past exams Flashcards
Which one of the following statements is CORRECT concerning arteries in a long bone?
a. The nutrient artery divides inside the medullary cavity to give medial and lateral medullary arteries
b. Separate arteries provide nutrition to the metaphases in young animals only.
c. Epiphyseal arteries are important and active in animals of all ages.
d. The nutrient artery is the main artery to the bone and enters via the nutrient foramen.
d. The nutrient artery is the main artery to the bone and enters via the nutrient foramen.
Which of the following factors may affect the level of mineralisation of bones? Select one or more alternatives:
a. Temperature
b. Lactation
c. Age
d. Nutrition
b. Lactation
c. Age
d. Nutrition
Which one of the following statements about membranous bones is INCORRECT?
a. Membranous bones often fuse together once the animal is fully grown.
b. The flat bones of the skull are the primary examples of membranous bones in the body.
c. Membranous bones do not develop from a cartilaginous scaffold
d. Membranous bones have epiphyseal growth plates
d. Membranous bones have epiphyseal growth plates
Which one of the following statements best explains why hollow bones are almost as strong as solid bones?
When bent, compressional and tensile forces act on opposite sides of the bone to provide strength while these forces counteract each other in the middle of the bone, so there is no advantage to having bone there
What are the names of the proximal carpal bones in the dog?
Radial, intermediate, ulnar and accessory carpals
Which of the following species are NOT pentadactyl?
(There may be more than one.)
a. Dog
b. Ox
c. Human
d. Horse
b. ox
d. horse
The joint between the left and right os coxae is a: (what kind of joint)
Symphysis (fibrocartilaginous)
In digitigrade feet, which of the following touches the ground during walking?
(There may be more than one.)
a. Distal end metatarsals
b. Tarsus
c. Distal phalanx
d. Proximal phalanx
a. Distal end metatarsals
c. Distal phalanx
d. Proximal phalanx
Which of the following are common features of cursorially adapted limbs?
a. Elongated femur and humerus
b. Tarsals/carpals that do not usually touch the ground
c. Reduced numbers of digits
d. Elongated metatarsals/metacarpals
b. Tarsals/carpals that do not usually touch the ground
c. Reduced numbers of digits
d. Elongated metatarsals/metacarpals
What is the function of the extensor carpi radialis muscle?
Extends the carpus but has no action on the digits
Which one of the following muscles is NOT innervated by the radial nerve?
a. Common digital extensor
b. Flexor carpi radialis
c. Extensor carpi radialis
d. Triceps brachii
Flexor carpi radialis (median nerve)
Which of the following muscles inserts on one or more of the metacarpal bones?
(There may be more than one.)
a. Ulnaris lateralis
b. Superficial digital flexor
c. Flexor carpi radialis
d. Flexor carpi ulnaris
a. Ulnaris lateralis
c. Flexor carpi radialis
Which of the following muscles originate on the medial epicondyle of the humerus?
(There may be more than one.)
a. Flexor carpi ulnaris (ulnar head)
b. Pronator teres
c. Ulnaris lateralis
d. Flexor carpi radialis
b. Pronator teres
d. Flexor carpi radialis
he palmar carpal fibrocartilage is best described as:
The palmar aspect of the carpal joint capsule
A dog is hit by a car in such a way that its front leg is severely abducted and the radial nerve is damaged in the brachial plexus. With a non-functional radial nerve, how would this dog present to you in a vet surgery?
a. Flexed shoulder, extended elbow, extended carpus, extended digits
b. Normal shoulder, extended elbow, extended carpus, extended digits
c. Extended shoulder, flexed elbow, extended carpus, flexed digits
d. Normal shoulder, flexed elbow, flexed carpus, flexed digits
d. Normal shoulder, flexed elbow, flexed carpus, flexed digits
(radial n. Innervates extensor m.)
Which one of the following muscles is NOT an extensor of the stifle?
a. Gracilis
b. Sartorius (cranial part)
c. Biceps femoris
d. Rectus femoris
a. Gracilis
What is the main action of the middle gluteal muscle?
Extend the hip
Which one of the following muscles inserts on the calcaneus?
a. Superficial digital flexor
b. Long digital extensor
c. Tibialis cranialis
d. Deep digital flexor
Superficial digital flexor
Which of the following muscles is (are) part of the quadriceps?
(There may be more than one.)
a. Gracilis
b. Vastus medialis
c. Biceps femoris
d. Rectus femoris
b. Vastus medialis
d. Rectus femoris
Which one of the following statements best describes the patella?
The patella is an integral part of the tendon of the quadriceps muscles, which keeps the tendon in alignment as it passes cranially over the stifle and inserts on the tibial tuberosity.
Which one of the following statements about the ileocostalis muscle is INCORRECT?
a. It is the most lateral and ventral of the epaxial muscles.
b. It has three parts: cervical, thoracic and lumbar.
c. In the lumbar region, it merges with the longissimus muscle.
d. It has insertions on the ribs as well as vertebrae.
b. It has three parts: cervical, thoracic and lumbar. (Only thoracic and lumbar)
Which one of the following statements about the nuchal ligament of the horse is INCORRECT?
a. The atlantal bursa is a synovial structure that sits between the nuchal ligament and the atlas, and prevents rubbing of the ligament directly on the underlying bone.
b. The funicular part consists of sheets of elastic tissue arranged in fascicles, extending from the cervical vertebrae to the first few thoracic spinous processes.
c. As it continues caudally from the cranial thoracic vertebrae, the ligament becomes non-elastic and is known as the supraspinous ligament.
d. It has two major components: a funicular part and a lamellar part.
b. The funicular part consists of sheets of elastic tissue arranged in fascicles, extending from the cervical vertebrae to the first few thoracic spinous processes.
this is describing lamellar part not funicular part
Which one of the following statements about the external abdominal oblique muscle is INCORRECT?
a. It is larger than the internal abdominal oblique muscle.
b. It is superficial to the transverse abdominal muscle.
c. Its aponeurosis is superficial to the rectus abdominus muscle.
d. Its fibres run downwards and forwards (cranio-ventral).
d. Its fibres run downwards and forwards (cranio-ventral).
they run caudo-ventral
A muscle that decreases the angle between two bones is known as:
c. A flexor
In which joint is the anconeal process located in dogs?
Elbow
The ________ (neck of the humerus, olecranon, caudal scapula, tricipital line) is the origin of the long head of the triceps brachii in dogs.
caudal scapula
Which one of the following muscles is NOT part of the shoulder support muscle group in dogs?
a. Latissimus dorsi
b. Rhomboideus
c. Triceps brachii
d. Trapezius
c. Triceps brachii
The cranial tibial artery in dogs becomes _______ (lateral, dorsal, palmar, medial) and forms a loop with the saphenous artery, which together supply the paw.
lateral
The _______ (fourteenth, eleventh, eighth, fifth) thoracic vertebra in dogs is called the anticlinal vertebrae.
eleventh
The fibres of the internal abdominal oblique muscle run ______ (dorso-ventrally, caudo-ventrally, cranio-caudally, cranio-ventrally)
cranio-ventrally
Which of the following statements is TRUE in regards to hind limb anatomy in dogs?
a. The deep digital flexor muscle is innervated by the peroneal nerve.
b. The third trochanter is the origin of the internal obturator muscle.
c. Dogs have three muscles acting as protractors in the hind limbs.
d. The origin of the psoas major component of the iliopsoas muscle is the lumbar vertebrae.
d. The origin of the psoas major component of the iliopsoas muscle is the lumbar vertebrae.
If the femoral nerve is damaged, then a dog may not be able to _____ its stifle.
EXTEND
If the _____ nerve is damaged during parturition, then a cow may not be able to adduct her hind legs
OBTURATOR
Biceps femoris origin and insertion
O: Ischiatic tuberosity
I: Patella, cranial border tibia, calcaneus
Trapezius origin and insertion
O: Median raphe of neck & supraspinous lig.
I: Spine of scapula
Common digital extensor origin and insertion
O: Lateral epicondyle of humerus
I: Dorsal distal phalanges II-V
Middle gluteal origin and insertion
O: Crest and lateral ilium
I: The greater trochanter of femur
Sartorius, cranial part origin and insertion
O: The crest of the ilium and the thoracolumbar fascia
I: The patella in common with the rectus femoris of the quadriceps
hing limb Superficial digital flexor origin and insertion
O: The lateral supracondylar tuberosity of the femur
I: The tuber calcanei and the bases of the middle phalanges of digits II, III, IV, and V.
Briefly describe the ligaments of the stifle of the dog, including where they are and/or what they are attached to.
There are 13 ligaments in the stifle of the dog.
6 are meniscus ligaments
- Transverse ligament between the two menisci
- Cranial and Caudal Tibial ligaments that attach each menisci to the tibia (4 total, 2 for each menisci)
- A meniscofemoral ligament that attaches from lateral meniscus to the femur
4 femorotibial ligaments (attach from femur to tibia)
- Lateral collateral ligament
- Medial collateral ligament
- Cranial Cruciate ligament (attaches to cranial aspect of tibia)
- Caudal Cruciate ligament (attaches to caudal aspect of tibia)
3 patellar ligaments
- Lateral femoropatellar ligament (femur to patella)
- Medial femoropatellar ligament (femur to patella)
- Distal patellar ligament
Where is the main attachment of the flexor retinaculum of the carpus in the horse?
In the accessory carpal bone
The suspensory apparatus of the distal phalanx (SADP) is a collagenous (dermal) connection between the parietal surface of the distal phalanx and the inner, lamellar surface of the (epidermal) hoof wall. Separating dermis from epidermis is the basement membrane. The basement membrane bridges dermis to epidermis via an attachment (adhesion) plaque known as the:
Hemidesmosome
Which one of the following statements is CORRECT regarding the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) in the horse?
Select one alternative:
a) The SDFT bifurcates and inserts on both the proximal palmar aspect of the middle phalanx and the distal palmar aspect of the proximal phalanx.
b) The SDFT inserts on the extensor process of the distal phalanx.
c) The SDFT inserts on the distal phalanx proximal to the distal sesamoid bone.
d) The SDFT inserts on the proximal border of the distal sesamoid bone.
a) The SDFT bifurcates and inserts on both the proximal palmar aspect of the middle phalanx and the distal palmar aspect of the proximal phalanx.
In the horse, the straight sesamoidean ligament attaches the basal surfaces of both proximal sesamoid bones to which of the following structures?
A tuberosity on the proximal, palmar aspect of the second phalanx
The termination of the medial and lateral digital arteries is an anastomosis called the terminal arch. Which one of the following statements is CORRECT?
Select one alternative:
a) The terminal arch runs in the collateral ligament of the distal sesamoid bone and supplies nutrient branches to the distal sesamoid bone.
b) The terminal arch runs in a semi-lunar canal within the body of the distal phalanx.
c) The terminal arch is outside the distal phalanx where it forms a circumflex artery in the solear dermis.
d) The terminal arch is within the coronary dermis where it forms the coronal circumflex artery.
b) The terminal arch runs in a semi-lunar canal within the body of the distal phalanx.
The distal interphalangeal joint of the horse is comprised of which bones?
Select one alternative:
a) The proximal phalanx, middle phalanx and the proximal sesamoid bone
b) The proximal phalanx and distal phalanx
c) The middle phalanx and distal phalanx
d) The distal phalanx, middle phalanx and the distal sesamoid bone
d) The distal phalanx, middle phalanx and the distal sesamoid bone
Which of the following statements is CORRECT regarding the accessory (femoropubic) ligament of the coxofemoral joint in the horse?
a) It markedly reduces potential for abduction.
b) It attaches to the sacroiliac region.
c) It is not related to the pre-pubic tendon.
d) It is similar in horses and dogs.
a) It markedly reduces potential for abduction.
How fast can Thoroughbred racehorses run during a race?
50–60 km/hour
In horses, the patellar ligaments are located in the ______(plantar, caudal, dorsal, cranial) aspect of the stifle.
cranial
third trochanter is on what bone
femur
deltoid tuberosity is on what bone
humerus
tuber coxae is on what bone
pelvis
extensor process is on what bone
third phalanx
Which soft tissue structures are located in the extensor groove of the tibia in horses?
Long digital extensor tendon and peroneus tertius
Where is the location of the common digital extensor tendon sheath in horses?
From the distal radius to the distal aspect of the carpus, cranially
where is subextensorius recess found
stifle
where is navicular bursa found
foot
where is digital flexor tendon sheath found
fetlock
where is calcaneal bursa found
tarsus
Which of the following surgeries are commonly performed in foals or weanlings with club (“boxy”) foot?
Desmotomy of the inferior check ligament
Which of the following statements is CORRECT regarding the vasculature of the front limbs in horses?
Select one alternative:
a) The ileal artery provides the main trunk of the front limbs.
b) The median artery runs laterally in the limb.
c) The medial palmar artery provides the main blood supply in the lower limb and foot.
d) The collateral ulnar artery runs independently of the rest of the arteries.
c) The medial palmar artery provides the main blood supply in the lower limb and foot.
Which of the following muscles blends into the lateral patellar ligament?
Gluteofemoralis
The meniscofemoral ligament in horses attaches the_____ (lateral, medial) meniscus to the femur.
lateral
Which of the following statements is CORRECT regarding the soft tissue structures in the tarsus of horses?
Select one alternative:
a) The long digital extensor tendon is located between the peroneus tertius and the lateral digital extensor tendon.
b) The deep digital flexor tendon runs within the calcaneal bursa.
c) The peroneus tertius tendon branch forms the cunean tendon.
d) The tibialis cranialis tendon attaches to the calcaneal tuberosity.
a) The long digital extensor tendon is located between the peroneus tertius and the lateral digital extensor tendon.
Which one of the following structures is part of the tarsal sheath in horses?
a) Long digital extensor tendon
b) Tuber calcaneous
c) Sustentaculum tali
d) Long plantar ligament
d) Long plantar ligament
Where is the location of the gastrocnemius bursa in horses?
Cranial to the gastrocnemius tendon
Caudal gluteal nerve supplies
superficial and middle gluteal, vertebral head of biceps femoris, semitendinosus
Cranial gluteal nerve supplies
tensor fascia latae, gluteal muscles
Sciatic nerve Supplies
semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris, rotator muscles of hip
Tibial nerve Supplies
Supplies extensors of hock, flexors of digit
Which one of the following muscles connects the front limbs to the trunk in horses?
Serratus ventralis
Which of the following statements is CORRECT regarding the tarsal bones in large animals?
a) Cows usually have the first and second tarsal bones fused.
b) Horses usually have the central tarsal bone fused with the fourth tarsal bone.
c) Cows usually have the second and third tarsal bone fused.
d) Horses have proximal and distal trochlea in the talus.
c) Cows usually have the second and third tarsal bone fused.
How many proximal sesamoid bones do cows have in each fetlock?
2
What is the typical gait of a horse with a peroneus tertius rupture?
a) Flexion of the stifle and extension of the tarsus
b) Flexion of the tarsus and fetlock simultaneously
c) Extension of the stifle and tarsus simultaneously
d) Flexion of the stifle and fetlock simultaneously
a) Flexion of the stifle and extension of the tarsus
because the reciprocal apparatus has ruptured
In which of the following clinical scenarios will a horse disrupt the suspensory apparatus?
Select one alternative:
a) Complete rupture of the superficial digital flexor tendon
b) Tendinopathy of the deep digital flexor tendon
c) Complete fracture of the lateral and medial proximal sesamoid bone
d) Desmopathy of the inferior check ligament
Complete fracture of the lateral and medial proximal sesamoid bone
The ____(distal border flexor margin, proximal border flexor margin, articular surface for the middle phalanx, flexor surface) of the navicular bone in horses is the most palmar aspect of the bone.
flexor surface
The bicipital bursa in horses is located between the biceps brachii____( tendon, muscle) and the (deltoid tuberosity, intermediate tubercle) of the humerus.
tendon
intermediate tubercle
The cephalic vein in horses runs on the ___(lateral, caudal, medial, cranial) aspect of the radius.
medial
What is the main difference between the suspensory ligament of the front limbs and the hind limbs in horses?
a) The origin of the hind limb suspensory ligament is only at the tarsal bones.
b) The front limb suspensory ligament has 5 branches.
c) The attachment of the hind limb suspensory ligament is in the pedal bone.
d) The hind limb suspensory ligament has a deep metatarsal fascia
d) The hind limb suspensory ligament has a deep metatarsal fascia
Which of the following locations is most commonly used to palpate the digital pulses in horses?
At the level of the proximal sesamoid bones
A 10-year-old Arabian gelding endurance horse presented with severe left front limb lameness after falling down. Which synovial structure is most likely involved with the laceration shown in the image?
(cranial carpus)
Radiocarpal joint
The____________ collateral ligament of the elbow joint in the horse is divided into long and short components.
medial
Name four (4) ligaments of the stifle joint in horses.
-cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments
-lateral, intermediate, and medial patellar ligaments
-lateral and medial femoropatellar ligaments
-femoropatellar ligament
-lateral and medial collateral ligaments
-craniolateral and craniomedial meniscotibial ligaments
-caudolateral and caudomedial meniscotibial ligaments
‘Protection’ is one of the main functions of bones. Which of the following tissues or organs is NOT protected by bone?
Select one alternative:
Spinal cord
Muscle
Lungs
Heart
Muscle
Which of the following are common features of cursorially adapted limbs? (There may be more than one.)
Reduced numbers of digits
Tarsals/carpals that do not usually touch the ground
Elongated metatarsals/metacarpals
Elongated femur and humerus
Reduced numbers of digits
Tarsals/carpals that do not usually touch the ground
Elongated metatarsals/metacarpals
Which one of the following muscles is NOT a flexor of the stifle?
Semimembranosus
Rectus femoris
Semitendinosus
Biceps femoris
Rectus femoris
Which of the following muscles is a hamstring?
Biceps brachii
Gracilis
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
What is the action of the supraspinatus muscle?
Extension of the shoulder
What is the main action of the iliopsoas muscle?
Flex the hip
(stir)
Which of the following statements concerning arteries in a long bone is INCORRECT?
Epiphyseal arteries are important and active in animals of all ages.
The nutrient artery divides inside the medullary cavity to give proximal and distal medullary arteries.
The nutrient artery is the main artery to the bone and enters via the nutrient foramen.
Separate arteries provide nutrition to the metaphases in animals of all ages.
Epiphyseal arteries are important and active in animals of all ages.
Which one of the following is NOT a ligament of the stifle?
Lateral femoropatellar ligament
Transverse meniscal ligament
Acetabular ligament
Caudal cruciate ligament
Acetabular ligament
Which one of the following statements best describes the patella?
The patella is an integral part of the tendon of the quadriceps muscles, which keeps the tendon in alignment as it passes cranially over the stifle and inserts on the tibial tuberosity
What is the name of the end of a long bone?
Epiphysis
Which of the following movements would NOT be considered locomotion for a human?
Sitting down
Jogging
Jumping in a sack race
Walking
Sitting down
The cervical part of the rhomboideus muscle inserts on the:
Dorsal border of the scapula
Which one of the following nerves innervates the flexors of the elbow?
Musculocutaneous nerve
Which bones are found between the distal carpal bones and the phalanges in the dog?
Metacarpal bones
the joint between the left and right mandibles is a:
Symphysis
Which one of the following muscles is innervated by the median nerve?
Flexor carpi radialis
Extensor carpi radialis
Common digital extensor
Triceps brachii
Flexor carpi radialis
the palmar carpal fibrocartilage is best described as
the palmar aspect of the carpal joint capsule.
Which of the following muscles are part of the synsarcosis that holds the forelimb on to the body of the dog? (There may be more than one.)
Select one or more alternatives:
Serratus dorsalis
Deltoideus
Trapezius (thoracic part)
Deep pectoral
Trapezius (thoracic part)
Deep pectoral
Which one of the following muscles inserts on the calcaneus?
Tibialis cranialis
Deep digital flexor
Long digital extensor
Superficial digital flexor
Superficial digital flexor
Which of the following statements concerning mammalian vertebrae is CORRECT?
The sacrum is comprised of multiple small vertebrae, the number of which vary from individual to individual.
Lumbar vertebrae articulate with the ribs.
All mammals have 7 cervical vertebrae
The axis is the first cervical vertebrae.
All mammals have 7 cervical vertebrae
Which of the following statements about the transverse atlantal ligament is CORRECT?
It keeps the dens of the axis pushed down on the floor of the atlas.
It extends cranially through to the foramen magnum, where it is known as the apical ligament.
It is attached to the dens, and keeps the dens from rotating inside the atlas.
It runs from the floor of the axis across the dens of the atlas.
It keeps the dens of the axis pushed down on the floor of the atlas.
In unguligrade feet, which of the following touches the ground during walking?
Distal metacarpal
Tarsus
Proximal phalanx
Hoof
Hoof
which of the following factors may affect the level of mineralisation of bones
Age
Temperature
Lactation
Nutrition
Age
Lactation
Nutrition
The transition from a reptilian stance to that of a mammal does NOT include which of the following?
The requirement for a dynamic system of stability due to the high centre of gravity and narrow stance of mammals.
Twisting of the humerus so that the elbow projects caudally in mammals rather than laterally as in reptiles.
Transition from limbs that are arranged vertically under the animal to limbs that project out the side of the animal.
Absence of twisting of the dorsal and ventral muscles masses of the hind leg following the reorientation of the limbs in mammals.
Transition from limbs that are arranged vertically under the animal to limbs that project out the side of the animal.
Which one of the following statements about the external abdominal oblique muscle is INCORRECT?
Its fibres run downwards and forwards (cranio-ventral).
It is larger than the internal abdominal oblique muscle.
It is superficial to the transverse abdominal muscle.
Its aponeurosis is superficial to the rectus abdominus muscle
Its fibres run downwards and forwards (cranio-ventral).
A cheetah is sprinting after a gazelle. It is in its aerial phase, with forelimbs retracted and hind limbs protracted. Which of the following statements is (are) also currently true?
The shoulder is extended
The back is flexed.
The hip is flexed
Epaxial muscles are contracted more than hypaxial muscles
The back is flexed.
The hip is flexed
Which one of the following muscles inserts on the accessory carpal bone?
Ulnaris lateralis
Extensor carpi radialis
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor carpi radialis
Flexor carpi ulnaris
What is (are) the action(s) of the trapezius muscle?
Protract the forelimb
Adduct the forelimb
Elevate the forelimb
Extend the shoulder
Protract the forelimb
Elevate the forelimb
Which one of the following muscles is NOT part of the transversospinalis muscle group?
Semispinalis capitis
Iliocostalis cervicis
Multifidus
Biventer
Iliocostalis cervicis
Which one of the following statements about the iliocostalis muscle is CORRECT?
It is the middle group of the epaxial muscles, lying between the longissimus muscle and transversospinalis group.
It has three parts: cervical, thoracic and lumbar.
It has insertions on the ribs as well as vertebrae.
It is not found in the lumbar region.
It has insertions on the ribs as well as vertebrae.
What is the function of the extensor carpi radialis muscle?
Extends the digits but has no action on the carpus
Flexes the carpus and extends the digits
Extends the carpus and flexes the digits
Extends the carpus but has no action on the digits
Extends the carpus but has no action on the digits
The abdominal muscles are important in locomotion. In conjunction with the (hypaxial, epaxial) muscles of the vertebral column, contraction of the abdominal muscles (extends, flexes) the back.
hypaxial
flexes
Which one of the following muscles is innervated by the sciatic nerve?
Gastrocnemius
Vastus lateralis
Semitendinosus
Adductor
Semitendinosus
Which artery runs between the termination of the aorta and the femoral artery?
Pudendal
External iliac
Saphenous
Internal iliac
External iliac
The _____ extends from the mastoid process of the skull to the clavicular tendon
cleidomastoideus muscle of brachiocephalicus muscle
The ____ artery runs down the medial side of the forelimb between the
elbow and carpus.
median
If the femoral nerve is damaged, then a dog may not be able _____ to its
stifle.
extend
The ______ ligament inserts on the tuber ischii and stabilises the sacrum
and pelvis in the dog
sacrotuberous
Briefly describe the different types of fibrous joints.
Suture e.g. flat bone of skull
Gomphosis e.g. socket and teeth joint (allow little movement but firm attachment)
Syndesmosis e.g. tibiafibular, splint bone in horse (many intervening connective tissue)
List the major nerves of the hind limb, and name one muscle innervated by each nerve.
Obturator: gracilis, adductor, pectineus, external obturator
Sciatic: hamstring, internal obturator
Femoral: quadriceps, sartorius, iliopsoas
Peroneal: cranial tibial, peroneus longus, long and lateral digital extensor
Tibial: gastrocnemius, SDF & DDF, popliteus
Briefly describe the differences between plantigrade and digitigrade feet, particularly in terms of which parts of the feet touch the ground.
Plantigrade: whole foot landing i.e. phalanx, metacarpal/metatarsal, carpus/tarsus e.g. human, bear
Digitigrade: only digits and distal end of metacarpal/metatarsal contact ground e.g. cats/dogs
The superior check ligament in the horse is the accessory ligament of the:
Superficial digital flexor tendon
The lower limbs of the bovine
have digits III and IV fully developed
Where is the insertion of the semitendinosus muscle in horses?
Lateral aspect of the tibia and common calcaneal tendon
Medial aspect of the tibia and common calcaneal tendon
Lateral aspect of the femur and common calcaneal tendon
Medial aspect of the femur and common calcaneal tendon
Medial aspect of the tibia and common calcaneal tendon
Where are the collateral cartilages of the distal phalanx located?
Proximal borders of the third phalanx
Which one of the following arteries provides the main vascular supply in the front lower limb and foot of the horse?
Lateral palmar metacarpal artery
Medial palmar artery
Medial palmar metacarpal artery
Lateral palmar artery
Medial palmar artery
A horse is presented for an assessment of a wound over the metatarsal region. The horse “knuckles over” the fetlock in each step forward. Which of the following tendons and ligaments are most likely completely transected due to the wound
Superficial digital flexor tendon
Superficial digital flexor tendon, deep digital flexor tendon and suspensory ligament
Superficial digital flexor tendon and deep digital flexor tendon
Long digital extensor tendon
Long digital extensor tendon
Which one of the following statements about ligaments in the horse is CORRECT?
Horses do not have collateral ligaments in the stifle.
The short collateral ligaments of the tarsus are under tension when the tibiotarsal joint is flexed.
The horse has 3 cruciate ligaments in the stifle joint.
The proximal scutum is located between the first and second phalanx.
The short collateral ligaments of the tarsus are under tension when the tibiotarsal joint is flexed.
Long plantar ligament attaches to what bone
Head of the fourth metatarsal bone
Ulnaris lateralis attaches to what bone (horse)
Accessory carpal bone
Tibialis cranialis -attaches to what bone
Tarsal bones and third metatarsal bone
Palmar annular ligament attaches to what bone
Proximal sesamoid bones
In regards to the synovial structures of the tarsus in horses, which one of the following statements is CORRECT?
The proximal intertarsal joint always communicates with the tarsocrural joint.
The tibiotarsal joint has only one dorsal pouch.
The tarsometatarsal joint never communicates with the distal intertarsal joint.
The tarsal sheath is located between the long plantar ligament and the superficial digital flexor tendon.
The proximal intertarsal joint always communicates with the tarsocrural joint.
Which one of the following structures inserts on the palmar aspect of the distal phalanx (third phalanx) in horses?
Superficial digital flexor tendon
Proximal digital annular ligament
Suspensory ligament
Deep digital flexor tendon
Deep digital flexor tendon
Which one of the following ligaments is NOT a ligament of the proximal sesamoid bones?
Short sesamoidean ligament
Collateral sesamoidean ligament of the fetlock
Axial ligament of the proximal interphalangeal joint
Oblique sesamoidean ligament
Axial ligament of the proximal interphalangeal joint
How many branches does the deep digital flexor tendon have in the pig?
4
Which one of the following statements is CORRECT regarding the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT)?
The SDFT inserts on the palmar distal phalanx.
The SDFT bifurcates and inserts on both the distal, palmar proximal phalanx and the proximal, palmar middle phalanx.
The SDFT bifurcates and the dorsal branches merge with digital extensor tendon.
The SDFT inserts on the proximal border of the distal sesamoid bone.
The SDFT bifurcates and inserts on both the distal, palmar proximal phalanx and the proximal, palmar middle phalanx.
The dorsal metatarsal artery in horses bifurcates into the medial and lateral:
Plantar metatarsal arteries
Plantar arteries
Plantar digital arteries
Dorsal digital arteries
Plantar digital arteries
What are the origins of the deep digital flexor muscle in the front limb of the horse?
Radial head and ulnar head
Humeral head, ulnar head and radial head
Humeral head and ulnar head
Humeral head and radial head
Humeral head, ulnar head and radial head
The straight sesamoidean ligament attaches the basal surfaces of both proximal sesamoid bones to which of the following?
A tuberosity on the proximal, palmar aspect of the second phalanx.
Fossae on the medial and lateral aspects of the distal third metacarpal bone (beneath the collateral ligaments of the metacarpophalangeal joint).
The axial borders of the proximal sesamoid bones where it forms the proximal scutum.
A broad, triangular, roughened surface (the trigone) on the palmar aspect of the first phalanx.
A tuberosity on the proximal, palmar aspect of the second phalanx.
short sesamoidean lig is where:
fetlock
podotrochlear apparatus
stifle
tarsus
fetlock
long plantar lig is where:
fetlock
podotrochlear apparatus
stifle
tarsus
tarsus
caudal cruciate lig is where:
fetlock
podotrochlear apparatus
stifle
tarsus
stifle
collateral lig of distal sesamoid (navicular) bone is where:
fetlock
podotrochlear apparatus
stifle
tarsus
podotrochlear apparatus
What does “brushing” mean in relation to limb interference in horses?
It is a light contact of the foot with the medial surface of the opposite limb.
What does “cross firing” mean in relation to limb interference in horses?
The inside of the hind foot clips inside of the opposite fore foot.
What does “forging” mean in relation to limb interference in horses?
The toe of the hind foot strikes the sole of the fore foot on the same side.
What does “scalping” mean in relation to limb interference in horses?
The toe of the fore foot hits the hind foot above the coronary band.
tensor fascia latae is innervated by what nerve in horse
cranial gluteal nerve
gracillis is innervated by what nerve in horse
obturator
quadriceps femoris is innervated by what nerve in horse
femoral nerve
semitendinosus is innervated by what nerve in horse
sciatic
Which one of the following statements is INCORRECT when comparing bovine and equine locomotory features?
The lacertus fibrosus is less well developed in cattle than in horses.
Cattle spend more time in recumbency compared to horses.
The nuchal ligament of cattle is very similar to the nuchal ligament of horses.
Cattle can lock their stifles like horses.
Cattle can lock their stifles like horses.
Which one of the following muscles and tendons play a major role in carpus stability in the horse?
Long digital extensor
Lateral digital extensor
Extensor carpi obliquus
Extensor carpi radialis
Extensor carpi radialis
Where is the medial saphenous vein located in the horse?
Medial aspect of the radius and carpus
Lateral aspect of the radius and carpus
Lateral aspect of the tibia and tarsus
Medial aspect of the tibia and tarsus
Medial aspect of the tibia and tarsus
The distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) is a joint between which of the following bones?
The distal phalanx and the distal sesamoid bone (two bones)
The middle phalanx, the distal phalanx and the distal sesamoid bone (three bones)
The proximal phalanx and the distal phalanx (two bones)
The middle phalanx and only the distal phalanx (two bones)
The middle phalanx, the distal phalanx and the distal sesamoid bone (three bones)
The termination of the medial and lateral digital arteries is an anastomosis called the terminal arch. Which statement is INCORRECT?
Distal branches of the terminal arch exit the parietal surface of the distal phalanx via foramen that supply both the distal lamellar dermis and the terminal papillae.
Proximal branches of the terminal arch exit the parietal surface of the distal phalanx via foramen to supply both the coronary and proximal lamellar dermis.
The terminal arch runs within the body of the distal phalanx in a semi-lunar shaped solear canal.
The terminal arch is outside the distal phalanx, in the solear dermis, where it is known as the marginal circumflex artery.
The terminal arch is outside the distal phalanx, in the solear dermis, where it is known as the marginal circumflex artery.
The deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve bifurcates into the:
Lateral and medial palmar metacarpal nerves
Lateral and medial plantar nerves
Lateral and medial plantar metatarsal nerves
Dorsal lateral and medial metatarsal nerves
Lateral and medial plantar metatarsal nerves
The (calcaneal bursa, subextensorius recess, gastrocnemius bursa,
cunean bursa) is located between the extensor groove of the tibia and the common proximal tendon of the long digital extensor and peroneus tertius muscle.
subextensorius recess
supracondylar tuberosities of femur is attached to
meniscofemoral lig
peroneus tertius
gastrocnemius
SDFT
gastrocnemius
intercondylar fossa of femur is attached to
meniscofemoral lig
peroneus tertius
gastrocnemius
SDFT
meniscofemoral lig
extensor fossa of femur is attached to
meniscofemoral lig
peroneus tertius
gastrocnemius
SDFT
peroneus teritus
supracondylar fossa of femur is attached to
meniscofemoral lig
peroneus tertius
gastrocnemius
SDFT
SDFT
Regarding hind limb anatomy of the horse, which one of the following statements is INCORRECT?
The reciprocal apparatus flexes the hock and stifle at the same time.
The reciprocal apparatus allows flexion and extension of the elbow and carpus.
Rupture of the peroneus tertius allows flexion of the stifle and extension of the hock.
The peroneus tertius and superficial digital flexor muscle and tendon are the main components of the reciprocal apparatus.
The reciprocal apparatus allows flexion and extension of the elbow and carpus.
Which anatomical structure connects the medial patellar ligament with the patella bone in horses?
Para-patellar fibrocartilage
Middle patella ligament
Medial femoropatellar ligament
Medial collateral ligament of the medial femorotibial joint
Para-patellar fibrocartilage
What characterises a “club” foot in the horse?
Rotation of the third phalanx
Long toe and low heels
Vertical dorsal hoof wall and high heels
Short toe and long frog
Vertical dorsal hoof wall and high heels
The distal aspect of the carpal sheath (carpal canal) in horses is formed by the junction between the:
Suspensory ligament and inferior check ligament
Palmar carpal ligament and the deep digital flexor tendon
Inferior check ligament and the deep digital flexor tendon
Superficial digital flexor tendon and the deep digital flexor tendon
Inferior check ligament and the deep digital flexor tendon??
Briefly describe the stay apparatus in the front limbs of the horse.
When forelimb muscle relaxes, ligament and tendons should hold the leg in normal resting position
Shoulder and elbow→ neutral
shoulder; biceps brachii tendon, lacertus fibrosus and ECR
elbow triceps and collaterals
Carpus: extended
ECR tension via lacetus fibrosus of biceps brachii tendon
Fetlock: over-extended
Pastern and coffin: extended
fetlock, paster and coffin: suspensory apparatus (suspensory lig, proximal sesamoids, distal sesamoidean ligaments), inferior check lig, SDFT and DDFT
Where is the insertion of the superficial digital flexor tendon in the forelimbs of horses?
A. Between the second and third phalanx
B.Between the first and second phalanx
C.Between the proximal sesamoid bones
D. In the palmar aspect of the third phalanx
B.Between the first and second phalanx
Which of the following arteries provides the main vascular supply in the front lower limb and foot of the horse?
Medial palmar artery
Which of the following bones is non-weight bearing in the carpus of horses?
A. Radial carpal bone
B.Accessory carpal bone
C.Intermediate carpal bone
D. Third carpal bone
B.Accessory carpal bone
Which of the following option is NOT correct regarding the scapula in horses?
A. The scapula has cartilage of prolongation which is incorporated into the withers
B. The scapula of the horse has a large trapezius tuberosity (spine of scapula)
C. Horses do not have clavicle
D.The origin of the lateral collateral ligament of the shoulder is in the scapula
D.The origin of the lateral collateral ligament of the shoulder is in the scapula
Which of the following statements best explains why hollow bones are almost as strong as solid bones?
A. When bent, compressional and tensile forces act on opposite sides of the bone to provide strength while these forces counteract each other in the middle of the bone, so there’s no advantage to having bone there.
B. When bent, the fluid in the middle of the bone redistributes the forces acting on the bone so it resists breaking.
C. When bent, the only thing that matters is the strength of the outer layer of bone at the point where the force is acting – the rest is irrelevant and so the bone can be hollow.
D. Bone is very strong and a hollow bone is stronger than any animal needs.
A. When bent, compressional and tensile forces act on opposite sides of the bone to provide strength while these forces counteract each other in the middle of the bone, so there’s no advantage to having bone there.
In an adult animal, which of the following are important arteries to long bones (there may be more than one)?
A. Epiphyseal artery
B. Metaphyseal artery
C. Nutrient artery
D. Osseous artery
B. Metaphyseal artery
C. Nutrient artery
The basic limb pattern of terrestrial mammals is known as pentadactyl because:
A. All species have two bones in the distal part of both fore and hind limbs
B. Animals with fewer digits have a lot of built up energy
C.Most species have 5 bones in each digit
D. The basic body plan for most mammals has 5 digits on each limb
D. The basic body plan for most mammals has 5 digits on each limb
Which of the following best describes why environmental factors are important for thinking about locomotion in animals?
A. Because locomotion is about animals moving from one place to another, and to do so they have to push or pull against the environment.
B. Because the environment is important, and if we treat it badly, we are heading for an environmental disaster that could see the extinction of many species.
C. Because environmental factors (e.g. air) are important for keeping animals alive while they locomote.
D. Because environmental factors may impede the progress of animals during locomotion, e.g. fallen trees, rivers, etc.
A. Because locomotion is about animals moving from one place to another, and to do so they have to push or pull against the environment
9) Joint between the splint bones of a horse and its cannon bone is a:
Select one alternative
Gomphosis
Synchondrosis
Syndesmosis
Symphysis
Syndesmosis
Why are the wheels more efficient than limbs for locomotion
select one alternative
Wheels have axis, which are an efficient way of attaching something , but these are not possible in biology as blood vessels and nerves cannot be twisted far
Wheels have rubber tires, which provide excellent grip on environmental surfaces so are very efficient at pushing vehicles forward
Wheels have constant kinetic energy as they keep spinning in one direction, whereas limbs have constantly be stopped and reversed in their direction
Wheels do not vary in diameter and so are more efficient than limbs
Wheels have constant kinetic energy as they keep spinning in one direction, whereas limbs have constantly be stopped and reversed in their direction
The transition from reptilian stance to that of the mammal does NOT include which of the following? Select one alternative
Twisting the humerus so that the elbow projects caudally in mammals rather than laterally in reptiles
Twisting of the dorsal and ventral muscle masses of the hind leg following the reorientation of the limbs in mammals
Transition from limbs that project out of the side of the animal to limbs arranged vertically under the animal
The requirement for a dynamic system of stability due to the high center of gravity and narrow stance of mammals
Twisting of the dorsal and ventral muscle masses of the hind leg following the reorientation of the limbs in mammals
What is the action of the bicep brachii muscle?
Flexion of the shoulder
Extension of the elbow
Flexion of the elbow
Extension of the shoulder
Flexion of the elbow
Which of the following muscles are innervated by the radial nerve? (there may be more than one)
Triceps brachii
Extensor carpi Radialis
Common Digital Extensor
Brachialis
Triceps brachii
Extensor carpi Radialis
Common Digital Extensor
Which of the following nerves innervate the flexors of the digits of the front leg? (there may be more than one)
Radial nerve
Median Nerve
Ulnar Nerve
Musculocutaneous nerve
Median Nerve - SDF
Ulnar Nerve - DDF
The thoracic part of the Trapezius muscle inserts on the:
Spine of the scapula
What is ( are ) the action(s) of the superficial pectoral muscles?
Retract the forelimb
Protract the Forelimb
Abduct the forelimb
Flex the shoulder
Retract the forelimb
Protract the Forelimb
Which of the following muscles originate on the medial epicondyle of the humerus?
Pronator teres
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Ulnaris lateralis
Flexor carpi Radialis
Pronator teres
Flexor carpi Radialis
Which artery provides a pulse on the medial side of the forelimb between the distal biceps brachii and Triceps brachii?
Transverse humeral
Median
Axillary
Brachial
Brachial
The palmar carpal fibrocartilage is best described as :
The palmar aspect of the carpal joint capsule
Which of the following muscles NOT part of the synsarcosis that holds the forelimb on to the body of the dog?
Trapezius
Serratus ventralis
Deltoideus
Deep pectoral
Deltoideus
Which of the following muscles are extensors of the stifle?
Gracilis
Sartorius (cranial part )
Biceps femoris
Rectus femoris
Sartorius (cranial part )
Biceps femoris
Rectus femoris
What is the main action of the middle gluteal muscle?
Extend the Hip
which of the following muscles does NOT have an insertion on the calcaneus?
Deep Digital Flexor
Bicep femoris
Superficial digital flexor
Gracilis
Deep Digital Flexor
which of the following muscles is innervated by the sciatic nerve?
Gastrocnemius
Adductor
Semitendinosus
Vastus lateralis
Semitendinosus
which of the following muscles is a hamstring?
Gracilis
Biceps brachii
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
which vein runs superficially down the medial side of the hind leg of the mid-thigh to tarsus?
Medial saphenous
Femoral
Saphenous
Cranial tibial
Medial saphenous
The manica flexoria in the hind limb is the superficial digital flexor tendon for each digit. It splits just distal to the [_______] (metatarsophalangeal,tarsometatarsal ) joint , allowing the [_______] (superficial,deep) digital flexor tendon to pass through it, and then wraps around either side of the [______] ( superficial ,deep) digital flexor tendon to insert on the [______] ( proximal middle, distal) phalanx.
metatarsophalangeal
deep
deep
proximal middle
A cheetah is sprinting after a gazelle . it is in its aerial phase with forelimbs protracted and hind limbs retracted. Which of the following statements is also currently true?
The back is flexed
Epaxial muscles are more contracted than hypaxial muscles
Hip is flexed
The shoulder is extended
Epaxial muscles are more contracted than hypaxial muscles
The shoulder is extended
which of the following statements about the transverse atlantal ligament in INCORRECT?
It runs from the floor of the atlas across the dens of the axis
It keeps the dens of the axis pushed down on the floor of the atlas
It is not attached to the dens, allowing the dens to move laterally during rotation of the head
It extends cranially through to the foramen magnum where it is known as the apical ligaments
It extends cranially through to the foramen magnum where it is known as the apical ligaments
which of the following statements about the internal abdominal oblique muscle is INCORRECT?
It is larger than the external abdominal oblique muscle
It is superficial to the transverse abdominal muscle
Fibers run downwards and forwards ( cranio-ventral)
It’s aponeurosis may pass either superficially or deep to the rectus abdominis muscle.
It is larger than the external abdominal oblique muscle
The Cleidocervicalis muscle extends from the median raphe to the
clavicular tendon
The ___ nerve runs down the medial side of the forelimb with the main arterial stem.
median
If the obturator nerve is damaged during the parturition, then a cow may not be able to ____ her hind legs
adduct
The ______ muscle is the main flexor of the tarsus.
cranial tibial
or tibialis cranialis
Briefly describe the structure of typical synovial joint
- Joint capsule-encloses joint
- Joint cavity-contain fluid
- Articular cartilage-Hyaline
- Synovial fluid- provides nutrition, lubricates, aids shock absorption
Briefly describe the functional anatomy of the cruciate ligaments of a dogs stifle.
Keep Tibia and femur aligned together
cranial cruciate prevents tibia from moving cranially relative to femur
caudal cruciate prevents tibia from moving caudally relative to femur
also assist in flexion and extension; prevents hyperextension
The suspensory apparatus of the distal phalanx (SADP) in a connection between
The parietal of the distal phalanx and the lamellar stratum internum of the hoof
The distal sesamoid (navicular ) bone and the dorsal,distal surface of the proximal phalanx.
The palmar processes of the distal phalanx and ungular cartilages.
The coronary dermis and coronary groove of the proximal hoof wall.
The parietal of the distal phalanx and the lamellar stratum internum of the hoof
The oblique sesamoidean ligaments attach the basal surfaces of both proximal sesamoids bones to which of the following structures?
A broad triangular, roughened surface on the palmar aspect of the first phalanx
A tuberosity on the proximal, palmar aspect of the second phalanx
Fossae on the medial and lateral aspects of the distal 3rd metacarpal bone (beneath the collateral ligaments of the metacarpophalangeal joint)
The axial borders of the proximal sesamoid bones where it forms the proximal scutum.
A broad triangular, roughened surface on the palmar aspect of the first phalanx
which of the following statements about the deep digital flexor tendon( DDFT ) is CORRECT?
The DDFT inserts on the proximal border of the distal sesamoid bone
The DDFT inserts on the distal phalanx proximal to the distal sesamoid bone
The DDFT bifurcates and inserts on both the distal palmar proximal phalanx and the proximal palmar middle phalanx
The DDFT inserts on the distal phalanx distal to the sesamoid bone
The DDFT inserts on the distal phalanx distal to the sesamoid bone
The termination of the medial and lateral digital arteries in an anastomosis called the terminal arch.
Select one alternative
The terminal arch is within the coronary dermis where it forms the coronal circumflex artery
The terminal arch runs in a semi-Lunar canal within the body of the distal phalanx
The terminal arch runs in the collateral ligament of the distal sesamoid bone that supplies nutrient branches of the proximal distal sesamoid.
The terminal arch is outside the distal phalanx where it forms a circumflex artery in the solear dermis.
The terminal arch runs in a semi-Lunar canal within the body of the distal phalanx
Which of the following is CORRECT ?
An epidermal structure like the hoof capsule depends on the blood supply of the adjacent dermis for its supply of essential nutrients.
An epidermal structure like the hoof capsule absorbs all the oxygen it needs from the atmosphere
An epidermal structure is like the hoof capsule is all dead tissue and does not need blood supply
An epidermal structure like the hoof capsule has own blood supply running in the tubules of the stratum medium.
An epidermal structure like the hoof capsule depends on the blood supply of the adjacent dermis for its supply of essential nutrients.
Which of the following statements about the scapula of the horse is CORRECT?
The lateral collateral ligament between the scapula and the humerus is stronger ligament in the horse
The bicipital bursa communicates with the shoulder joint 30-40%
The supraspinous fossa is located in the cranial aspect of the spine (scapula spine)
The supraglenoid tuberosity is located caudal aspect of the scapula
The supraspinous fossa is located in the cranial aspect of the spine (scapula spine)
which joints have communication in the carpus of the horse?
The radiocarpal joint always communicates with the intercarpal joint
There is no communication between the carpal joint in horses
The radiocarpal joint always communicates with carpometacarpal joint
The intercarpal joint always communicates with the carpometacarpal joint
The intercarpal joint always communicates with the carpometacarpal joint
which of the following bones is located medially in the carpus of horses?
Accessory carpal bone
Fourth carpal bone
Radial carpal bone
Ulnar carpal bone
Radial carpal bone
which ligament connects the patella with the femur in horses?
Menisco-femoral ligament
Femoropatellar ligament
Collateral ligament of the stifle
Middle patella ligament
Femoropatellar ligament
where is the main insertion of the common and long digital extensor tendons in horses?
Between the proximal sesamoid bones
In the navicular bone
Between the first and second phalanx
Extensor process of the third phalanx
Extensor process of the third phalanx
how many ligaments attach to the lateral meniscus of the horse’s stifle?
4
which of the following statements is CORRECT regarding the stay apparatus
In the standing horse, flexion of the shoulder is prevented by the biceps femoris
No muscular effort is needed to maintain the passive stay apparatus
Horses can support their weight by three limbs
One of the front limbs can rest on the toe
Horses can support their weight by three limbs
which of the following statements about the medial palmar artery is CORRECT?
It runs laterally in the forelimb
It runs medially between the suspensory ligaments and Deep digital flexor tendon
It provides minimal blood supply to the lower limb and foot
It branches off to form the collateral ulnar artery and radial artery
It runs medially between the suspensory ligaments and Deep digital flexor tendon
which structures of the horse’s limb are involved in the “ spring and coil mechanism” during locomotion?
Superficial and deep digital flexor muscles and tendons
Accessory ligaments of the flexor tendons
Distal sesamoidean ligaments
Suspensory ligament
Superficial and deep digital flexor muscles and tendons
which of the following statements is CORRECT regarding limb interference in horses?
Forging is when the inside of the hind foot clips inside of the opposite fore foot
Forging is when the toe of the hind foot strike the sole of the fore foot on the same side
Forging is when there is light contact of the foot with the medial surface of the opposite limb
Forging is when the toe of the hind foot hits the fore foot heel on the same side
Forging is when the toe of the hind foot strike the sole of the fore foot on the same side
where is the insertion of the superficial digital flexor tendon ( SDFT ) in the hind limbs of horses?
Between the first and second phalanx and two attachments in the tuber calcaneus
Between the proximal sesamoid bones
Between the second and third phalanx
In the palmar aspect of the third phalanx
Between the first and second phalanx and two attachments in the tuber calcaneus
where does long plantar lig attach in horses
calcaneus
proximal-dorsal MC3
P3
MC3 and P1
calcaneus
where does distal impar sesamoidean lig attach
calcaneus
proximal-dorsal MC3
P3
MC3 and P1
P3
where does collateral sesamoidean lig of fetlock attach
calcaneus
proximal-dorsal MC3
P3
MC3 and P1
MC3 and P1
where does extensor carpi radialis attach (horse)
calcaneus
proximal-dorsal MC3
P3
MC3 and P1
proximal-dorsal MC3
The Lateral dorsal metatarsal nerve is a branch of the [______] (superficial peroneal, lateral plantar, deep peroneal, lateral plantar metatarsal ) nerve in horse.
deep peroneal
In Which phase of the stride in horses is the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) under the most tension?
Cranial part( load absorption phase ) of the stance phase
Intermediate part ( mid-stance phase )
Caudal part ( propulsion ) of the stance phase
Retraction (swing phase )
Caudal part ( propulsion ) of the stance phase
68) which of the following statements about the angular limb deformities in horses is CORRECT?
Carpal valgus is medial deviation of the fore limb from the carpus distally( “bow legged” )
Foals with carpal varus will have increased tension over the medial collateral ligaments
Carpal varus is medial deviation of the fore limb over the carpus distally (“bow legged”)
Foals with carpal valgus will have increased compression on the medial splint bone
Carpal varus is medial deviation of the fore limb over the carpus distally (“bow legged”)
carpal valgus; knock kneed
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
The extensor retinaculum function like collateral ligaments in the hock
The deep components of the collateral ligaments of the tarsus is under tension during flexion of the joint
The superficial component of the collateral ligament of the tarsus is under tension during flexion of the joint
The flexor retinaculum functions like collateral ligaments in the hock
The deep components of the collateral ligaments of the tarsus is under tension during flexion of the joint
what is the typical gait of a standardbred pacer?
It is three-beat, in which two feet land together but the other two land independently of each other.
It is a two-beat diagonal gait, with two moments of suspension per cycle.
It is a fast-beat gait in which the leading fore and hind feet on the same side strike the ground simultaneously
It is a four beat gait
It is a fast-beat gait in which the leading fore and hind feet on the same side strike the ground simultaneously
A horse with laceration on the palmar aspect of the metacarpal region is presented with a dropped fetlock ( but not on the ground ) and elevation of the toe. Which of the following soft tissue structures are most likely damaged and completely transected?
Super digital flexor tendon and deep digital flexor tendon
Long and lateral digital extensor tendon
Superficial digital flexor tendon, deep and digital flexor tendon and suspensory ligament
Superficial digital flexor tendon
Super digital flexor tendon and deep digital flexor tendon
The_____ nerve innervates the infraspinatus and supraspinatus muscles in the horse.
Suprascapular
The _____ bursa is located under the medial branch of the insertion of the tibialis cranialis.
cunean
In horses, the patella is resting over the _____ trochlear ridge of the femur when the stifle is locked
medial
list the four distal sesamoidean ligaments in the horse
Straight
Short
Oblique
Cruciate
describe the reciprocal apparatus in horses
Consists of 2 cords: the SDFT and peroneus tertius
Important in limb movement and in the stay apparatus mechanism
hock and stifle flex simultaneously
