Past Paper - 2019 Flashcards
Identify two effects which exercise in heat can have on the cardiovascular system
- increased heart rate
- vasodilation of arteries
- decreased blood volume / stroke volume / venous return
Make two comparisons between the sit and reach test and goniometry evaluating flexibility
(Equipment)
Goniometry: 360 protractor
Sit and Reach: box / bench and ruler
(method)
Goniometry: measures joint angle
Sit an Reach: measures distance of reach
Identify the predominant energy systems in elite level performance for the following activities:
1. 100m freestyle swim completed in 50 seconds
2. Gymnastics vault
- lactic acid system / glycolytic system
- ATP-PC system /glycolytic system
Give a sporting example for the following classes of levers
1. Second class lever
2. Third class lever
- take-off phase of high jump at ankle
- bicep curl / knee extension when kicking a ball
Identify a technology that is used in performance analysis to:
1. improve streamlining of an object
2. evaluate human movement in three dimensions
- wind tunnels
- limb kinematics
Explain how a motor unit is stimulated to cause muscular contraction
(3marks)
- nerve impulse from brain travels down the axon / motor neurone
- release of sodium (NA+) ions which cause depolarisation
- neurotransmitter (acetyl choline) transmits impulse
- impulse crosses synaptic cleft to muscle fibres
- if threshold is met all muscle fibres contract or none at all (all or none law)
Describe the predominant energy systems which resynthesises the ATP while performing the long jump in athletics
(5marks)
- ATP-PC system / alactic system
- high energy bond broken
- energy released is used to resynthesise ATP
- Using couples reactions
- the reaction is anaerobic (without oxygen)
- the enzyme creatine kinase
- at the site of the sarcoplasm of the muscle cell
- 1:1 yield energy
Evaluate the effectiveness of the ATP-PC system to resynthesise ATP
(3marks)
- Quick reaction / PC breaks down easily
- provides energy for high intensity activities
- no delay to wait for oxygen
- no fatiguing bi-products
Explain why a knowledge of (EPOC) Excess post exercise oxygen consumption is beneficial to an 800 metre runner when planning a training session
(4marks)
- EPOC restores PC / removes lactic acid
- Warm up to increase blood flow / oxygen to muscles
- cool down to speed up removal of lactic acid
- Use cooling aids to speed up recovery
- Include breaks to allow 2-3 minutes of PC restoration
Outline the physiological implications of a warm up that would be beneficial to a games player before a match
(4marks)
- increase HR / Q / SV to increase O2 / blood flow
- vascular shunt mech / vasodilation to increase blood flow to muscles
- increase enzyme activity
- increase elasticity of muscles
- improve recruitment of motor units
- improve O2 utilisation
Critically evaluate the use of cooling aids as a means of performance enhancement
(4marks)
Positives:
- Reduce core body temperature / sweating
- Reduce cardiovascular drift
- Causes vasoconstriction to reduce blood flow
- Treat injury to reduce pain
Negatives:
- Can mask / complicate injuries
- Can cause ice burns or tissue / nerve damage
- Can be dangerous to performers with heart conditions / chest pain
Describe static and dynamic flexibility.
Use practical examples to show how each type of flexibility can be beneficial to performance
(4marks)
Static flexibility: ROM about a joint without movement
Example: to be able to do the splits
Dynamic: ROM about a joint with reference to speed of movement
Example: to be able to reach for an interception in netball / goalkeeper can reach further
Explain the use of PRICE to manage a hamstring strain in a triple jumper
(5marks)
- Protect injury - to prevent further damage
- Rest injury - to allow sufficient time to repair / recover
- Ice injury - To reduce swelling / inflammation
- Compress injury - To reduce swelling / inflammation / blood pooling
- Elevate injury - To reduce blood flow to hamstring / raise leg above heart level
Explain how the following adaptations from training help to delay the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA)
1. Increased enzyme activity
2. Increased mitochondrial activity
3. Increased buffering capacity
(3marks)
Enzyme - increases efficiency of ATP-PC system / delays ATP-PC threshold
Mitochondria - increased use of oxygen / aerobic energy production
Buffering - Increased tolerance of lactic acid or effects of lactic acid / prevents the decrease in PH
