Anticonvulsants

Question 0

What are four characteristics of seizures?

Answer 0

Loss of consciousness
Altered muscle tone or movement
Altered sensations
Neurological changes

Question 1

Define seizures

Answer 1

Periods of altered brain function due to recurrent abnormal electrical impulses

Question 2

Define convulsions

Answer 2

Seizures characterized by spastic muscle movement and loss of consciousness

Question 3

Define epilepsy

Answer 3

Recurrent seizures

Question 4

Define idiopathic epilepsy

Answer 4

Recurring seizures with no identifiable cause

Question 5

Define grand mal seizure

Answer 5

Spastic muscle contractions involving entire body

Question 6

What are anticonvulsants?

Answer 6

Drugs used to prevent seizures and decrease chance of spontaneous depolarization spreading in the brain

Question 7

What are 3 symptoms of anti convulsants!

Answer 7

Ataxia
Drowsiness
Hepatotoxicity

Question 8

Therapeutic drug monitoring is recomended for what drugs?

Answer 8

Phenobarbital and potassium bromide

Question 9

Why is phenobarbital the drug of choice for long term seizures?

Answer 9

Because of its long half life and low cost

Question 10

This anticonvulsant is highly protien bound

Answer 10

Phenobarbital

Question 11

What form is only allowed to cross capillary membranes when in phenobarbital?

Answer 11

Free form

Question 12

How is phenobarbital eliminated?

Answer 12

Liver

Question 13

What group of enzymes does phenobarbital cause to increase there metabolize rate?

Answer 13

Cytochrome p450

Question 14

What are four drugs that are metabolized by cytochrome p450?

Answer 14

Phenylbutazone, glucocorticoids, estrogen, phenobarbital

Question 15

What does chloramphenicol do to phenobarbital?

Answer 15

Inhibits the metabolism of phenobarbital by the cytochrome p450 enzymes

Question 16

What are three side effects of phenobarbital?

Answer 16

Sedation, incoordination, lethargy

Question 17

What anticonvulsants are commonly used in conjunction with other anticonvulsants or as a single agent?

Answer 17

Potassium bromide

Levetiracetam

Question 18

Potassium bromide is mainly eliminated by what?

Answer 18

Kidneys

Question 19

What is potassium bromides half life?

Answer 19

21-24 days

Question 20

Why should you avoid salty treats and abrupt changes of diet with potassium bromide?

Answer 20

Because the salt may effect plasma concentrations

Question 21

Potassium is not recommended in what and why?

Answer 21

In us because it may cause eosinophilia bronchospasm

Question 22

Potassium bromide and phenobarbital can elevate what levels?

Answer 22

Elevate serum lipase concentrations and pancreantitis may be associated

Question 23

What anticonvulsant requires a loading dose?

Answer 23

Potassium bromide

Question 24

What anticonvulsant would be good for partial siezures with or without secondary siezures?

Answer 24

Levetiracetam

Question 25

What anticonvulsant has a 70% reduction in siezure frequency with mild side effects cats?

Answer 25

Levetiracetam

Question 26

After a short honeymoon period, what two anticonvulsants can cause a tolerance to build?

Answer 26

Liveries team and zonisamide

Question 27

What are three side effects of zonisamide?

Answer 27

KCS, blood dyscdasiss, crystalliria

Question 28

What anticonvulsant is metabolized into phenobarbital?

Answer 28

Primidone

Question 29

What anticonvulsant is a human drug but used to be used for epileptic animals?

Answer 29

Phenytoin

Question 30

How many times must phenytoin be administered?

Answer 30

Three times a day

Question 31

How come phenytoin much be given multiple times a day?

Answer 31

Poorly absorbed and rapidly eliminated

Question 32

The use of what two anticonvulsants to ether can cause hepatotoxicity?

Answer 32

Phynytoin and primidone

Question 33

What is the anticonvulsant of choice for convulsing animals?

Answer 33

Diazepam

Question 34

How should you administer diazepam for siezures?

Answer 34

IV

Question 35

How is diazepam eliminated?

Answer 35

Metabolized by liver

Question 36

In cats, what route of administration is better for diazepam?

Answer 36

Oral

Question 37

What is a CNS stimulant?

Answer 37

Doxapram

Question 38

What does doxapram do?

Answer 38

Stimulates the respiratory center in the brain stem to increase respiration

Question 39

What is doxapram used for?

Answer 39

Counteract apnea or slow breathing caused by large doses of anesthetics and sedatives

Question 40

What animals should you watch when giving doxapram?

Answer 40

Animals with siezures