Physiology I: Introduction Flashcards
Characteristics of Life
- movement
- responsiveness
- growth
- reproduction
- respiration
- digestion
- absorption
- circulation
- assimilation
- excretion
Physical and chemical events that release or use energy
Metabolism
Requirements of Organisms to Maintain Life
- Water
- Food
- Oxygen
- Heat
- Pressure
Maintenance of a stable internal environment
Homeostatsis
What do homeostatic mechanisms regulate?
- BP
- Body Temperature
- Blood Glucose
- Respiratory Rate
What the majority homeostatic mechanisms control
Negative Feedback Loop
Cell Hierarchy within an Organism
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organs
- Organ System
- Organism
The 3 Major Parts to a Cell
- Cell Membrane
- Intercellular Junctions
- Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)
Thin and flexible material a cell membrane is mainly composed of
Lipids (phospholipid bilayer)
Substances that easily pass through a cell membrane
- O2
- CO2
- Lipids
The 3 Types of Intercellular Junctions
- Tight Junctions
- Desmosomes
- Gap Junctions
Impermeable junctions that prevent molecules from passing through intercellular space
Tight Junctions
Anchoring junctions that bind adjacent cells in tissues subject to stress (skin, heart)
Desmosomes
Junctions that allow ions and small molecules to pass through protein cyclinders
Gap Junctions
Proteins that guide certain cells to a specific area
Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)
Organelles Contained within Cytoplasm
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Ribosomes
- Golgi Apparatus
- Mitochondria
- Lysosomes
- Peroxisomes
- Centrosomes
- Cilia
- Flagella
- Vesicles
- Microfilaments and Microtubules
Organelle
- Communication and transport system within a cell
- Involved with protein and lip synthesis
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Organelles found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells. They bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins.
Ribosomes
Organelle that refines, packages, and delivers proteins
Golgi apparatus
Organelle that is the powerhouse of the cell. It synthesizes ATP.
Mitochondria
Organelle that breaks down materials
Lysosome
Hierarchy of a Chromosome
Chromosome/Chromatin = Library
DNA = Recipe Book
Genes = Recipe
Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Diffusion
Movement w/ carrier protein involved to move molecules from areas of high concentration to low concentration.
Facilitated Diffusion
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
Osmosis
Movement in which molecules forced through a membrane.
Filtration
Movement using energy and a carrier protein that moves molecules from areas of low concentration to high concentration.
Active Transport
The taking in of large molecules by invagination of a cell membrane.
Endocytosis
A process by which large molecules of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.
Exocytosis
Combination of endocytosis and exocytosis
Transcytosis
The 5 Stages of Mitosis/Cell Division (IPMAT)
- Interphase
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
Mitotic Phase
- Duplication of Cell Content
- Very Active Period
Interphase
Mitotic Phase
- Appearance of Chromosomes
- Spindle Fibers Form
Prophase
Mitotic Phase
- Chromosomes align MIDWAY between centrioles
- Spindles attach to chromosomes
Metaphase
Mitotic Phase
- Duplicated chromosomes separate
Anaphase
Mitotic Phase
- Final Stage of Mitosis
- Chromosomes unwind to become chromatin
Telophase
The specialization a cell after mitosis resulting from the expression expression of genes
(all cells have the same DNA but express it’s expressed differently)
Cell Differentiation
