Pathophys reproductive system Flashcards
Production of gametes occurs where in males? Females?
Testes
Ovaries
Sperm are produced by ______ which are ______(diploid/haploid)
Spermatogonium
Diploid
Ova are produced by ______ which are ______(diploid/haploid)
oogenium
diploid
Why is production of gametes is important?
Reduces number of chromosomes without losing any genetic info.
Where does fertilization occur?
Fallopian tubes
Fertilization forms a ______.
Zygote
Zygotes are _____(haploid/dipload)
diploid
GnRH is released where?
The hypothalamus
GnRH stimulates the ______ to release ____ and _____.
Anterior pituitary
FSH and LH
What is the dominant producer of progesterone?
The corpus luteum
What is the dominant producer of estrogen?
The ovarian follicle.
What cells produce testosterone in males?
Interstitial cells
What week do the following processes occur in the zygote?
Genital ridges form
Differentiation
Gender is detectable on US
Genital ridges form - 6 weeks
Differentiation - 12 weeks
Gender is detectable on US -20 weeks
What chromosomes do males have? Females?
Males = XY Females = XX
The Y chromosome produces what factor that stimulates testes development?
Testes determining factor (TDF)
What is secreted by the testes that inhibits female development?
MIF/AMH
Mullerian inhibiting factor/antimullerian hormone
T/F? No action is of the embryo is needed to develop into a female?
True
Mesonephric ducts are present in what gender?
Paramesonephric duct?
Mesonephric - male
Paramesonephric - female
What muscles are responsible for temp regulation of the testes?
Cremaster
Smooth muscle of tunica dartos
Optimal temp for spermatogenesis?
35 degrees C
The epididymis is covered by the tunica _____
vaginalis
The lobules of the seminiferous tubules are created by the tunica _____
albuginea
Which of the following are located in the spermatic cord? 1.Pampiniform plexus 2. Testicular artery 3. Cremaster muscle 4. Vas Deferens 5. Ejaculatory duct 6. Spermatic fascia A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, B) 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 C) 1, 2, 4, 6 D) 1, 3, 4, 5, 6.
B
The blood testes barrier is created by what cells?
Sustentacular cells(Sertoli cells)
Why is the blood testes barrier important?
Lymphocytes would kill spermatids
The sustentactular cells make 2 compartments separated by tight junctions. What are they called and what is their function?
Basal and luminal compartments
Creates separate chemical environments to trigger development of sperm
The \_\_\_\_ has/have no androgen receptors and do not respond to it. A) Germ cells B) Muscular tissue C) Sustentacular cells D) Hypothalamus E) Pituitary gland
A) germ cells
List the pathway sperm takes from formation to ejaculation.
Seminiferous tubule, rete testis, epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
Which of the following are Accessory sex organs in males? 1. Epididymis 2. Ductus deferentia 3. Ejaculatory ducts 4. Urethra 5. Prostate gland 6. Bulbourethral glands A) 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 B) 1, 2, 5, 6 C) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 D) 1, 2, 3, 4
C
Function of the epididymis
Promotes maturation of sperm
Length of the vas deferens
45cm each
The lumen of the ductus deferens is lined by what 2 layers?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Smooth muscle
The fluid secreted by the seminal vesicles includes which of the following? 1. alkaline fluid 2. fructose 3. lactose 4. prostaglandins 5. sperm 6. mucous A) 1, 2, 3, 4 B) 1, 3, 4 C) 1, 2, 4 D) 1, 2, 4, 6 E) 1, 2, 4, 5, 6
C
Function of prostatic fluid?
Enhance mobility of sperm
Function of seminal vesicle fluid?
“Pack the lunch for sperm”
Controls vaginal pH
Thin, milky, alkaline fluid describes the secretions of what gland?
Prostate gland
Mucus like fluid is secreted from what gland?
Cowper’s glands AKA bulbourethral glands
Function of bulbuurethral secretions?
Neutralizes pH of male urethra.
Average amount of sperm per mL of semen?
120 million
Average volume of ejaculation?
2-5mLs
Average number of sperm per ejaculation?
240-600 million sperm
Which of the following provide negative feedback for spermatogenesis? A) Testosterone B) ABP C)Inhibin D) A and C E) All of the above
D
_____ stimulates the interstitial cells of the testes to ______
Luteinizing hormone
Testosterone
Erection can be stimulated by what mechanisms?
Visual, mental, and other stimuli
Stimulation of genital region (especially the glans)
During excitement, the deep artery of the penis _____
dialates
During excitement the ____ muscle of the erectile tissue ______.
Trabecular
Relaxes
What muscle rhythmically contracts to compress the bulb and root of the penis to ejaculation?
Bulbocavernosus
Erection is a ______ reflex mediated predominantly by _______ nerve fibers
Autonomic
Parasympathetic
The end of ones sexual life is called?
Climacteric phase
Changes in puberty include which of the following? Increased erythropoiesis Increased BMR Increased sebum production increased size of secondary sex oragans Pubic and axillary hair growth
All
After puberty, the vaginal lining transitions to ______ epithelium. The function is to _______.
Stratified squamous epithelium
Resist abrasion
The appearance of pubic and axillary hair is a stage specifically called?
Pubarche
The development of an antrum marks the change from a _____ follicle to a ______ follicle.
Primary to secondary
After ovulation, the follicle becomes what?
Corpus luteum
The corpus luteum is the dominant producer of?
progesterone
What is the corpus albicans?
The scar tissue/remnants of the corpus luteum
What layer directly surround the primary follicle?
What type of cells is it made of?
Theca folliculi
Thecal cells
What cell in the primary follicle produces estrogen?
Granulosa cells
T/F? The secondary follicle holds a secondary oocyte.
False, the oocyte does not become a secondary oocyte until after meiosis I and release of the first polar body.
What two types of cells are in the corpus luteum?
Which cell occupies more of the corpus luteum?
Theca lutein cells
Granulosa lutein cells*** there are more granulosa lutein cells than theca lutein cells
Development of the eggs occurs when?
Prenatal
Primary oocytes stop mitosis in what phase?
Prophase I
What is the site of fertilization?
The uterine tubes
What is the purpose of the acidic vaginal pH?
Protects from infeections
A drop in what hormone in middle age leads to menopause?
Estrogen
Functions of progesterone?
Prepares uterus for pregnancy
Maintains pregnancy
Breast development
3 phases of the ovarian cycle and days?
Follicular phase: 1-13
Ovulation: 14
Luteal Phase: 15-28
What hormone is in charge during the follicular phase?
FSH - leads to estrogen secretion by granulosa cells
In what phase of the ovarian cycle does folliculogenesis occur?
Follicular
Ovulation is controlled by a surge of
LH
What hormone is in charge of the luteal phase?
LH
Maturing ovarian follicles secrete _____ and _____ which provides negative feedback for GnRH release.
Inhibin
Estrogen(low levels)
Eventually, the mature follicle produces a large threshold level of estrogen. What occurs when this threshold is reached?
Estrogen switches from being inhibitory to stimulatory
What type of feedback does progesterone provide to the hypothalamus and ant. pituitary?
Negative.
Name the 4 phases of the menstrual cycle and the days they occur.
Menstrual: 1-5
Proliferative: 6-14
Secretory: 15-26
Premenstrual: 27/28
In what menstrual phase are the spiral arteries fully developed?
Secretory phase
