights?
Will the government be able to regulate the use of cloning?
What about the risks involved?

Abi Biology 2017 (57 decks)

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