Cervical Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What constitutes the lower 1/3 of the uterine body?

A

Cervix

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2
Q

How many parts does the cervix have?

A

2 parts

  • Endocervix with tall mucus secreting epithelium and
  • Ectocervix with non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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3
Q

What does CIN stand for?

A

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

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4
Q

What is CIN?

A

The pre-invasive stage of cervical cancer where there is dysplasia, it’s asymptomatic and detectable by cervical screening

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5
Q

Where does the squamo-columnar junction present in pregnancy/from puberty onwards?

A

Vaginal surface of the external os

-This is also the area where squamous metaplasia occurs

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6
Q

Precursor of cervical squamous carcinoma?

A

CIN

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

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7
Q

What causes genital warts?

A

Low risk HPV strains 6+ 11

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8
Q

What type of cells indicate HPV infection?

A

Koilocytes

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9
Q

What are koilocytes?

A

Cells with a wrinkled pyknotic nucleus and perinuclear clearing

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10
Q

What is pyknosis?

A

The irreversible condensation of chromatin in the nucleus of a cell

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11
Q

Main strains implicated in cervical cancer?

A

HPV 16 and 18

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12
Q

Precursor to adenocarcinoma?

A

CGIN

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13
Q

Most cases of cervical cancer are caused by genetics. True or False?

A

FALSE

Caused by high risk HPV infection

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14
Q

How is HPV transmitted?

A

Via close skin to skin contact such as genital to genital contact and anal, vaginal and oral sex

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15
Q

Can HPV cause other cancers aside from cervical?

A

Yes.

Vulval, vaginal, anal and oropharyngeal cancers

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16
Q

Where do most squamous carcinomas arise?

A

Squamo-columnar junction

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17
Q

Where does squamous carcinoma initially spread to?

A
Uterine body 
Vagina 
Bladder 
Ureters 
Rectum
18
Q

How does lymphatic spread usually occur in squamous carcinoma?

A

Can spread early via the external, internal and common iliac nodes as well as aortic nodes

19
Q

When does haematogenous spread occur?

A

Late in squamous carcinoma

-Spreads to liver, lungs ad bones

20
Q

What is CGIN?

A

Preinvasive of adenocarcinoma and is more difficult to diagnose on a smear

Cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasia

21
Q

What percentage of carcinoma is adenocarcinoma? and where does it commonly arise?

A

10%

-Most arise in endocervical canal

22
Q

What does cervical screening look for?

A

For CIN before it becomes clear

23
Q

Who should be screened for cervical screening?

A

Those with a cervix
Every 5 years
Age 25-65

24
Q

Process of cervical screening?

A

1) Smear is tested for HPV, if negative nothing further is done
2) If positive the cytology is looked at
3) If smear is negative: recall in 5 years

25
Q

Cervical screening:

-HPV +ve, cytology +ve, low grade:

A

Seen for colposcopy within 8 weeks

26
Q

Cervical screening:

HPV: +ve, +ve cytology, high grade

A

Seen for colposcopy within 4 weeks

27
Q

Cervical screening:

HPV positive, glandular abnormality or suspicion of invasion?

A

Seen within 2 weeks

28
Q

What does colposcopy do?

A

This allows the cervix to be examined in more detail through use of speculum and microscope

-Squamocolumnar junction must be visualized

29
Q

What happens when acetic acid is applied in colposcopy to a cancer?

A

Epithelium appears white in colour because abnormal epithelium contains more protein and less glycogen than normal epithelium

30
Q

What happens after acetic acid turns epithelium white?

A

Punch biopsy

- To identify CIN

31
Q

Treatment of CIN-1?

A

Conservative management for 2 years

32
Q

Treatment of CIN 2 or 3?

A

Excision or ablation

33
Q

Presentation of cervical cancer?

A
  • Often asymptomatic in early stages
  • Post coital bleeding
  • Foul smelling discharge which in thin, watery and sometimes blood stained
  • Intermenstrual bleeding
  • Pelvic pain
  • Menorrhagia

Advanced disease;
-Backache, leg pain, haematuria, wt loss, anaemia, changes in bowel habit

34
Q

Investigations of cervical cancer?

A
  • Colposcopy
  • Biopsy of tumour
  • MRI and PET for assessment of spread
35
Q

Management of cervical cancer?

A
  • Local excision can be done for 1A lesions
  • Hysterectomy can be done with stage IB-IIB and may also offer radiotherapy (stage II involvement of adjacent organs)
  • Stage IIB-IV is usually treated with chemoradiation and platinum based chemo (III has involvement of pelvic wall and IV has distant mets or bladder/rectum involvement)
  • Most recurrences of cervical cancers are only suitable for palliative acre
36
Q

What does stage II mean?

A

Involvement of adjacent organs

37
Q

Stage III means?

A

Involvement of pelvic wall

38
Q

Stage IV?

A

Distant mets or bladder/rectum involvement

39
Q

HPV vaccination is given to who?

A

Boys and girls

Age 12-13 as 2 doses 6 months apart

40
Q

What is the current vaccine?

A

Quadrivalent for types 16, 18, 6 and 11 (2 high risk types and 2 types which cause genital warts)

41
Q

How muc protection does HOV vaccination offer?

A

70% protection against cervical cancer