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Picoronaviruses and Calciviruses Flashcards

1
Q

calcivirus general properties

A
  • pos ss RNA
  • cause acute dx may persist but dx will be acute
  • non enveloped
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2
Q

calciviruses replication

A
  • can come in w/ mrna that can be instantly translated
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3
Q

important picoronaviruses

A
  • foot-and-moutn dx
  • swine vesicular dx
  • Seneca valley virus
  • enterovirus encephalomyelitis of pigs
  • avain encephalomyelitis
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4
Q

picoronaviruses general properties

A
  • pos ss RNA
  • cause acute dx may persist but dx will be acute
  • non enveloped
  • small virus
  • 6 genera, many dnt cause significant dx
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5
Q

picoronavirus replicatoin

A
  • can come in w/ mrna that can be instantly translated
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6
Q

important calciviruses

A
  • vesicular exanthema of swine
  • feline calcivirus
  • rabbit hemorrhagic dx virus
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7
Q

foot and mouth dx general characteristics

A
  • highly contagious
  • 7 serovars w/ many serotypes and no cross-protection btwn them
  • v stable
  • REPORTABLE
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8
Q

foot-and-mount dx affects who

A
  • cloven-hoofed animals (pigs, cows, sheep)
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9
Q

foot and mouth dx location

A
  • scattered across world, places have this as endemic dx

- NOT in us

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10
Q

economic effects foot and mouth dx direct costs

A
  • loss income farmers and producers
  • costs to eradicate
  • can cost billions
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11
Q

economic effects foot and mouth dx indirect costs

A
  • meat export shut down
  • livestock exports shutdown
  • tourism
  • consumer fear (although no actual risk ot us if we eat animals infected with this)
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12
Q

concerns regarding foot and mouth dx

A
  • can be Brough into country on suitcase and this is endemic in countries on our watch list so need to be v careful
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13
Q

ways to handle foot and mouth

A
  • slaughter all potential carrires

- South America control in face of endemic situation w/ vac and keep it contained this may be better way to go

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14
Q

foot and mouth dx transmission

A
  • resp aerosols
  • feeding of infected animal products
  • mechanical transmission (boots, hands ect.)
  • artificial insemination
  • contaminated biologicals (hormones)
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15
Q

foot and mouth dx infects what

A

infects oral mucosa

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16
Q

epidemiological role sheep and goats foot and mouth dx

A
  • maintanence
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17
Q

foot and mouth disease virus persists in what sheep and voats

A
  • pharyngeal tissue (4-6 months)
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18
Q

epidemiological role pigs foot and mouth dx

A
  • amplifiers
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19
Q

foot and mouth dx virus persists in what in pigs

A

no viral persistence

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20
Q

epidemiological role cattle foot and mouth dx

A

indicators

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21
Q

foot and mouth dx virus persists in what in cattle

A

pharyngeal tissue 6-24 months

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22
Q

foot in mouth dx virus pathogenesis

A
  • aerosolized fmdv -> primary infection of pharyngeal epithelial tissues -> spread to regional lns -> viremia -> spread to secondary virus replication sites in cornfield epithelia -> skin, tongue, mouth -> vesiculation -> release large quantities of virus from vesicular fluid into saliva and envionrment
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23
Q

foot and mouth dx transmssibility

A

all will get infected in a population, this spreads v fast then virus = secreted 24hrs b4 signs start to appear

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24
Q

foot and mouth dx incubation length

A

short

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25
foot and mouth morbidity and mortablity
- morbidity= 100% in susceptible pop | - mortality is low
26
foot and mouth dx recovery
recovery w/ development of neutralizing antibodies but impact on production animals = long lasting
27
foot and mouth dx virus excretion
- found in all secretions and excretions of infected animals (ruptured vesicles on feet, saliva/ nasal discharge, mouth vesicles, breath, desquamated skin, urine/ feces/ vaginal discharge/ aborted fetuses/ embryo washings, milk, semen)
28
foot and mouth dx general signs
- vesicles and erosions mouth, nares, muzzle/ snout, feet, teat - excessive salivation (bc ulcers in mouth) - lameness, reluctance to move (vesicles in interdigital space)
29
cattle foot and mouth dx addition signs
- drop in milk yield (before other signs) - oral lesions -> drooling and salivation - hoof lesions = in interdigital space - teat lesions
30
pigs foot and mouth dx clinical signs
- lameness (usually severe on hard floors, less so on pasture) - death in unweaned piglets bc myocarditis
31
sheep foot and mouth dx clinical signs
- mild - lameness - death young lambs bc myocarditis - bc signs mild w/ hard to find lesions sheep aren't animals that make you find foot and mouth but they are ones you check once you find in cows/ pigs ect.
32
drooling cattle means what
- can be foot and mouth but can be a lot of things so dont jump to that but do check for vesicles
33
pig foot and mouth necropsy
- piglets focal areas myocarditis -> tiger striping
34
diagnosis foot and mouth dx
- clinical signs - virus isolation and id - detection antigen or nucleic acid - complement fixation - ELISA and virus neutralization - REPORTABLE - LAB SAMPLES SENT UNDER SECURE CONDITIONS TO AUTHORIZED LAB
35
differential diagnosis vesicular dx pigs
- vesicular stomatitis - swine vesicular dx - Seneca valley virus - foot rot - chemical and thermal burns
36
differential diagnosis vesicular dx cattle
- foot and mouth dx - vsv - infectious bovine rhinotracheitis - bovine viral d+ - malignant catarrhal fever - blue tongue
37
prevention and control foot and mouth dx
- infected or suspected or known in contact animals slaughtered - ring vac around infected farm (with correct serotype) - strict control movement humans and animals from infected premises - disinfection and decontamination
38
foot and mouth dx vac
- prevents dx not infeciton - trade restrictions if vac used - annual vac required
39
foot and mouth dx control govenerment
- usda import regulations | - state and federal planning and training exercises
40
swine vesicular dx cause
- an enterovirus
41
swine vesicular dx found where
- endemic in many countries in asia | - REPORTABLE DX
42
clinical signs swine vesicular dx
- indistinguishable from signs of food and mouth dx
43
swine vesicular dx general characteristics
- fecal oral spread - very stable virus, potentially present in dried meat products - picoronavirus
44
swine vesicular dx excreted when
- prior to appearance of clinical signs
45
swine vesicular dx control
- similar measures to foot and mouth
46
seneca valley virus what type
- picornavirus
47
seneca valley virus affects who
pigs
48
seneca valley virus sings
- clinical signs indistinguishable from those of foot and mouth - acute lamnesness - vesicular lesions on coronary barn and snouth - associated with piglet neonatal death
49
seneca valley virus transmission
- direct via fecal oral and resp
50
seneca Vally virus found where
- us | - canada
51
seneca valley virus diagnosis
- rt pcr - virus isolation - ELISA
52
seneca valley virus control
- new dx so not much yet | - good idea to report just to be safe bc its new but not technically a reportable dx
53
reportable picoronaviruses
- foot and mouth dx - swine vesicular dx - enterovirus encephalomyelitis of pigs (teschen dx)
54
enterovirus encephalomyelitis of pigs type virus
- picoronavirus
55
enterovirus encephalomyeleitis of pigs causes what in who
- neuro dx in pigs mild in US | - teschen dx in Europe
56
Teichen dx vs enterovirus encephalomyelitis of pigs
- both caused by enterovirus of pigs - enterovirus encephalomyelitis of pigs in us, cause mild dx: d+, pericarditis, occasional abortion - teschen dx in Europe = serious neuro dx
57
porcine enterovirus spread
- endemic in almost all swine herds
58
porcine enterovirus vac
- rapidly mutating so hard to vac against
59
encephalomyelitis virus pathogenesis
- ingestion virus by susceptible host -> replicate in intestine -> 1. spread to regional ln -> viremia -> spread to cns -> clinical signs encephalomyelitis 2. excretion of large quantities of virus in feces -> persistence of virus in environment -> ingestion of virus by susceptible host
60
avian encephalomyelitis aka
epidemic tremor
61
avian encephalomyelitis what type virus
- picocornavirus
62
avain encephalomyelitis causes what in who
- neuro dx young chickens, pheasants, quail, and turkeys
63
avain encephalomyeleitis distribution
worldwide
64
avian encephalomyelitis morbidity/ mortality
- high morbidity and mortality when AE introduced into susceptible flock
65
avain encephalomyeleitis transmission
- fecal oral | - vertical transmission
66
avain encephalomyelitis clinical features
- dec egg production - neurons dx young chicks 1-21 days old (ataxia ->can't eat or drink; tremors of head and neck) - embryos fail to hatch
67
avain encephalomyelitis diagnosis
- clinical signs - direct if assays - virus isolation in cell culture or chick embryos
68
avian encephalomyelitis must differentiate from
Newcastle
69
avian encephalomyelitis control
- removal of infected birds | - vac breeding stocks
70
avian encephalomyeleitis affects who
- dx of chicks not really affect adults
71
caliciviridae general characteristics
- non enveloped - small viurses - pos sense rna genome
72
caliciviridae genera
- vesiviruses (feline calisi) | - lagoviruses (rabbit hemorrhagic dx)
73
major cause respiratory dx in cats
feline calcivirus = responsible for 40% cases in upper respiratory tract dx (other main cause = feline herpes virus)
74
feline calcivirus general
- many diff strains differ in virulence - calcivirus - stable in humid environments
75
feline calcivirus morbidity vs mortality
- high morbidity and low mortality - pt of feline resp dx complex - one of most common viral pathogens of cats
76
feline calcivirus carriers
cats can become carriers of fcv
77
feline calcivirus distinguishing
virulent isolates can't currently be distinguished from non-virulent isolates by any diagnostic test
78
feline calcivirus transmission
- must be cautions w/ hygiene bc very easy for kittens to pick this up can even come into office for vac and end up picking up this virus - aerosol and fomites -
79
clinical signs feline calcivirus transmission
- mild conjunctivitis - sneezing- rhinitis - ulceration of tongue palate and nasal philtrum - rarely more severe dx pneumonia - infected cats shed large amounts virus for up to 3 weeks
80
carriers of feline calcivirus
cats with chronic gingivostomatitis
81
diagnosis of feline calcivirus
- clinical presentation - virus isolation - direct immunofluorescence (only test in shelter if trying to control large group of animals)
82
feline calcivirus control
- vac protection from dx not infeciton; significant rate vac failure; vac animals can be chronic carriers - isolation/ hygiene ect.
83
virulent systemic feline calcivirus general info
- rare dramatic consequence FCV infeciton | - high morbidity high mortality
84
virulent systemic feline calcivirus clinical signs
- high fever * - facial and limb edema* - oral ulcers - nasal and ocular discharge - skin sores/ ulcers (footpads) - multiorgan dysfx* - sudden death *
85
rabbit hemorrhagic dx virus type
- calcivirus - REPORTABLE - virus very stable in environment
86
rabbit hemorrhagic dx contagious
highly contagious
87
rabbit hemorrhagic dx -> what in who
- peracute hemorrhagic dx (rabbits drop dead) - wild rabbits in US not susceptible (not susceptible in aus either) - affects European and domestic rabbits - affects rabbits older than 40-50 days
88
rabbit hemorrhagic dx geographic distribution
- endemic china, Korea, Europe, cuba, aus, nz | - sporadic outbreaks in us REPORTABLE
89
rabbit hemorrhagic dx clinical signs
- fever - sudden death - less common: neuro, dyspnea, bloody nasal discharge - 5-10% infected rabbits: chronic dx, jaundice, death 1-2 weeks * all die from this eventually*
90
rabbit hemorrhagic dx pathology
- hepatic necrosis - splenomegeally - hemorrhage (organs) - petechia (serosal membranes)
91
rabbit hemorrhagic dx transmission
- direct contact - fomites - recovered rabbits may be carriers (most die) - morbidity 30-80%
92
rabbit hemorrhagic dx diagnosis
- reportable - clinical signs and post-mortem findings - hemagglutination - pcr - electron microscopy - CANT GROW IN LABORATORY
93
Rabbit hemorrhagic disease control
- import controls on rabbit meat - during outbreak infected and in-contact animals = euth - vaccination (protect against dx not infection; not in us)

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