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block 4 > Picoronaviruses and Calciviruses > Flashcards

Picoronaviruses and Calciviruses Flashcards

1
Q

calcivirus general properties

A
  • pos ss RNA
  • cause acute dx may persist but dx will be acute
  • non enveloped
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2
Q

calciviruses replication

A
  • can come in w/ mrna that can be instantly translated
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3
Q

important picoronaviruses

A
  • foot-and-moutn dx
  • swine vesicular dx
  • Seneca valley virus
  • enterovirus encephalomyelitis of pigs
  • avain encephalomyelitis
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4
Q

picoronaviruses general properties

A
  • pos ss RNA
  • cause acute dx may persist but dx will be acute
  • non enveloped
  • small virus
  • 6 genera, many dnt cause significant dx
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5
Q

picoronavirus replicatoin

A
  • can come in w/ mrna that can be instantly translated
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6
Q

important calciviruses

A
  • vesicular exanthema of swine
  • feline calcivirus
  • rabbit hemorrhagic dx virus
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7
Q

foot and mouth dx general characteristics

A
  • highly contagious
  • 7 serovars w/ many serotypes and no cross-protection btwn them
  • v stable
  • REPORTABLE
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8
Q

foot-and-mount dx affects who

A
  • cloven-hoofed animals (pigs, cows, sheep)
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9
Q

foot and mouth dx location

A
  • scattered across world, places have this as endemic dx

- NOT in us

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10
Q

economic effects foot and mouth dx direct costs

A
  • loss income farmers and producers
  • costs to eradicate
  • can cost billions
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11
Q

economic effects foot and mouth dx indirect costs

A
  • meat export shut down
  • livestock exports shutdown
  • tourism
  • consumer fear (although no actual risk ot us if we eat animals infected with this)
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12
Q

concerns regarding foot and mouth dx

A
  • can be Brough into country on suitcase and this is endemic in countries on our watch list so need to be v careful
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13
Q

ways to handle foot and mouth

A
  • slaughter all potential carrires

- South America control in face of endemic situation w/ vac and keep it contained this may be better way to go

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14
Q

foot and mouth dx transmission

A
  • resp aerosols
  • feeding of infected animal products
  • mechanical transmission (boots, hands ect.)
  • artificial insemination
  • contaminated biologicals (hormones)
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15
Q

foot and mouth dx infects what

A

infects oral mucosa

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16
Q

epidemiological role sheep and goats foot and mouth dx

A
  • maintanence
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17
Q

foot and mouth disease virus persists in what sheep and voats

A
  • pharyngeal tissue (4-6 months)
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18
Q

epidemiological role pigs foot and mouth dx

A
  • amplifiers
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19
Q

foot and mouth dx virus persists in what in pigs

A

no viral persistence

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20
Q

epidemiological role cattle foot and mouth dx

A

indicators

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21
Q

foot and mouth dx virus persists in what in cattle

A

pharyngeal tissue 6-24 months

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22
Q

foot in mouth dx virus pathogenesis

A
  • aerosolized fmdv -> primary infection of pharyngeal epithelial tissues -> spread to regional lns -> viremia -> spread to secondary virus replication sites in cornfield epithelia -> skin, tongue, mouth -> vesiculation -> release large quantities of virus from vesicular fluid into saliva and envionrment
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23
Q

foot and mouth dx transmssibility

A

all will get infected in a population, this spreads v fast then virus = secreted 24hrs b4 signs start to appear

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24
Q

foot and mouth dx incubation length

A

short

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25
Q

foot and mouth morbidity and mortablity

A
  • morbidity= 100% in susceptible pop

- mortality is low

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26
Q

foot and mouth dx recovery

A

recovery w/ development of neutralizing antibodies but impact on production animals = long lasting

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27
Q

foot and mouth dx virus excretion

A
  • found in all secretions and excretions of infected animals (ruptured vesicles on feet, saliva/ nasal discharge, mouth vesicles, breath, desquamated skin, urine/ feces/ vaginal discharge/ aborted fetuses/ embryo washings, milk, semen)
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28
Q

foot and mouth dx general signs

A
  • vesicles and erosions mouth, nares, muzzle/ snout, feet, teat
  • excessive salivation (bc ulcers in mouth)
  • lameness, reluctance to move (vesicles in interdigital space)
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29
Q

cattle foot and mouth dx addition signs

A
  • drop in milk yield (before other signs)
  • oral lesions -> drooling and salivation
  • hoof lesions = in interdigital space
  • teat lesions
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30
Q

pigs foot and mouth dx clinical signs

A
  • lameness (usually severe on hard floors, less so on pasture)
  • death in unweaned piglets bc myocarditis
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31
Q

sheep foot and mouth dx clinical signs

A
  • mild
  • lameness
  • death young lambs bc myocarditis
  • bc signs mild w/ hard to find lesions sheep aren’t animals that make you find foot and mouth but they are ones you check once you find in cows/ pigs ect.
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32
Q

drooling cattle means what

A
  • can be foot and mouth but can be a lot of things so dont jump to that but do check for vesicles
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33
Q

pig foot and mouth necropsy

A
  • piglets focal areas myocarditis -> tiger striping
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34
Q

diagnosis foot and mouth dx

A
  • clinical signs
  • virus isolation and id
  • detection antigen or nucleic acid
  • complement fixation
  • ELISA and virus neutralization
  • REPORTABLE
  • LAB SAMPLES SENT UNDER SECURE CONDITIONS TO AUTHORIZED LAB
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35
Q

differential diagnosis vesicular dx pigs

A
  • vesicular stomatitis
  • swine vesicular dx
  • Seneca valley virus
  • foot rot
  • chemical and thermal burns
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36
Q

differential diagnosis vesicular dx cattle

A
  • foot and mouth dx
  • vsv
  • infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
  • bovine viral d+
  • malignant catarrhal fever
  • blue tongue
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37
Q

prevention and control foot and mouth dx

A
  • infected or suspected or known in contact animals slaughtered
  • ring vac around infected farm (with correct serotype)
  • strict control movement humans and animals from infected premises
  • disinfection and decontamination
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38
Q

foot and mouth dx vac

A
  • prevents dx not infeciton
  • trade restrictions if vac used
  • annual vac required
39
Q

foot and mouth dx control govenerment

A
  • usda import regulations

- state and federal planning and training exercises

40
Q

swine vesicular dx cause

A
  • an enterovirus
41
Q

swine vesicular dx found where

A
  • endemic in many countries in asia

- REPORTABLE DX

42
Q

clinical signs swine vesicular dx

A
  • indistinguishable from signs of food and mouth dx
43
Q

swine vesicular dx general characteristics

A
  • fecal oral spread
  • very stable virus, potentially present in dried meat products
  • picoronavirus
44
Q

swine vesicular dx excreted when

A
  • prior to appearance of clinical signs
45
Q

swine vesicular dx control

A
  • similar measures to foot and mouth
46
Q

seneca valley virus what type

A
  • picornavirus
47
Q

seneca valley virus affects who

A

pigs

48
Q

seneca valley virus sings

A
  • clinical signs indistinguishable from those of foot and mouth
  • acute lamnesness
  • vesicular lesions on coronary barn and snouth
  • associated with piglet neonatal death
49
Q

seneca valley virus transmission

A
  • direct via fecal oral and resp
50
Q

seneca Vally virus found where

A
  • us

- canada

51
Q

seneca valley virus diagnosis

A
  • rt pcr
  • virus isolation
  • ELISA
52
Q

seneca valley virus control

A
  • new dx so not much yet

- good idea to report just to be safe bc its new but not technically a reportable dx

53
Q

reportable picoronaviruses

A
  • foot and mouth dx
  • swine vesicular dx
  • enterovirus encephalomyelitis of pigs (teschen dx)
54
Q

enterovirus encephalomyelitis of pigs type virus

A
  • picoronavirus
55
Q

enterovirus encephalomyeleitis of pigs causes what in who

A
  • neuro dx in pigs mild in US

- teschen dx in Europe

56
Q

Teichen dx vs enterovirus encephalomyelitis of pigs

A
  • both caused by enterovirus of pigs
  • enterovirus encephalomyelitis of pigs in us, cause mild dx: d+, pericarditis, occasional abortion
  • teschen dx in Europe = serious neuro dx
57
Q

porcine enterovirus spread

A
  • endemic in almost all swine herds
58
Q

porcine enterovirus vac

A
  • rapidly mutating so hard to vac against
59
Q

encephalomyelitis virus pathogenesis

A
  • ingestion virus by susceptible host -> replicate in intestine ->
    1. spread to regional ln -> viremia -> spread to cns -> clinical signs encephalomyelitis
    2. excretion of large quantities of virus in feces -> persistence of virus in environment -> ingestion of virus by susceptible host
60
Q

avian encephalomyelitis aka

A

epidemic tremor

61
Q

avian encephalomyelitis what type virus

A
  • picocornavirus
62
Q

avain encephalomyelitis causes what in who

A
  • neuro dx young chickens, pheasants, quail, and turkeys
63
Q

avain encephalomyeleitis distribution

A

worldwide

64
Q

avian encephalomyelitis morbidity/ mortality

A
  • high morbidity and mortality when AE introduced into susceptible flock
65
Q

avain encephalomyeleitis transmission

A
  • fecal oral

- vertical transmission

66
Q

avain encephalomyelitis clinical features

A
  • dec egg production
  • neurons dx young chicks 1-21 days old (ataxia ->can’t eat or drink; tremors of head and neck)
  • embryos fail to hatch
67
Q

avain encephalomyelitis diagnosis

A
  • clinical signs
  • direct if assays
  • virus isolation in cell culture or chick embryos
68
Q

avian encephalomyelitis must differentiate from

A

Newcastle

69
Q

avian encephalomyelitis control

A
  • removal of infected birds

- vac breeding stocks

70
Q

avian encephalomyeleitis affects who

A
  • dx of chicks not really affect adults
71
Q

caliciviridae general characteristics

A
  • non enveloped
  • small viurses
  • pos sense rna genome
72
Q

caliciviridae genera

A
  • vesiviruses (feline calisi)

- lagoviruses (rabbit hemorrhagic dx)

73
Q

major cause respiratory dx in cats

A

feline calcivirus = responsible for 40% cases in upper respiratory tract dx (other main cause = feline herpes virus)

74
Q

feline calcivirus general

A
  • many diff strains differ in virulence
  • calcivirus
  • stable in humid environments
75
Q

feline calcivirus morbidity vs mortality

A
  • high morbidity and low mortality
  • pt of feline resp dx complex
  • one of most common viral pathogens of cats
76
Q

feline calcivirus carriers

A

cats can become carriers of fcv

77
Q

feline calcivirus distinguishing

A

virulent isolates can’t currently be distinguished from non-virulent isolates by any diagnostic test

78
Q

feline calcivirus transmission

A
  • must be cautions w/ hygiene bc very easy for kittens to pick this up can even come into office for vac and end up picking up this virus
  • ## aerosol and fomites
79
Q

clinical signs feline calcivirus transmission

A
  • mild conjunctivitis
  • sneezing- rhinitis
  • ulceration of tongue palate and nasal philtrum
  • rarely more severe dx pneumonia
  • infected cats shed large amounts virus for up to 3 weeks
80
Q

carriers of feline calcivirus

A

cats with chronic gingivostomatitis

81
Q

diagnosis of feline calcivirus

A
  • clinical presentation
  • virus isolation
  • direct immunofluorescence (only test in shelter if trying to control large group of animals)
82
Q

feline calcivirus control

A
  • vac protection from dx not infeciton; significant rate vac failure; vac animals can be chronic carriers
  • isolation/ hygiene ect.
83
Q

virulent systemic feline calcivirus general info

A
  • rare dramatic consequence FCV infeciton

- high morbidity high mortality

84
Q

virulent systemic feline calcivirus clinical signs

A
  • high fever *
  • facial and limb edema*
  • oral ulcers
  • nasal and ocular discharge
  • skin sores/ ulcers (footpads)
  • multiorgan dysfx*
  • sudden death *
85
Q

rabbit hemorrhagic dx virus type

A
  • calcivirus
  • REPORTABLE
  • virus very stable in environment
86
Q

rabbit hemorrhagic dx contagious

A

highly contagious

87
Q

rabbit hemorrhagic dx -> what in who

A
  • peracute hemorrhagic dx (rabbits drop dead)
  • wild rabbits in US not susceptible (not susceptible in aus either)
  • affects European and domestic rabbits
  • affects rabbits older than 40-50 days
88
Q

rabbit hemorrhagic dx geographic distribution

A
  • endemic china, Korea, Europe, cuba, aus, nz

- sporadic outbreaks in us REPORTABLE

89
Q

rabbit hemorrhagic dx clinical signs

A
  • fever
  • sudden death
  • less common: neuro, dyspnea, bloody nasal discharge
  • 5-10% infected rabbits: chronic dx, jaundice, death 1-2 weeks
  • all die from this eventually*
90
Q

rabbit hemorrhagic dx pathology

A
  • hepatic necrosis
  • splenomegeally
  • hemorrhage (organs)
  • petechia (serosal membranes)
91
Q

rabbit hemorrhagic dx transmission

A
  • direct contact
  • fomites
  • recovered rabbits may be carriers (most die)
  • morbidity 30-80%
92
Q

rabbit hemorrhagic dx diagnosis

A
  • reportable
  • clinical signs and post-mortem findings
  • hemagglutination
  • pcr
  • electron microscopy
  • CANT GROW IN LABORATORY
93
Q

Rabbit hemorrhagic disease control

A
  • import controls on rabbit meat
  • during outbreak infected and in-contact animals = euth
  • vaccination (protect against dx not infection; not in us)

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