Mace - Blood

Question 1

What is the pH of blood?

Answer 1

7.4

Question 2

Temperature of blood relative to body temperature?

Answer 2

1 degree Celsius above body temp

Question 3

What percentage of blood is made up by plasma?

Answer 3

55%

Question 4

Plasma volume <55% indicates _______

Answer 4

dehydration

Question 5

Plasma is what percent water?

Answer 5

95%

Question 6

What are the formed elements in blood?

Answer 6

Erythrocytes, neutrophils, and platelets

Question 7

What are the 3 major categories of plasma proteins?

Answer 7

Albumins, Globulins, and Fibrinogen

Question 8

What is the most abundant plasma protein?

Answer 8

Albumins

Question 9

What are the 3 types of globulins

Answer 9

Alpha, beta, and gamma globulins

Question 10

What is the smallest type of globulin?

Answer 10

Alpha

Question 11

What is the function of alpha and beta globulins?

Answer 11

Involved in transport and complement system

Question 12

What is the function of gamma globulins?

Answer 12

Antibodies

Ig stands from immune globulin

Question 13

Where are albumins and fibrinogen made?

Answer 13

Liver

Question 14

All blood cells come from what cell?

Answer 14

Multipotent stem cell

Question 15

Myeloid stem cells eventually become what 6 types of cells?

Answer 15

Erythrocytes
Megakaryocytes (which make platelets)
Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Monocytes

Question 16

What types of white blood cells are granular leukocytes?

Answer 16

Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils

Question 17

Lymphatic stem cells become what 2 types of cells?

Answer 17

B lymphocytes

T lymphocytes

Question 18

What cells make up the agranular leukoctyes?

Answer 18

Monocytes
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes

Question 19

What is the largest blood cell?

Answer 19

monocyte

Question 20

Where are B lymphocytes processed?

Answer 20

Bone marrow

Question 21

Where are T lymphocytes processed

Answer 21

Thymus

Question 22

What hormone stimulates erythropoiesis?

Answer 22

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 23

Do erythrocyte have organelles?

Answer 23

No

Question 24

What is the structure of an erythrocyte?

Answer 24

Biconcave disc

Question 25

What stimulates EPO production?

Answer 25

Hypoxemia

Question 26

What is the benefit to the biconcave disc shape of erythrocytes?

Answer 26

Allows them to fold in half and fit in small capillaries | Allows more erythrocytes to fit in small capillaries allowing for more gas exchange

Question 27

Difference between hypoxia and hypoxemia?

Answer 27

Hypoxia is low O2 in tissue | Hypoxemia is low O2 in blood

Question 28

Does hemoglobin exhibit cooperative binding of O2?

Answer 28

Yes

Question 29

Describe the structure of hemoglobin?

Answer 29

Made of 2 alpha globin chains and 2 beta globin chains. Iron binds in the center.

Question 30

What is the fate of hemoglobin after the spleen and liver break up old erythrocytes?

Answer 30

The globin portion is hydrolyzed into free amino acids The Heme is split into iron, which is recycled or excreted, and biliverdin, which is converted into bilirubin and then bile.

Question 31

How long after EPO secretion would you see an increased RBC count?

Answer 31

2 weeks

Question 32

People with blood type A have which surface antigen and which agglutinins?

Answer 32

Surface antigen A | Anti B antibodies

Question 33

What surface antigens does a B + patient have on their RBCs?

Answer 33

Surface antigen B | Surface antigen D (+ refers to Rh factor, Patients who are Rh positive have surface antigen D.)

Question 34

What is the first WBC to arrive at a site of infection?

Answer 34

Neutrophils

Question 35

What is the function of a neutrophil?

Answer 35

Phagocytosis | Oxidative burst

Question 36

Function of eosinophils

Answer 36

phagocytize ag-ab complexes | Release cytotoxic compounds to kill parasitic worms

Question 37

Function of basophils?

Answer 37

Local vasodilation and increase capillary permeability

Question 38

Function of B lymphocytes?

Answer 38

antibody production after differentiation into plasma cells

Question 39

What two types of T lymphocytes are there?

Answer 39

T killer and T helper cells

Question 40

Function of T killer cells?

Answer 40

Kill invaders

Question 41

Function of T helper cells?

Answer 41

Opsonization (summons the army)

Question 42

Function of natural killer cells?

Answer 42

"whisper death program into ear of bad guys"

Question 43

What WBC makes up the highest percentage of WBC's in the blood?

Answer 43

Neutrophils at 50-70%

Question 44

What is the least numerous type of WBC in the blood?

Answer 44

Basophils 0.5-1%

Question 45

Name the types of WBC's from most to least numerous

Answer 45

``` Neutrophils 50-70% Lymphocytes 25-33% Monocytes 3-8% Eosinophils 1-4% Basophils 0.5-1% ```

Question 46

Innate immunity involves what cell type?

Answer 46

Natural killer cells

Question 47

Adaptive immunity involves what cell type?

Answer 47

B cells and T cells

Question 48

Longest living WBC?

Answer 48

B and T cells, some live for months, some live for decades

Question 49

In general, do granulocytes or agranulocytes live longer?

Answer 49

agranulocytes

Question 50

What is thrombopoiesis?

Answer 50

Production of platelets

Question 51

What cell is responsible for production of platelets?

Answer 51

Megakaryocyte

Question 52

What hormone is responsible for platelet production?

Answer 52

TPO

Question 53

Describe the process of platelet production

Answer 53

Megakaryocytes stick "foot" inside a vessel, and puts granules containing hormones into them. Cell fragments break off and become platelets

Question 54

Describe the intrinsic pathway for clotting.

Answer 54

Damage to inside of vessel wall causes platelets to activate production of factor XII. Factor XII activates Factor XI Factor XI actives factor IX Factor IX binds to Ca2+ and PF3, leading to activation of factor VIII

Question 55

Describe the extrinsic pathway for clotting.

Answer 55

Damage to perivascular tissue causes factor III (thromboplastin) to bind to factor VII. This complex binds Ca2+.

Question 56

Describe the common pathway for clotting.

Answer 56

Factor X is activated, which binds to Factor II, Factor V, Ca2+, and PF3. This becomes prothrombin activator. Prothrombin activator facilitates the transition of prothrombin to thrombin. Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin. Fibrin binds to factor XIII and Ca2+ creating a fibrin polymer

Question 57

What is the positive feedback loop in the clotting cascade?

Answer 57

Thrombin binds to factor V leading to more prothrombin activator

Question 58

What activates fibrinolysis?

Answer 58

Thrombin

Question 59

How long after clotting does fibrinolysis start?

Answer 59

within 2 days

Question 60

Describe the fibrinolysis pathway

Answer 60

Thrombin activates kallikrein. Kallikrein lead to activation of plasminogen. Plasminogen works with t-PA to for plasmin which breaks down clots.

Question 61

How does heparin work?

Answer 61

Increases rate of thrombin-antithrombin reaction by 1000 times

Question 62

How does low molecular weight heparin work?

Answer 62

Inhibits Xa formation by antithrombin

Question 63

How does warfarin work?

Answer 63

Blocks vitamin K synthesis in the liver

Question 64

Vitamin K is needed to produce what factors?

Answer 64

factor II, VII, IX, X

Question 65

How does dabigatran work?

Answer 65

Inhibitis activation of clotting factors

Question 66

How does rivaroxaban work?

Answer 66

Inhibits activated clotting factors directly.