Pathophys reproductive system Flashcards by Cameron Santiago

Production of gametes occurs where in males? Females?

Testes

Ovaries

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Sperm are produced by ______ which are ______(diploid/haploid)

Spermatogonium

Diploid

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Ova are produced by ______ which are ______(diploid/haploid)

oogenium

diploid

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Why is production of gametes is important?

Reduces number of chromosomes without losing any genetic info.

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Where does fertilization occur?

Fallopian tubes

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Fertilization forms a ______.

Zygote

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Zygotes are _____(haploid/dipload)

diploid

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GnRH is released where?

The hypothalamus

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GnRH stimulates the ______ to release ____ and _____.

Anterior pituitary

FSH and LH

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What is the dominant producer of progesterone?

The corpus luteum

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What is the dominant producer of estrogen?

The ovarian follicle.

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What cells produce testosterone in males?

Interstitial cells

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What week do the following processes occur in the zygote?
Genital ridges form
Differentiation
Gender is detectable on US

Genital ridges form - 6 weeks
Differentiation - 12 weeks
Gender is detectable on US -20 weeks

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What chromosomes do males have? Females?

Males = XY
Females = XX

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The Y chromosome produces what factor that stimulates testes development?

Testes determining factor (TDF)

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What is secreted by the testes that inhibits female development?

MIF/AMH

Mullerian inhibiting factor/antimullerian hormone

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T/F? No action is of the embryo is needed to develop into a female?

True

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Mesonephric ducts are present in what gender?

Paramesonephric duct?

Mesonephric - male

Paramesonephric - female

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What muscles are responsible for temp regulation of the testes?

Cremaster

Smooth muscle of tunica dartos

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Optimal temp for spermatogenesis?

35 degrees C

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The epididymis is covered by the tunica _____

vaginalis

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The lobules of the seminiferous tubules are created by the tunica _____

albuginea

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Which of the following are located in the spermatic cord?
1.Pampiniform plexus
2. Testicular artery
3. Cremaster muscle
4. Vas Deferens
5. Ejaculatory duct
6. Spermatic fascia
A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
B) 1, 2, 3, 4, 6
C) 1, 2, 4, 6
D) 1, 3, 4, 5, 6.

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The blood testes barrier is created by what cells?

Sustentacular cells(Sertoli cells)

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Why is the blood testes barrier important?

Lymphocytes would kill spermatids

The sustentactular cells make 2 compartments separated by tight junctions. What are they called and what is their function?

Basal and luminal compartments | Creates separate chemical environments to trigger development of sperm

``` The ____ has/have no androgen receptors and do not respond to it. A) Germ cells B) Muscular tissue C) Sustentacular cells D) Hypothalamus E) Pituitary gland ```

A) germ cells

List the pathway sperm takes from formation to ejaculation.

Seminiferous tubule, rete testis, epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra

``` Which of the following are Accessory sex organs in males? 1. Epididymis 2. Ductus deferentia 3. Ejaculatory ducts 4. Urethra 5. Prostate gland 6. Bulbourethral glands A) 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 B) 1, 2, 5, 6 C) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 D) 1, 2, 3, 4 ```

Function of the epididymis

Promotes maturation of sperm

Length of the vas deferens

45cm each

The lumen of the ductus deferens is lined by what 2 layers?

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium | Smooth muscle

``` The fluid secreted by the seminal vesicles includes which of the following? 1. alkaline fluid 2. fructose 3. lactose 4. prostaglandins 5. sperm 6. mucous A) 1, 2, 3, 4 B) 1, 3, 4 C) 1, 2, 4 D) 1, 2, 4, 6 E) 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 ```

Function of prostatic fluid?

Enhance mobility of sperm

Function of seminal vesicle fluid?

"Pack the lunch for sperm" | Controls vaginal pH

Thin, milky, alkaline fluid describes the secretions of what gland?

Prostate gland

Mucus like fluid is secreted from what gland?

Cowper's glands AKA bulbourethral glands

Function of bulbuurethral secretions?

Neutralizes pH of male urethra.

Average amount of sperm per mL of semen?

120 million

Average volume of ejaculation?

2-5mLs

Average number of sperm per ejaculation?

240-600 million sperm

``` Which of the following provide negative feedback for spermatogenesis? A) Testosterone B) ABP C)Inhibin D) A and C E) All of the above ```

_____ stimulates the interstitial cells of the testes to ______

Luteinizing hormone | Testosterone

Erection can be stimulated by what mechanisms?

Visual, mental, and other stimuli | Stimulation of genital region (especially the glans)

During excitement, the deep artery of the penis _____

dialates

During excitement the ____ muscle of the erectile tissue ______.

Trabecular | Relaxes

What muscle rhythmically contracts to compress the bulb and root of the penis to ejaculation?

Bulbocavernosus

Erection is a ______ reflex mediated predominantly by _______ nerve fibers

Autonomic | Parasympathetic

The end of ones sexual life is called?

Climacteric phase

``` Changes in puberty include which of the following? Increased erythropoiesis Increased BMR Increased sebum production increased size of secondary sex oragans Pubic and axillary hair growth ```

All

After puberty, the vaginal lining transitions to ______ epithelium. The function is to _______.

Stratified squamous epithelium | Resist abrasion

The appearance of pubic and axillary hair is a stage specifically called?

Pubarche

The development of an antrum marks the change from a _____ follicle to a ______ follicle.

Primary to secondary

After ovulation, the follicle becomes what?

Corpus luteum

The corpus luteum is the dominant producer of?

progesterone

What is the corpus albicans?

The scar tissue/remnants of the corpus luteum

What layer directly surround the primary follicle? | What type of cells is it made of?

Theca folliculi | Thecal cells

What cell in the primary follicle produces estrogen?

Granulosa cells

T/F? The secondary follicle holds a secondary oocyte.

False, the oocyte does not become a secondary oocyte until after meiosis I and release of the first polar body.

What two types of cells are in the corpus luteum? | Which cell occupies more of the corpus luteum?

Theca lutein cells | Granulosa lutein cells*** there are more granulosa lutein cells than theca lutein cells

Development of the eggs occurs when?

Prenatal

Primary oocytes stop mitosis in what phase?

Prophase I

What is the site of fertilization?

The uterine tubes

What is the purpose of the acidic vaginal pH?

Protects from infeections

A drop in what hormone in middle age leads to menopause?

Estrogen

Functions of progesterone?

Prepares uterus for pregnancy Maintains pregnancy Breast development

3 phases of the ovarian cycle and days?

Follicular phase: 1-13 Ovulation: 14 Luteal Phase: 15-28

What hormone is in charge during the follicular phase?

FSH - leads to estrogen secretion by granulosa cells

In what phase of the ovarian cycle does folliculogenesis occur?

Follicular

Ovulation is controlled by a surge of

What hormone is in charge of the luteal phase?

Maturing ovarian follicles secrete _____ and _____ which provides negative feedback for GnRH release.

Inhibin | Estrogen(low levels)

Eventually, the mature follicle produces a large threshold level of estrogen. What occurs when this threshold is reached?

Estrogen switches from being inhibitory to stimulatory

What type of feedback does progesterone provide to the hypothalamus and ant. pituitary?

Negative.

Name the 4 phases of the menstrual cycle and the days they occur.

Menstrual: 1-5 Proliferative: 6-14 Secretory: 15-26 Premenstrual: 27/28

In what menstrual phase are the spiral arteries fully developed?

Secretory phase