Mace - Blood Flashcards
What is the pH of blood?
7.4
Temperature of blood relative to body temperature?
1 degree Celsius above body temp
What percentage of blood is made up by plasma?
55%
Plasma volume <55% indicates _______
dehydration
Plasma is what percent water?
95%
What are the formed elements in blood?
Erythrocytes, neutrophils, and platelets
What are the 3 major categories of plasma proteins?
Albumins, Globulins, and Fibrinogen
What is the most abundant plasma protein?
Albumins
What are the 3 types of globulins
Alpha, beta, and gamma globulins
What is the smallest type of globulin?
Alpha
What is the function of alpha and beta globulins?
Involved in transport and complement system
What is the function of gamma globulins?
Antibodies
Ig stands from immune globulin
Where are albumins and fibrinogen made?
Liver
All blood cells come from what cell?
Multipotent stem cell
Myeloid stem cells eventually become what 6 types of cells?
Erythrocytes Megakaryocytes (which make platelets) Basophils Eosinophils Neutrophils Monocytes
What types of white blood cells are granular leukocytes?
Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Lymphatic stem cells become what 2 types of cells?
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
What cells make up the agranular leukoctyes?
Monocytes
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
What is the largest blood cell?
monocyte
Where are B lymphocytes processed?
Bone marrow
Where are T lymphocytes processed
Thymus
What hormone stimulates erythropoiesis?
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Do erythrocyte have organelles?
No
What is the structure of an erythrocyte?
Biconcave disc
What stimulates EPO production?
Hypoxemia
What is the benefit to the biconcave disc shape of erythrocytes?
Allows them to fold in half and fit in small capillaries
Allows more erythrocytes to fit in small capillaries allowing for more gas exchange
Difference between hypoxia and hypoxemia?
Hypoxia is low O2 in tissue
Hypoxemia is low O2 in blood
Does hemoglobin exhibit cooperative binding of O2?
Yes
Describe the structure of hemoglobin?
Made of 2 alpha globin chains and 2 beta globin chains. Iron binds in the center.
What is the fate of hemoglobin after the spleen and liver break up old erythrocytes?
The globin portion is hydrolyzed into free amino acids
The Heme is split into iron, which is recycled or excreted, and biliverdin, which is converted into bilirubin and then bile.
How long after EPO secretion would you see an increased RBC count?
2 weeks
People with blood type A have which surface antigen and which agglutinins?
Surface antigen A
Anti B antibodies
What surface antigens does a B + patient have on their RBCs?
Surface antigen B
Surface antigen D (+ refers to Rh factor, Patients who are Rh positive have surface antigen D.)
What is the first WBC to arrive at a site of infection?
Neutrophils
What is the function of a neutrophil?
Phagocytosis
Oxidative burst
Function of eosinophils
phagocytize ag-ab complexes
Release cytotoxic compounds to kill parasitic worms
Function of basophils?
Local vasodilation and increase capillary permeability
Function of B lymphocytes?
antibody production after differentiation into plasma cells
What two types of T lymphocytes are there?
T killer and T helper cells
Function of T killer cells?
Kill invaders
Function of T helper cells?
Opsonization (summons the army)
Function of natural killer cells?
“whisper death program into ear of bad guys”
What WBC makes up the highest percentage of WBC’s in the blood?
Neutrophils at 50-70%
What is the least numerous type of WBC in the blood?
Basophils 0.5-1%
Name the types of WBC’s from most to least numerous
Neutrophils 50-70% Lymphocytes 25-33% Monocytes 3-8% Eosinophils 1-4% Basophils 0.5-1%
Innate immunity involves what cell type?
Natural killer cells
Adaptive immunity involves what cell type?
B cells and T cells
Longest living WBC?
B and T cells, some live for months, some live for decades
In general, do granulocytes or agranulocytes live longer?
agranulocytes
What is thrombopoiesis?
Production of platelets
What cell is responsible for production of platelets?
Megakaryocyte
What hormone is responsible for platelet production?
TPO
Describe the process of platelet production
Megakaryocytes stick “foot” inside a vessel, and puts granules containing hormones into them. Cell fragments break off and become platelets
Describe the intrinsic pathway for clotting.
Damage to inside of vessel wall causes platelets to activate production of factor XII.
Factor XII activates Factor XI
Factor XI actives factor IX
Factor IX binds to Ca2+ and PF3, leading to activation of factor VIII
Describe the extrinsic pathway for clotting.
Damage to perivascular tissue causes factor III (thromboplastin) to bind to factor VII. This complex binds Ca2+.
Describe the common pathway for clotting.
Factor X is activated, which binds to Factor II, Factor V, Ca2+, and PF3.
This becomes prothrombin activator.
Prothrombin activator facilitates the transition of prothrombin to thrombin. Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin. Fibrin binds to factor XIII and Ca2+ creating a fibrin polymer
What is the positive feedback loop in the clotting cascade?
Thrombin binds to factor V leading to more prothrombin activator
What activates fibrinolysis?
Thrombin
How long after clotting does fibrinolysis start?
within 2 days
Describe the fibrinolysis pathway
Thrombin activates kallikrein.
Kallikrein lead to activation of plasminogen.
Plasminogen works with t-PA to for plasmin which breaks down clots.
How does heparin work?
Increases rate of thrombin-antithrombin reaction by 1000 times
How does low molecular weight heparin work?
Inhibits Xa formation by antithrombin
How does warfarin work?
Blocks vitamin K synthesis in the liver
Vitamin K is needed to produce what factors?
factor II, VII, IX, X
How does dabigatran work?
Inhibitis activation of clotting factors
How does rivaroxaban work?
Inhibits activated clotting factors directly.
