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Charis & Ellie VS Reproduction > Physiology of Pregnancy > Flashcards

Physiology of Pregnancy Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

What does fertilized ovum do?

A

Divides progressively and differentiates into blastocyst as it moves form fertilization in upper oviduct to site of implantation in the uterus

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2
Q

How many days after fertilization is blastocyst transported and to where?

A

3-5 days

Uterus

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3
Q

What happens at 5-8 days post transplantation?

A

Attaches to lining of uterus

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4
Q

What do inner cells of blastocyst develop into?

A

Embryo

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5
Q

Outer cells of blastocyst develop into?

A

Placenta

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6
Q

Outer cells of blastocyst are collectively called?

A

Trophoblast

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7
Q

Placenta is derived from what?

A

Trophoblast and decidual tissue

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8
Q

What do trophoblast cells differentiate into?

A

Multinucleate cells which invade decidua and break down capillaries to form cavities filled with maternal blood

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9
Q

What week of pregnancy are foetal HR and placenta functional by?

A

5th week of pregnancy

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10
Q

PO2 maternal is higher or lower than foetal?

A

Higher

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11
Q

Is the PO2 levels maternalLY and foetally similar to CO2?

A

No it follows a reversed gradient

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12
Q

What does fetal oxygenated blood blow to the fetus in?

A

Via umbilical vein

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13
Q

Maternal oxygen poor blood flows back into which vessels?

A

Uterine veins

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14
Q

Foetal oxygen supply is facilitated by what 3 factors?

A
  • Fetal Hb has increased ability to carry O2
  • There is a higher Hb conc in fetal blood, 50% more than in adults
  • Bohr effect means fetal Hb can carry more oxygen in low PCO2 than in high
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15
Q

Placenta transport of nutrients and waste? (water)

A

Water diffuses into placenta along osmotic gradient

Exchange increased during pregnancy up to 35th week (3.5L a day)

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16
Q

What follows H20 in placental transport?

A

Electrolytes (Iron and Ca2+) only go mother to child so mum must have a lot

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17
Q

Fetus main source of energy?

A

Glucose (passes the placenta via simplified transport high to low conc)

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18
Q

What does hCG do?

A

Prevents involution of corpus luteum

Effect on male testes of fetus

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19
Q

HCG in ectopic pregnancy?

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A

Static or slow rising

20
Q

Falling HCG levels indicate?

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A

Failing pregnancy

21
Q

Molar pregnancy HCG levels?

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A

Very high levels

22
Q

Multiple pregnancy HCG levels?

23
Q

When does HCG level fall?

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A

from 12-14 weeks

24
Q

What is HPL?

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A

Human Placental Lactogen (Human chorionic somatomammotropin)

25
When is HPL produced?
From week 5 of pregnancy
26
Effects of HCS/HPL?
Growth like effects causing protein tissue formation Decreases insulin sensitivity in mother so more glucose for fetus Involved in breast development
27
What happens with progesterone in pregnancy?
Rises from early pregnancy throughout Involved in development of decidual cells Decreases uterus contractility Preparation for lactation
28
What happens to oestrogens throughout pregnancy?
Rise throughout pregnancy espesh estradiol | Involved in enlargement of uterus, breast development and relaxation of ligaments
29
Hormonal problems in pregnancy?
-Placenta produces CRH which can cause ACTH production, increased cortisol, increased aldosterone which = HT, oedema, insulin resistance and gestational diabetes
30
What does placenta produce and what can this cause?
HCG = N&V | HC thyrotropin= hyperthyroidism
31
CV changes in pregnancy?
-Increase in CO -ECG changes, murmurs and added heart sounds= normal CO decreases slightly in last 8 weeks HR increases BP drops during Tri 2
32
Haem changes in pregnancy?
-PV increases proportional to CO (50%) but erythropoiesis only by 25% so Hb is decreased (diluted)
33
Resp changes in pregnancy?
-In order to lower CO2 levels: RR increase, TV and Minute Vl increase, PCO2 decrease slightly, VC and PO2 dont change
34
General description of resp changes in preg?
Bigger breaths | More often
35
Changes in rep pregnancy are due to?
Progesterone | Enlarging uterus interfering with lung function
36
Urinary changes in pregnancy?
GFR and renal plasma increase up to 30-50% and peak about 16-24 weeks Increased reabsorption of ions and water Slight increase of urine formation
37
What type of coagulation state is pregnancy?
Hypercoagulable
38
What does pregnancy being a hypercoagulable state mean for the woman?
Reduces risk of haemorrhage during and after delivery | Does increase risk of VTE
39
Nutrition/metabolism in pregnancy?
200kcal extra should be ingested | 30g of protein daily
40
Week 1-20 of pregnancy is what nutritional phase?
Mother's anabolic phase where mother builds up fetus and only has small demands
41
Week 21-40 is mothers what nutritional phase?
Catabolic phase | -High demands from fetus and accelerated starvation of mother
42
How much acid and what type of it should pregnant mums be taking?
Folic acid | 400mg 1st 12 weeks and ideally 3 months before conception
43
What vitamin should pregnant women take daily and how much?
Vitamin D 10mg/day B vitamins as well to help with erythropoiesis
44
Common acute problems throughout pregnancy
N&V UTI Pain Heartburn
45
Risk to foetus in 1st trimester?
Early miscarriage Organogenesis Teratogenic drugs
46
Examples of teratogenic drugs?
``` ACEi/ARBs Androgens Antiepileptics Cytotoxics Lithium Methotrexate Retinoids Warfarin ```
47
Risks to foetus in 2nd and 3rd trimester?
Growth of foetus Functional development Toxic effects on foetal tissue

Charis & Ellie VS Reproduction (71 decks)

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