Pharmacolonetics

Question 0

Describe the process of oharmicolinetics

Answer 0

Drug is anaorbed and delivered
It is then distributed and is diluted
The body will begin to break down and excrete the drug
Must be administered repeatedly

Question 1

Define pharmacokinetics

Answer 1

The complex sequence of events that occur after a drug administers to a body

Question 2

Define absorption

Answer 2

The movement of a drug from the site of administration to the systemic corculation.

Question 3

Define ionized

Answer 3

Charged and hydrophilic

Question 4

Define non ionized

Answer 4

Uncharged and lipopholic

Question 5

What do hydrophilic drugs do

Answer 5

Dissolve in water (tissue, fluid, lymph)

Question 6

What do lipophiloc drugs do

Answer 6

Dissolve in oil based fluids and absorbed well across phospholipid cell membranes

Question 7

What can determine the degree to which a drug becomes ionized and absorbed?

Answer 7

Oh

Question 8

What way are lipophilic drug best administers?

Answer 8

Orally

Question 9

Weakly acidic drugs will not ionize in what type of environment?

Answer 9

Acidic

Question 10

Weakly basic drugs will not ionize in what kind of environment?

Answer 10

Alkaline

Question 11

What happens if a drug is introduced to an environment where it readily ionized?

Answer 11

Will not absorb

Question 12

What form do drugs need to be in to penetrate the GI mucosa?

Answer 12

Oral

Question 13

What can alter or delay absorption rate?

Answer 13

Enteric coatings or sustained release compounds

Question 14

What form do parent real drugs need to be in?

Answer 14

Hydrophilic form

Question 15

Decreased gI motility will do what to a drug?

Answer 15

Lengthen absorption time

Question 16

Increased GI motility will do what to a drug?

Answer 16

Shorten the time the drug is in the GI tract which may not allow dissolution

Question 17

What an the presence of food do to a drug?

Answer 17

May interfere with dissolution and absorption

Question 18

What is the first pass effect

Answer 18

Detoxification by the liver

Question 19

What do all drugs need to survive before entering the systemic system?

Answer 19

The first pass effect/liver

Question 20

How can blood flow be altered to interfere with absorption rate?

Answer 20

Adrenaline can increase blood flow to the muscles and decrease blood flow to the intestines

Question 21

How can temperature effect blood flow?

Answer 21

Can cause Vado constriction or dialation

Question 22

Describe drug distribution

Answer 22

Physiological movement of drugs from the systemic circulation to the tissues

Question 23

What are three ways drug movement can occur

Answer 23

Passive diffusion, facilitated, active transport

Question 24

What is passive diffusion

Answer 24

Movement of drug molecules from area of high concentration to low

Question 25

What is facilitated diffusion?

Answer 25

Diffusion that needs a special carrier molecule but does not require energy

Question 26

What is active transport

Answer 26

Requires carrier molecule and energy moving from low to high

Question 27

Define phagocytosis

Answer 27

Molecules are physically taken in or engulfed

Question 28

Define pin oxytocin

Answer 28

Cell drinking, engulfs liquid particles

Question 29

Why is pinocytosis and phagocytosis important?

Answer 29

Helps transfer large molecules that are to big to fit through cell membrane

Question 30

What Are seven factors that can affect drug distribution

Answer 30

Membrane permeability, blood brain barrier, placenta, tissue perfusion, protien binding, volume of distribution? Disease

Question 31

What are two ways membrane permeability can affect drug distribution?

Answer 31

Molecule size vs membrane pores/fenistration

Question 32

How can the blood brain barrier effect drug distribution?

Answer 32

Fever and inflammation can alter barrier allowing drugs to get in

Question 33

How can the placenta effect drug distribution

Answer 33

Protects most drugs from the fetus

Question 34

How can tissue perfusion effect drug distribution

Answer 34

The blood supply to an area can determine how rapidly drugs will be distributed

Question 35

How can protien bonding effect drug distribution

Answer 35

Some drugs bind to the protiens which can sometimes be to big to leave the blood stream

Question 36

How can volume of distribution effect drug distribution?

Answer 36

How well a drug is distributed throughout the body is based on the concentration of the drug in the blood

Question 37

The larger the volume of distribution...

Answer 37

The lower the drug concentration

Question 38

What are three ways a disease can effect drug distribution?

Answer 38

Antibiotics can't diffuse well into abscesses or exudate a Heart failure or shock decreases blood flow Liver failure can cause a decrease in the amount of protien for binding

Question 39

Define drug metabolism

Answer 39

Chemical alteration of drug molecules by the body cells to a metabolite that is in an activated, inactivated, and/or toxic form

Question 40

Define bio transformation

Answer 40

A bodies ability to change a drug chemically from a form in which it was administered to a form that can be eliminated from the body

Question 41

Where does most buoy transformation take place?

Answer 41

In the liver

Question 42

Where does other biotransformation take place? 3

Answer 42

Kidneys, lungs, nervous system

Question 43

What is metabolite 1

Answer 43

Usually inactive but can be more active

Question 44

What is metabolite 2

Answer 44

Usually more hydrophilic and more ionized so it is less likely to get stored in fat

Question 45

What are four chemical reactions of drug biotransformation

Answer 45

Oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, conjugation

Question 46

What is oxidation

Answer 46

Loss of electrons

Question 47

What is reduction

Answer 47

Gain of electrons

Question 48

What is hydrolysis

Answer 48

Splitting of drug molecules and adding water molecules to each part

Question 49

What is conjugation

Answer 49

Addition of glucuronic acid to the drug molecules making it more water soluble

Question 50

What are five ways animal factors affect drug metabolism

Answer 50

Species, age, nutritional status, tissue storage, health status

Question 51

Why do cats have a limited ability to metabolite aspirin, narcotics, and barbiturates?

Answer 51

Reduced ability to form glucuronic acid

Question 52

How can drug metabolism be different in young and old animals?

Answer 52

The liver enzyme systems are not fully developed in young and deteriorated in old

Question 53

How can nutritional status effect drug metabolism?

Answer 53

Decreases protien=decreased metabolism

Question 54

How can health status effect drug distribution?

Answer 54

Liver disease=decreased protiens

Question 55

What are three ways the kidneys eliminate drugs?

Answer 55

Glomerular filteration, tubular secretion, tubular reabsorption

Question 56

How does glomerular filteration work?

Answer 56

Nephron pushes water and and small molecules through glomerular capillaries into the iron

Question 57

What will increased blood pressure do in glomerular filteration?

Answer 57

Increase the filtration rate

Question 58

What will be filtered through the glomerular filteration?

Answer 58

Small mom ionized and non protien bound

Question 59

What is tubular secretion?

Answer 59

Active transport across the convoluted tubule moving molecules from blood to urine

Question 60

WHat is tubular reabsorption?

Answer 60

Loop of henle of nephron, lipid soluble, non ionized will be reabsorbed into the blood syream

Question 61

How does the liver excrete drugs? 4

Answer 61

Passive diffusion from blood to hepatic urea to bile to duodenum

Question 62

How are drugs eliminated by milk?

Answer 62

Some drugs are passed from blood stream to mammary glands

Question 63

How do lungs excrete drugs?

Answer 63

Has molecules move out of the blood and into alveoli and are exhaled

Question 64

What are three cellular drug effects?

Answer 64

Secretion of a substance, contraction of muscle cells, cell death

Question 65

What are three examples of monte rotor mediate drug/effects

Answer 65

Mannitol EDTA and antacids

Question 66

What nonreceptor mediated drug draws water into renal tubules?

Answer 66

Mannitol

Question 67

What nonreceptor drug combines with Ca to prevent clotting?

Answer 67

EDTA

Question 68

What nonreceptor drug makes Ca, mg, and al combine with HCL?

Answer 68

Antacids