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Pharmacology > Pharmacolonetics > Flashcards

Pharmacolonetics Flashcards

0
Q

Describe the process of oharmicolinetics

A

Drug is anaorbed and delivered
It is then distributed and is diluted
The body will begin to break down and excrete the drug
Must be administered repeatedly

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1
Q

Define pharmacokinetics

A

The complex sequence of events that occur after a drug administers to a body

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2
Q

Define absorption

A

The movement of a drug from the site of administration to the systemic corculation.

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3
Q

Define ionized

A

Charged and hydrophilic

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4
Q

Define non ionized

A

Uncharged and lipopholic

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5
Q

What do hydrophilic drugs do

A

Dissolve in water (tissue, fluid, lymph)

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6
Q

What do lipophiloc drugs do

A

Dissolve in oil based fluids and absorbed well across phospholipid cell membranes

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7
Q

What can determine the degree to which a drug becomes ionized and absorbed?

A

Oh

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8
Q

What way are lipophilic drug best administers?

A

Orally

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9
Q

Weakly acidic drugs will not ionize in what type of environment?

A

Acidic

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10
Q

Weakly basic drugs will not ionize in what kind of environment?

A

Alkaline

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11
Q

What happens if a drug is introduced to an environment where it readily ionized?

A

Will not absorb

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12
Q

What form do drugs need to be in to penetrate the GI mucosa?

A

Oral

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13
Q

What can alter or delay absorption rate?

A

Enteric coatings or sustained release compounds

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14
Q

What form do parent real drugs need to be in?

A

Hydrophilic form

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15
Q

Decreased gI motility will do what to a drug?

A

Lengthen absorption time

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16
Q

Increased GI motility will do what to a drug?

A

Shorten the time the drug is in the GI tract which may not allow dissolution

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17
Q

What an the presence of food do to a drug?

A

May interfere with dissolution and absorption

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18
Q

What is the first pass effect

A

Detoxification by the liver

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19
Q

What do all drugs need to survive before entering the systemic system?

A

The first pass effect/liver

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20
Q

How can blood flow be altered to interfere with absorption rate?

A

Adrenaline can increase blood flow to the muscles and decrease blood flow to the intestines

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21
Q

How can temperature effect blood flow?

A

Can cause Vado constriction or dialation

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22
Q

Describe drug distribution

A

Physiological movement of drugs from the systemic circulation to the tissues

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23
Q

What are three ways drug movement can occur

A

Passive diffusion, facilitated, active transport

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24
Q

What is passive diffusion

A

Movement of drug molecules from area of high concentration to low

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25
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Diffusion that needs a special carrier molecule but does not require energy

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26
Q

What is active transport

A

Requires carrier molecule and energy moving from low to high

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27
Q

Define phagocytosis

A

Molecules are physically taken in or engulfed

28
Q

Define pin oxytocin

A

Cell drinking, engulfs liquid particles

29
Q

Why is pinocytosis and phagocytosis important?

A

Helps transfer large molecules that are to big to fit through cell membrane

30
Q

What Are seven factors that can affect drug distribution

A

Membrane permeability, blood brain barrier, placenta, tissue perfusion, protien binding, volume of distribution? Disease

31
Q

What are two ways membrane permeability can affect drug distribution?

A

Molecule size vs membrane pores/fenistration

32
Q

How can the blood brain barrier effect drug distribution?

A

Fever and inflammation can alter barrier allowing drugs to get in

33
Q

How can the placenta effect drug distribution

A

Protects most drugs from the fetus

34
Q

How can tissue perfusion effect drug distribution

A

The blood supply to an area can determine how rapidly drugs will be distributed

35
Q

How can protien bonding effect drug distribution

A

Some drugs bind to the protiens which can sometimes be to big to leave the blood stream

36
Q

How can volume of distribution effect drug distribution?

A

How well a drug is distributed throughout the body is based on the concentration of the drug in the blood

37
Q

The larger the volume of distribution…

A

The lower the drug concentration

38
Q

What are three ways a disease can effect drug distribution?

A

Antibiotics can’t diffuse well into abscesses or exudate a
Heart failure or shock decreases blood flow
Liver failure can cause a decrease in the amount of protien for binding

39
Q

Define drug metabolism

A

Chemical alteration of drug molecules by the body cells to a metabolite that is in an activated, inactivated, and/or toxic form

40
Q

Define bio transformation

A

A bodies ability to change a drug chemically from a form in which it was administered to a form that can be eliminated from the body

41
Q

Where does most buoy transformation take place?

A

In the liver

42
Q

Where does other biotransformation take place? 3

A

Kidneys, lungs, nervous system

43
Q

What is metabolite 1

A

Usually inactive but can be more active

44
Q

What is metabolite 2

A

Usually more hydrophilic and more ionized so it is less likely to get stored in fat

45
Q

What are four chemical reactions of drug biotransformation

A

Oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, conjugation

46
Q

What is oxidation

A

Loss of electrons

47
Q

What is reduction

A

Gain of electrons

48
Q

What is hydrolysis

A

Splitting of drug molecules and adding water molecules to each part

49
Q

What is conjugation

A

Addition of glucuronic acid to the drug molecules making it more water soluble

50
Q

What are five ways animal factors affect drug metabolism

A

Species, age, nutritional status, tissue storage, health status

51
Q

Why do cats have a limited ability to metabolite aspirin, narcotics, and barbiturates?

A

Reduced ability to form glucuronic acid

52
Q

How can drug metabolism be different in young and old animals?

A

The liver enzyme systems are not fully developed in young and deteriorated in old

53
Q

How can nutritional status effect drug metabolism?

A

Decreases protien=decreased metabolism

54
Q

How can health status effect drug distribution?

A

Liver disease=decreased protiens

55
Q

What are three ways the kidneys eliminate drugs?

A

Glomerular filteration, tubular secretion, tubular reabsorption

56
Q

How does glomerular filteration work?

A

Nephron pushes water and and small molecules through glomerular capillaries into the iron

57
Q

What will increased blood pressure do in glomerular filteration?

A

Increase the filtration rate

58
Q

What will be filtered through the glomerular filteration?

A

Small mom ionized and non protien bound

59
Q

What is tubular secretion?

A

Active transport across the convoluted tubule moving molecules from blood to urine

60
Q

WHat is tubular reabsorption?

A

Loop of henle of nephron, lipid soluble, non ionized will be reabsorbed into the blood syream

61
Q

How does the liver excrete drugs? 4

A

Passive diffusion from blood to hepatic urea to bile to duodenum

62
Q

How are drugs eliminated by milk?

A

Some drugs are passed from blood stream to mammary glands

63
Q

How do lungs excrete drugs?

A

Has molecules move out of the blood and into alveoli and are exhaled

64
Q

What are three cellular drug effects?

A

Secretion of a substance, contraction of muscle cells, cell death

65
Q

What are three examples of monte rotor mediate drug/effects

A

Mannitol EDTA and antacids

66
Q

What nonreceptor mediated drug draws water into renal tubules?

A

Mannitol

67
Q

What nonreceptor drug combines with Ca to prevent clotting?

A

EDTA

68
Q

What nonreceptor drug makes Ca, mg, and al combine with HCL?

A

Antacids

Pharmacology (28 decks)

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