Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards
What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?
Pectoral girdle
Upper limbs
Pelvic girdle
Lower limbs
What are the girdles?
“Belts” around the upper and lower parts of the axial skeleton
What do the girdles do?
Join the upper and lower limbs to the axial skeleton
What does the pectoral girdle consist of?
Two scapulae
Two clavicles
What is another name for the scapula?
Shoulder blade
What is another name for the clavicle?
Collarbone
What is the scapula?
A large, flat, triangular bone with a prominent ridge on the back for the attachment of muscles
Where is the scapula situated?
Not attached to the axial skeleton
It slides over the back of the ribs
What is the glenoid cavity?
A shallow socket in the scapula
The head of the humerus fits into this cavity
What is a socket?
An articular facet
What is the clavicle?
An s-shaped bone
Where can the clavicle be found?
It articulates with the scapula on the one side
It articulates with the sternum on the other side
What do the upper limbs consist of?
Six different types of bone
What are the six types of bones that make up the upper limbs?
Humerus Ulna Radius Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges
What is the humerus and where can it be found?
A long bone
It stretches from the scapula to the elbow
What kind of joint exists where the humerus joins the scapula?
Ball-and-socket joint
What kind of joint exists at the elbow?
A hinge joint
What is the ulna?
The largest bone of the two in the forearm
Where is the ulna situated?
On the little finger side of the hand
How does the ulna articulate with the humerus?
It has a c-shaped articular facet which, together with the humerus, forms the elbow joint
What is the radius?
The thinner one of the two bones in the forearm
Where is the radius situated?
On the thumb side
What is the structure of the radius like?
It is wider on the lower end than on the upper end
What does the radius articulate with?
The carpals
To form the wrist joint
What are the carpals?
Small short bones
How many carpals are in each wrist?
Eight
How are the carpals arranged?
In two rows of four
What kind of joint exists at the carpals?
A gliding/sliding joint
What do metacarpals form?
The palm of the hand
How many metacarpals are in each hand?
Five
What do the phalanges in the hand form?
The fingers
How many phalanges are in each hand?
Fourteen
How many phalanges are in each finger?
Three in each, HOWEVER
The thumb has two
What does the pelvic girdle consist of?
Two hip bones that are joined in the middle by a semi-movable joint
What is the semi-movable joint that connects the two hip bones?
The pubic symphysis
What are the hip bones made out of?
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
What is another name for the pubis?
The pubic bone
Where is the ilium situated?
At the top of the pelvic girdle
What does the ilium look like?
They are the rounded, flat sections of the pelvic girdle
They resemble an elephant’s ears
Where is the ischium situated?
At the bottom of the pelvic girdle
What does the ischium look like?
They resemble two loops
Where is the pubis situated?
They are the bones which lead from the ischium to the pubic symphysis
Where does the head of the femur fit into the pelvic girdle?
At the acetabulum
What is the acetabulum?
A deep socket which occurs where the three bones of the hip are fused
What kind of joint exists in the acetabulum?
A ball-and-socket joint
What do the hip bones connect to at the back of the pelvic girdle?
The sacrum
Is the pelvic girdle of a female different to that of a male?
Yes
How do the pelvic girdles of the male and female differ?
The pelvic girdle of a female is wider
Why is the pelvic girdle of a female wider than that of a male?
The female body is adapted to giving birth
What do the lower limbs consist of?
Seven different types of bones
What are the seven different types of bones found in the lower limbs?
Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges
What is the femur?
The largest and longest bone in the human body
Where is the femur situated?
It stretches between the hip socket and the knee joint
What is on the lower end of the femur?
Two articular condyles which articulate with the tibia
What kind of joint exists at the knee?
Hinge joint
What is the patella?
A flat, triangular bone
Where does the patella occur?
In front of the femur
What does the patella do?
Forms part of the knee joint
What is the tibia?
The largest of the two bones in the lower leg
What does the upper end of the tibia have?
Two articular condyles which articulate with the femur in the knee joint
What does the lower end of the tibia articulate with?
One of the tarsals to form part of the ankle joint
What is the fibula?
The thinner of the two bones in the lower leg
Where is the fibula situated?
Slightly behind the tibia
On the outside of the tibia
What does the fibula look like?
It is wider on the bottom than on the top
What does the fibula articulate with?
The tarsals to form the ankle joint
What are the tarsals?
The bones that form the ankle and heel
How many tarsals are there in each foot?
Seven
Which tarsal forms the heel bone?
The calcaneum
Which tarsal is the largest?
Calcaneum
What muscle is attached to the calcaneum?
The calf muscle
What do the metatarsals form?
The arch of the foot
How many metatarsals are in each foot?
Five
What do the phalanges in the foot form?
The toes
How many phalanges are in each foot?
Fourteen
How many phalanges are in each toe?
Three HOWEVER
the big toe has two
