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Abi Biology 2017 > Inorganic and Organic Compounds > Flashcards

Inorganic and Organic Compounds Flashcards

1
Q

What is an atom?

A

The smallest unit that can take part in a chemical reaction

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2
Q

What is an element?

A

A substance containing only one type of atom

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3
Q

What is a molecule?

A

A substance containing bonded atoms

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4
Q

What is a compound?

A

Two or more elements chemically bonded together in a fixed ratio

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5
Q

What are two types of compounds?

A

Inorganic

Organic

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6
Q

What is an organic compound?

A

Origin in living organisms

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7
Q

How do you identify organic compounds?

A

Will contain Carbon

Usually large, complex molecules

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8
Q

What are inorganic compounds?

A

Do not have their origins in organisms

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9
Q

How do you identify inorganic compounds?

A

Rarely contain Carbon

Are much simpler and smaller

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10
Q

What kind of compound is water?

A

Inorganic

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11
Q

What kind of forces does water have?

A

Cohesion

Adhesion

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12
Q

What are cohesion forces in terms of water?

A

The force that exists between two water molecules

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13
Q

What are adhesion forces?

A

The force existing between water molecules and other molecules

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14
Q

What is a hydrophilic substance?

A

A substance that is attracted to water

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15
Q

What is a hydrophobic substance?

A

A substance that is not attracted to water

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16
Q

What kind of substances are hydrophilic?

A

Sucrose

Table salts

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17
Q

What substances are hydrophobic?

A

Fats

Oils

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18
Q

What are some functions of water in the body?

A 
Solvent
Medium in which chemical reactions occur
Reagent during hydrolysis
Transporting agent
Lubricant
Regulates body temperature
Gives shape and rigidity
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19
Q

What kind of compounds are minerals?

A

Inorganic

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20
Q

What are minerals used for?

A

Assist in the normal functioning of cells
Metabolic processes
General well-being

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21
Q

What are the two types of nutrients?

A

Macronutrients

Micronutrients

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22
Q

What are macronutrients?

A

Nutrients needed in large quantities

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23
Q

What are micronutrients?

A

Nutrients that are not needed in large quantities

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24
Q

What are the four main organic compounds?

A

Lipids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Nucleic acids

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25
Q

What carbohydrate does your body use for energy?

A

Glucose

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26
Q

What property of Carbon enables large organic compounds?

A

Can make four bonds

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27
Q

What elements do carbohydrates have?

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

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28
Q

What ratio are carbohydrates in?

A

1:2:1
C:H:O

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29
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

A carbohydrate that has only one saccharide molecule

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30
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

A carbohydrate that has two saccharide molecules

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31
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

A carbohydrate that has more than two saccharide molecules

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32
Q

What kind of saccharide is starch?

A

A polysaccharide

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33
Q

What are the three types of monosaccharides?

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

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34
Q

What is formed when glucose combines with glucose?

A

Maltose

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35
Q

What is formed when glucose bonds with fructose?

A

Sucrose

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36
Q

What is formed when glucose combines with galactose?

A

Lactose

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37
Q

What kind of saccharide is glycogen?

A

Polysaccharide

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38
Q

What is glycogen made of?

A

Glucose

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39
Q

What does insulin do?

A

It helps to transform glucose into glycogen

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40
Q

What is it called when two monosaccharide sugars bond?

A

A glycosidic bond

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41
Q

What does a monosaccharide look like?

A

Six Carbon atoms bonded in a ring

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42
Q

What are the three main types of polysaccharides?

A

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

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43
Q

What are the two types of lipids?

A

Fats

Oils

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44
Q

What is the ratio of a lipid?

A

C:H:O
1:>2:1

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45
Q

Are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophobic

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46
Q

What is a non-polar solvent?

A

A solvent that lipids are soluble in

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47
Q

What is a common lipid molecule?

A

Triglyceride

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48
Q

What is the composition of triglyceride?

A

A glycerol head

Three fatty acid tails

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49
Q

What is the composition of a saturated lipid?

A

It is saturated with hydrogen= no hydrogen can be added

It has single bonds

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50
Q

What is the composition of an unsaturated fat?

A

There are double bonds in the fatty acid chain= another hydrogen can be added

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51
Q

Which lipid is good for you?

A

Unsaturated- your body can break it down

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52
Q

Where can you find saturated fats?

A

In animal origin- butter, animal fat, lard and beeswax

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53
Q

What state is saturated fat in at room temperature?

A

Solid

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54
Q

What is high cholesterol?

A

It is when someone takes in too much saturated fat

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55
Q

Why is high cholesterol bad?

A

Thrombosis

It clogs blood vessels

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56
Q

What are unsaturated lipids?

A

Oils

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57
Q

What are oils?

A

They are usually liquid at room temperature

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58
Q

What are the best kinds of unsaturated fats?

A

Poly-unsaturated fats

Many double bonds

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59
Q

What are examples of unsaturated fats?

A

Olive oil

Cod-liver oil

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60
Q

What are the functions of fat?

A 
Insulation
Shock absorber
Reserve energy source
Absorb vitamins (fat soluble vitamins)
Used to make hormones
Water proofing
Structure
Source of water
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61
Q

What are the two types of cholesterol?

A

LDL

HDL

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62
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

A combination of lipids and proteins

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63
Q

Which type of cholesterol is healthy?

A

HDL

It has more protein than fat

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64
Q

What type of cholesterol is unhealthy?

A

LDL

It has more lipids than protein

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65
Q

Why is high cholesterol bad?

A

It can clog the coronary artery

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66
Q

Why is a blockage in a coronary artery a bad thing?

A

It prevents oxygen from reaching the heart, so it cannot function

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67
Q

What will doctors do to try and get rid of a clot?

A

Break it up with a laser
Add a stent- a kind of jack which keeps the artery open
Bypass- take another blood vessel and make it go around the clot

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68
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

A heart disease caused by LDL cholesterol

This cholesterol narrows the coronary artery

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69
Q

What elements are proteins made of?

A 
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
May sometimes have: Sulphur, Phosphorous and Iron
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70
Q

What kind of molecule is a protein?

A

A polymer

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71
Q

What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?

A

Saccharides

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72
Q

What are the building blocks of lipids?

A

Glycerol

Fatty acids

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73
Q

What are the building blocks of protein?

A

Amino acids

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74
Q

How many types of amino acids are there?

A

Twenty

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75
Q

Why are proteins so important?

A

They are in enzymes, which are responsible for all of the chemical reactions in the body

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76
Q

What is the basic structure of a protein?

A

It has two groups:
Amino group
Acid group

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77
Q

What is the bond between saccharides called?

A

Glycosidic bond

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78
Q

What is a bond between amino acids called?

A

A peptide bond

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79
Q

What is a dipeptide?

A

Two amino acids bonded

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80
Q

What is a tripeptide?

A

Three amino acids bonded

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81
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

More than three amino acids bonded

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82
Q

What kind of polypeptide forms a protein?

A

Has to have fifty or more amino acids

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83
Q

What kind of structure does a string of amino acids form?

A

A 3D structure

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84
Q

What determines the function of a protein?

A

The structure of the protein

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85
Q

What happens when you get a fever?

A

The increased heat causes your proteins to denature

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86
Q

What happens when proteins denature?

A

Their 3D structure collapses

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87
Q

Where do you get amino acids from?

A

From what you eat

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88
Q

What does it mean if something is polar?

A

It is hydrophilic

It does have a charge

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89
Q

What does it mean if something is nonpolar?

A

It does not have a charge

It is hydrophobic

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90
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A 
Structural component 
Building materials
Assists in the permeability of cell membranes
Source of reserve energy
Hormones
Gaseous transport in the blood
Protection against disease
Chromosomes 
Control pH
Enzymes
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91
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A biological catalyst (made from proteins) that controls the rate of chemical reactions within the body, without taking part in these reactions

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92
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

Something that speeds up a chemical reaction without taking part in it

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93
Q

What are the two types of enzymatic reactions?

A 
Condensation synthesis (anabolic)
Hydrolysis (catabolic)
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94
Q

What is a condensation synthesis reaction?

A

A reaction where a polymer is made
Energy is required
A water molecule is released during this reaction

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95
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

Polymers are broken down into monomers
Energy is released
A water molecule is needed for this reaction

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96
Q

What happens concerning water during a condensation synthesis reaction?

A

A water molecule is released

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97
Q

What happens concerning water during a hydrolysis reaction?

A

Water is needed

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98
Q

What else can an enzyme do?

A

Control the rate of a chemical reaction

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99
Q

What can stop an enzyme from working?

A

An incorrect pH

An incorrect temperature

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100
Q

What determines the function of an enzyme?

A

The structure of it

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101
Q

What model explains how an enzyme works?

A

The lock and key model

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102
Q

What is a substrate?

A

The reactant in an enzymatic chemical reaction

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103
Q

What is a product?

A

The substance left at the end of an enzymatic reaction

104
Q

What happens during an enzymatic reaction?

A

The enzyme has a particular shape
The substrate only fits into one type of enzyme
It forms an enzyme-substrate-complex
A chemical reaction occurs
The product is released
The enzyme remains unchanged and is free to react with another substrate

105
Q

What is another name for a condensation synthesis reaction?

106
Q

What is another name for hydrolysis?

A

A catabolic reaction

107
Q

What is an active site?

A

The place where a substrate fits into the enzyme

108
Q

What are co-enzymes?

A

Non-protein organic partners

They are loosely bonded to the enzyme

109
Q

Why are co-enzymes needed?

A

They are also catalysts

110
Q

What are examples of enzymes in everyday life?

A

Washing powder
Pineapple (meat tenderiser)
Papaya (meat tenderiser)
Lactose-free milk (remove the lactose)

111
Q

What happens when enzymes get too cold?

A

They become inactive

112
Q

What happens when enzymes become inactive?

A

The bonds become stiff, and the enzymes cannot move

113
Q

What theory explains how an enzyme works?

A

The lock and key theory

114
Q

What suffix indicates that something is an enzyme?

115
Q

What enzyme breaks down maltose?

116
Q

What enzyme breaks down sucrose?

117
Q

How many chromosomes do you have in each cell?

A

23 pairs

46

118
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

A double helix

119
Q

What is the building block of DNA?

A

Nucleotide

120
Q

What is the structure of RNA?

A

A single helix

121
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acid?

122
Q

What are the elements that make up nucleic acid?

A 
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
123
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

124
Q

What are the four nucleotides that make up your DNA?

125
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

Ribonucleic acid

126
Q

Who are the two scientists that discovered the structure of DNA?

A

Watson

Crick

127
Q

What does DNA do?

A

Carries hereditary information
Controls the structure of a cell
Controls the function of the cell

128
Q

What are nucleotides made of?

A

Sugar
Phosphate
Base

129
Q

Which nucleotides bond to which?

A

A bonds to T

G bonds to C

130
Q

What is the backbone of a DNA strand?

A

A sugar-phosphate

131
Q

What kinds of compounds are vitamins?

A

They are neither organic nor inorganic

132
Q

What are the three main functions of vitamins?

A

Co-enzymes in reactions
Regulate metabolism
Assist in cell tissue growth and differentiation

133
Q

Why can we say that vitamins are neither organic nor inorganic?

A

They can be produced by the body in some cases, but do not always contain Carbon

134
Q

What are the two types of vitamins?

A

Fat soluble

Water soluble

135
Q

Which vitamins are fat soluble?

136
Q

Which vitamins are dangerous? (due to overdoses)

A

Fat soluble, since they can not be excreted easily

137
Q

Where does vitamin D come from?

A

Food, but this is an inactive kind of Vitamin D

138
Q

What activates Vitamin D?

139
Q

What does vitamin E do?

A

It prevents oxidants

140
Q

Why is Vitamin E in anti-aging products?

A

When cells age, they release oxidants

Vitamin E prevents it

141
Q

What is haemorrhage?

A

A Vitamin E or Vitamin K deficiency

It means your blood is unable to clot

142
Q

What does Vitamin K do?

A

It helps with blood clotting

143
Q

What function do all B vitamins perform?

A

Metabolism
Cognitive function
Red blood cells

144
Q

What disease is caused by a Vitamin C deficiency?

145
Q

What does scurvy do?

A

Gums can bleed
Teeth can fall out
Wounds that do not heal
Internal bleeding

146
Q

What do the nucleotide types stand for?

A

Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

147
Q

What are the seven processes of life?

A 
Movement
Respiration
Stimuli (response to)
Growth
Reproduction 
Excretion
Nutrition
148
Q

What is a cell?

A

The smallest unit of life that contains cellular inclusions known organelles

149
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of similarly differentiated cells that perform a common function

150
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of different tissues each of which performs its own function, but together performs a common function

151
Q

How does water act as a solvent?

A

Almost all substances (minerals, oxygen, carbon dioxide and metabolic waste products) can dissolve in water

152
Q

How does water act as a reagent during hydrolysis?

A

Water breaks down polymers into their monomers

153
Q

How does water act as a lubricant?

A

Water enables smoother movement in the eyes, in the alimentary canal and in the joints of the body

154
Q

How does water regulate body temperature?

A

The body loses water through sweat, which evaporates and cools the body

155
Q

How does water give shape and rigidity in the body?

A

Water can act as a hydrostatic skeleton in some animals

Turgid pressure in the vacuoles of plants is caused by water

156
Q

How are mineral salts classified?

A

Into macro and micro elements

157
Q

What is a macro element?

A

A mineral salt that is needed in large quantities

158
Q

What is a micro element?

A

A mineral salt that is need in small quantities

159
Q

What are four examples of macro elements?

A

Calcium
Phosphorus
Sodium
Potassium

160
Q

Why is calcium (Ca) important?

A

Builds strong bones and teeth
Necessary for blood coagulation
Plays a role in the permeability of cell membranes
Plays a role in muscle contraction and the transmission of nerve impulses

161
Q

What can a deficiency in Calcium cause?

A

Rickets
Osteomalacia
Osteoporosis
It can cause weak root growth in plants

162
Q

What is the function of Phosphorous (P)?

A

Builds strong bones and teeth
Component of ATP
Component in DNA and RNA
Part of phospholipids

163
Q

What can a deficiency of Phosphorous cause?

A

This is seldom in humans

In plants, it can cause stunted plant growth

164
Q

What is the function of Sodium (Na)?

A

Maintaining water balance in the body
The functioning of nerves and muscle contraction
Controls the rhythm of the heart

165
Q

What does a deficiency of sodium cause?

A

Muscle cramps in humans

166
Q

What is the function of Potassium (K)?

A

Water balance
Facilitates the functioning of muscles and nerves
Helps to regulate heart rhythm
Necessary to activate plant enzymes

167
Q

What does a deficiency of potassium cause?

A

Seldom occurs in humans

In plants, yellow and brown leaf margins

168
Q

What are two examples of micro elements?

A

Iron and iodine

169
Q

What is the function of Iron (Fe)?

A

Formation of haemoglobin

Helps to form chlorophyll molecules in plants

170
Q

What does a deficiency of iron cause?

A

Anaemia

Chlorosis (yellowing of leaves)

171
Q

What is the function of Iodine (I)?

A

Component in thyroxin

172
Q

What does a deficiency in Iodine cause?

A

Goitre (swelling of the neck or larynx)

173
Q

What are two other minerals?

A

Phosphate ions

Nitrate ions

174
Q

Why are phosphates and nitrates different from other minerals?

A

They are compounds, whereas the others are elements

175
Q

What is the function of phosphate ions?

A

Main source of Phosphorous in plants

176
Q

What is the function of nitrate ions?

A

Needed for protein synthesis
Forms the nucleotides for DNA and RNA
Needed for synthesis of chlorophyll in plants

177
Q

What does a deficiency in nitrate ions cause?

A

Kwashiorkor

178
Q

What are the symptoms of kwashiorkor?

A

Stunted growth in humans

Chlorosis in plants, where the leaves become yellow because of a lack of chlorophyll

179
Q

What does algal bloom cause?

A

The sunlight is blocked from other photosynthesising plants, which results in the death of many water based plants

180
Q

What does the increased death of water based plants cause?

A

An increase in bacteria, which is needed to decompose the dead matter

181
Q

What does the decomposition process cause?

A

A depletion of oxygen

182
Q

What is eutrophication?

A

The increase of phosphates, and thereby algae, and thereby dead plants, and thereby bacteria which eventually results in a depletion of oxygen in a body of water.

183
Q

What is a saccharide?

A

A ring-like structure that forms carbohydrates

184
Q

What are sugars?

A

Carbohydrates that are water soluble and taste sweet

185
Q

What kind of carbohydrates are sugars?

A

Mono- and di- saccharides

186
Q

Are polysaccharides soluble in water?

187
Q

Give three examples of polysaccharides

A

Cellulose
Starch
Glycogen

188
Q

Give three examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

189
Q

Give three examples of disaccharides

A

Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose

190
Q

What forms the bases for starch, glycogen and cellulose?

191
Q

What are the two types of glucose?

192
Q

What is a polymer?

A

Large molecules that are made up of long chains of single units

193
Q

What are monomers?

A

The single units that polymers are made up of

194
Q

What is the function of starch?

A

It is the way in which glucose is stored in a plant

195
Q

Which chemical reaction involves the breaking down of starch?

A

Respiration

196
Q

What is glycogen?

A

The way in which excess glucose is stored in the liver of humans and animals

197
Q

What is the function of cellulose?

A

Forms the structural component of plant cell walls

198
Q

What is the importance and function of carbohydrates in animals and plants?

A

Source of energy, both reserve and immediate

Structural component

199
Q

How are carbohydrates a source of energy?

A

Glucose is broken down to release energy in cells

200
Q

How are carbohydrates a source of reserve energy?

A

Starch and glycogen can be stored as sources of glucose without affecting the water potential of the cells, since they are insoluble in water

201
Q

What substance is used to test for the presence of glucose?

A

Benedict’s solution

202
Q

What colour does Benedict’s solution turn in glucose?

A

Orange-red

203
Q

What colour is Benedict’s solution usually?

204
Q

What substance is used to test for the presence of starch?

205
Q

How does Iodine show the presence of starch?

A

Changes from orange-brown to blue-black

206
Q

What are the building blocks of lipids?

A

Glycerol

Fatty acids

207
Q

What is the structure of a lipid like?

A

One glycerol head

Three fatty acid chains

208
Q

What are the properties of lipids?

A

Insoluble in water
Soluble in ether and alcohol
Hydrophobic

209
Q

What are saturated fats used for?

A

To synthesise cholesterol

210
Q

How is fat used as insulating material?

A

It does not conduct heat well

211
Q

How do fats assist in the structure of cells?

A

They form a component in the cell membrane

212
Q

What is a phospholipid?

A

A lipid in which one of the fatty aid groups is replaced by a phosphate group

213
Q

How do lipids help with waterproofing?

A

They are hydrophobic and do not dissolve in water

214
Q

How do lipids help with the absorption of vitamins?

A

Some vitamins can only be dissolved in fats

215
Q

How are lipids a source of water?

A

When broken down, water molecules are released

216
Q

How are fats tested for?

A

Using ether

217
Q

How does ether show the presence of fat?

A

Since fats are soluble in ether, when the ether evaporates, a translucent greasy stain is left behind

218
Q

What are molecules that can be present in amino acids?

A

Phosphorous
Sulphur
Iron

219
Q

What determines the type of protein made?

A

The sequence and type of amino acids

220
Q

What can cause proteins to denature?

A

Temperature

pH

221
Q

How are proteins a structural component?

A

They make up protoplasm

They are also part of the structure of the cell membrane

222
Q

How are proteins building materials?

A

Myosin in muscles
Collagen in bone
Chondrin in cartilage
Keratin in the hair, skin and nails

223
Q

How do proteins help in the permeability of the cell membrane?

A

Proteins act as carrier molecules

224
Q

How are proteins a source of reserve energy?

A

Amino acids can be broken down into glucose, which is used for energy
However, urea is also released, which can be toxic, so the body will only use proteins for energy in emergencies

225
Q

How are proteins used for gaseous transport?

A

Haemoglobin, which is responsible for this, is a protein

226
Q

How do proteins protect the body against diseases?

A

Antibodies are proteins that respond to antigens

227
Q

How do proteins help with chromosomes?

A

Histone is a protein which helps to give structure to DNA

228
Q

How do proteins regulate pH?

A

They are able to release or pick up hydrogen atoms as needed

229
Q

How are proteins tested for?

A

With the Biuret test:

A mixture of copper-sulphate solution and sodium-hydroxide solution

230
Q

How does this mixture show the presence of proteins?

A

If it remains blue, then no proteins are present

If proteins are present, then it will turn purple/violet

231
Q

How does an enzyme speed up a chemical reaction?

A

It lowers the activation energy of the reaction

232
Q

What enzyme is needed for the breaking down of lactose?

233
Q

What enzyme is needed for the breaking down of starch (amylose)?

234
Q

What enzyme is needed to break down lipids into glycerol and its fatty acids?

235
Q

What enzyme is needed to break down proteins into smaller peptides?

236
Q

What is optimum temperature?

A

The temperature at which an enzyme functions best

237
Q

When an enzyme denatures, is it permanent?

238
Q

When an enzyme becomes inactive, is it permanent?

239
Q

What is the general shape of enzymes?

A

They are spherical proteins

240
Q

What is the function of RNA?

A

Assist in protein synthesis to ensure that the amino acids bind to one another in the sequence dictated by the DNA

241
Q

What does a lack of vitamins cause?

A

A deficiency

242
Q

Where can Vitamin A be found?

A

Yellow vegetables
Fish oil
Liver
Egg yolk

243
Q

Where can Vitamin B1 be found?

A

Brown rice
Whole grain bread
Yeast
Legumes

244
Q

Where can Vitamin C be found?

A

Citrus fruit
Tomatoes
Guavas
Green, leafy vegetables

245
Q

Where can Vitamin D be found?

A

Oily fish
Egg yolk
Liver
Milk

246
Q

Where can Vitamin E be found?

A

Leafy vegetables
Sunflower seeds
Whole grain
Wheat germ

247
Q

What does a deficiency in Vitamin A cause?

A

Night-blindness (poor vision in dim light)

Xerophthalmia (dry corneas)

248
Q

What does a deficiency in Vitamin B1 cause?

A

Beri-beri (nervous disorder)

249
Q

What does a deficiency in Vitamin D cause?

A

Rickets (rachitis) -soft bones and a malformed skeleton

250
Q

What does a deficiency in Vitamin E cause?

A 
One is rare
Neurological problems (poor transmission of nerve impulses)
251
Q

What kind of structure is a monosaccharide?

A

A single ring structure

252
Q

What are fertilisers?

A

A combination of mineral salts (Nitrogen, phosphates and potassium) that is added to soil in the process of farming

252
Q

Why are fertilisers needed?

A

When crops are grown and harvested regularly, the soil becomes depleted of nutrients

252
Q

What happens to fertilisers in the event of heavy rain?

A

They are washed into rivers and dams

252
Q

What is algal bloom?

A

When the increased amount of phosphates in bodies of water causes a growth of algae

Abi Biology 2017 (57 decks)

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