past exams Flashcards by Gabby Wolfe

Which one of the following statements is CORRECT concerning arteries in a long bone?
a. The nutrient artery divides inside the medullary cavity to give medial and lateral medullary arteries

b. Separate arteries provide nutrition to the metaphases in young animals only.

c. Epiphyseal arteries are important and active in animals of all ages.

d. The nutrient artery is the main artery to the bone and enters via the nutrient foramen.

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Which of the following factors may affect the level of mineralisation of bones? Select one or more alternatives:
a. Temperature
b. Lactation
c. Age
d. Nutrition

b. Lactation
c. Age
d. Nutrition

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Which one of the following statements about membranous bones is INCORRECT?

a. Membranous bones often fuse together once the animal is fully grown.

b. The flat bones of the skull are the primary examples of membranous bones in the body.

c. Membranous bones do not develop from a cartilaginous scaffold

d. Membranous bones have epiphyseal growth plates

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Which one of the following statements best explains why hollow bones are almost as strong as solid bones?

When bent, compressional and tensile forces act on opposite sides of the bone to provide strength while these forces counteract each other in the middle of the bone, so there is no advantage to having bone there

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What are the names of the proximal carpal bones in the dog?

Radial, intermediate, ulnar and accessory carpals

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Which of the following species are NOT pentadactyl?
(There may be more than one.)
a. Dog
b. Ox
c. Human
d. Horse

b. ox
d. horse

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The joint between the left and right os coxae is a: (what kind of joint)

Symphysis (fibrocartilaginous)

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In digitigrade feet, which of the following touches the ground during walking?
(There may be more than one.)
a. Distal end metatarsals
b. Tarsus
c. Distal phalanx
d. Proximal phalanx

a. Distal end metatarsals
c. Distal phalanx
d. Proximal phalanx

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Which of the following are common features of cursorially adapted limbs?

a. Elongated femur and humerus
b. Tarsals/carpals that do not usually touch the ground
c. Reduced numbers of digits
d. Elongated metatarsals/metacarpals

b. Tarsals/carpals that do not usually touch the ground
c. Reduced numbers of digits
d. Elongated metatarsals/metacarpals

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What is the function of the extensor carpi radialis muscle?

Extends the carpus but has no action on the digits

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Which one of the following muscles is NOT innervated by the radial nerve?
a. Common digital extensor
b. Flexor carpi radialis
c. Extensor carpi radialis
d. Triceps brachii

Flexor carpi radialis (median nerve)

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Which of the following muscles inserts on one or more of the metacarpal bones?
(There may be more than one.)
a. Ulnaris lateralis
b. Superficial digital flexor
c. Flexor carpi radialis
d. Flexor carpi ulnaris

a. Ulnaris lateralis
c. Flexor carpi radialis

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Which of the following muscles originate on the medial epicondyle of the humerus?
(There may be more than one.)
a. Flexor carpi ulnaris (ulnar head)
b. Pronator teres
c. Ulnaris lateralis
d. Flexor carpi radialis

b. Pronator teres
d. Flexor carpi radialis

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he palmar carpal fibrocartilage is best described as:

The palmar aspect of the carpal joint capsule

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A dog is hit by a car in such a way that its front leg is severely abducted and the radial nerve is damaged in the brachial plexus. With a non-functional radial nerve, how would this dog present to you in a vet surgery?

a. Flexed shoulder, extended elbow, extended carpus, extended digits

b. Normal shoulder, extended elbow, extended carpus, extended digits

c. Extended shoulder, flexed elbow, extended carpus, flexed digits

d. Normal shoulder, flexed elbow, flexed carpus, flexed digits

(radial n. Innervates extensor m.)

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Which one of the following muscles is NOT an extensor of the stifle?
a. Gracilis
b. Sartorius (cranial part)
c. Biceps femoris
d. Rectus femoris

a. Gracilis

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What is the main action of the middle gluteal muscle?

Extend the hip

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Which one of the following muscles inserts on the calcaneus?

a. Superficial digital flexor
b. Long digital extensor
c. Tibialis cranialis
d. Deep digital flexor

Superficial digital flexor

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Which of the following muscles is (are) part of the quadriceps?
(There may be more than one.)
a. Gracilis
b. Vastus medialis
c. Biceps femoris
d. Rectus femoris

b. Vastus medialis
d. Rectus femoris

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Which one of the following statements best describes the patella?

The patella is an integral part of the tendon of the quadriceps muscles, which keeps the tendon in alignment as it passes cranially over the stifle and inserts on the tibial tuberosity.

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Which one of the following statements about the ileocostalis muscle is INCORRECT?

a. It is the most lateral and ventral of the epaxial muscles.

b. It has three parts: cervical, thoracic and lumbar.

c. In the lumbar region, it merges with the longissimus muscle.

d. It has insertions on the ribs as well as vertebrae.

b. It has three parts: cervical, thoracic and lumbar. (Only thoracic and lumbar)

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Which one of the following statements about the nuchal ligament of the horse is INCORRECT?

a. The atlantal bursa is a synovial structure that sits between the nuchal ligament and the atlas, and prevents rubbing of the ligament directly on the underlying bone.

b. The funicular part consists of sheets of elastic tissue arranged in fascicles, extending from the cervical vertebrae to the first few thoracic spinous processes.

c. As it continues caudally from the cranial thoracic vertebrae, the ligament becomes non-elastic and is known as the supraspinous ligament.

d. It has two major components: a funicular part and a lamellar part.

b. The funicular part consists of sheets of elastic tissue arranged in fascicles, extending from the cervical vertebrae to the first few thoracic spinous processes.

this is describing lamellar part not funicular part

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Which one of the following statements about the external abdominal oblique muscle is INCORRECT?
a. It is larger than the internal abdominal oblique muscle.
b. It is superficial to the transverse abdominal muscle.
c. Its aponeurosis is superficial to the rectus abdominus muscle.
d. Its fibres run downwards and forwards (cranio-ventral).

d. Its fibres run downwards and forwards (cranio-ventral).

they run caudo-ventral

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A muscle that decreases the angle between two bones is known as:

c. A flexor

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In which joint is the anconeal process located in dogs?

Elbow

The ________ (neck of the humerus, olecranon, caudal scapula, tricipital line) is the origin of the long head of the triceps brachii in dogs.

caudal scapula

Which one of the following muscles is NOT part of the shoulder support muscle group in dogs? a. Latissimus dorsi b. Rhomboideus c. Triceps brachii d. Trapezius

c. Triceps brachii

The cranial tibial artery in dogs becomes _______ (lateral, dorsal, palmar, medial) and forms a loop with the saphenous artery, which together supply the paw.

lateral

The _______ (fourteenth, eleventh, eighth, fifth) thoracic vertebra in dogs is called the anticlinal vertebrae.

eleventh

The fibres of the internal abdominal oblique muscle run ______ (dorso-ventrally, caudo-ventrally, cranio-caudally, cranio-ventrally)

cranio-ventrally

Which of the following statements is TRUE in regards to hind limb anatomy in dogs? a. The deep digital flexor muscle is innervated by the peroneal nerve. b. The third trochanter is the origin of the internal obturator muscle. c. Dogs have three muscles acting as protractors in the hind limbs. d. The origin of the psoas major component of the iliopsoas muscle is the lumbar vertebrae.

d. The origin of the psoas major component of the iliopsoas muscle is the lumbar vertebrae.

If the femoral nerve is damaged, then a dog may not be able to _____ its stifle.

EXTEND

If the _____ nerve is damaged during parturition, then a cow may not be able to adduct her hind legs

OBTURATOR

Biceps femoris origin and insertion

O: Ischiatic tuberosity I: Patella, cranial border tibia, calcaneus

Trapezius origin and insertion

O: Median raphe of neck & supraspinous lig. I: Spine of scapula

Common digital extensor origin and insertion

O: Lateral epicondyle of humerus I: Dorsal distal phalanges II-V

Middle gluteal origin and insertion

O: Crest and lateral ilium I: The greater trochanter of femur

Sartorius, cranial part origin and insertion

O: The crest of the ilium and the thoracolumbar fascia I: The patella in common with the rectus femoris of the quadriceps

hing limb Superficial digital flexor origin and insertion

O: The lateral supracondylar tuberosity of the femur I: The tuber calcanei and the bases of the middle phalanges of digits II, III, IV, and V.

Briefly describe the ligaments of the stifle of the dog, including where they are and/or what they are attached to.

There are 13 ligaments in the stifle of the dog. 6 are meniscus ligaments - Transverse ligament between the two menisci - Cranial and Caudal Tibial ligaments that attach each menisci to the tibia (4 total, 2 for each menisci) - A meniscofemoral ligament that attaches from lateral meniscus to the femur 4 femorotibial ligaments (attach from femur to tibia) - Lateral collateral ligament - Medial collateral ligament - Cranial Cruciate ligament (attaches to cranial aspect of tibia) - Caudal Cruciate ligament (attaches to caudal aspect of tibia) 3 patellar ligaments - Lateral femoropatellar ligament (femur to patella) - Medial femoropatellar ligament (femur to patella) - Distal patellar ligament

Where is the main attachment of the flexor retinaculum of the carpus in the horse?

In the accessory carpal bone

The suspensory apparatus of the distal phalanx (SADP) is a collagenous (dermal) connection between the parietal surface of the distal phalanx and the inner, lamellar surface of the (epidermal) hoof wall. Separating dermis from epidermis is the basement membrane. The basement membrane bridges dermis to epidermis via an attachment (adhesion) plaque known as the:

Hemidesmosome

Which one of the following statements is CORRECT regarding the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) in the horse? Select one alternative: a) The SDFT bifurcates and inserts on both the proximal palmar aspect of the middle phalanx and the distal palmar aspect of the proximal phalanx. b) The SDFT inserts on the extensor process of the distal phalanx. c) The SDFT inserts on the distal phalanx proximal to the distal sesamoid bone. d) The SDFT inserts on the proximal border of the distal sesamoid bone.

a) The SDFT bifurcates and inserts on both the proximal palmar aspect of the middle phalanx and the distal palmar aspect of the proximal phalanx.

In the horse, the straight sesamoidean ligament attaches the basal surfaces of both proximal sesamoid bones to which of the following structures?

A tuberosity on the proximal, palmar aspect of the second phalanx

The termination of the medial and lateral digital arteries is an anastomosis called the terminal arch. Which one of the following statements is CORRECT? Select one alternative: a) The terminal arch runs in the collateral ligament of the distal sesamoid bone and supplies nutrient branches to the distal sesamoid bone. b) The terminal arch runs in a semi-lunar canal within the body of the distal phalanx. c) The terminal arch is outside the distal phalanx where it forms a circumflex artery in the solear dermis. d) The terminal arch is within the coronary dermis where it forms the coronal circumflex artery.

b) The terminal arch runs in a semi-lunar canal within the body of the distal phalanx.

The distal interphalangeal joint of the horse is comprised of which bones? Select one alternative: a) The proximal phalanx, middle phalanx and the proximal sesamoid bone b) The proximal phalanx and distal phalanx c) The middle phalanx and distal phalanx d) The distal phalanx, middle phalanx and the distal sesamoid bone

d) The distal phalanx, middle phalanx and the distal sesamoid bone

Which of the following statements is CORRECT regarding the accessory (femoropubic) ligament of the coxofemoral joint in the horse? a) It markedly reduces potential for abduction. b) It attaches to the sacroiliac region. c) It is not related to the pre-pubic tendon. d) It is similar in horses and dogs.

a) It markedly reduces potential for abduction.

How fast can Thoroughbred racehorses run during a race?

50–60 km/hour

In horses, the patellar ligaments are located in the ______(plantar, caudal, dorsal, cranial) aspect of the stifle.

cranial

third trochanter is on what bone

femur

deltoid tuberosity is on what bone

humerus

tuber coxae is on what bone

pelvis

extensor process is on what bone

third phalanx

Which soft tissue structures are located in the extensor groove of the tibia in horses?

Long digital extensor tendon and peroneus tertius

Where is the location of the common digital extensor tendon sheath in horses?

From the distal radius to the distal aspect of the carpus, cranially

where is subextensorius recess found

stifle

where is navicular bursa found

foot

where is digital flexor tendon sheath found

fetlock

where is calcaneal bursa found

tarsus

Which of the following surgeries are commonly performed in foals or weanlings with club (“boxy”) foot?

Desmotomy of the inferior check ligament

Which of the following statements is CORRECT regarding the vasculature of the front limbs in horses? Select one alternative: a) The ileal artery provides the main trunk of the front limbs. b) The median artery runs laterally in the limb. c) The medial palmar artery provides the main blood supply in the lower limb and foot. d) The collateral ulnar artery runs independently of the rest of the arteries.

c) The medial palmar artery provides the main blood supply in the lower limb and foot.

Which of the following muscles blends into the lateral patellar ligament?

Gluteofemoralis

The meniscofemoral ligament in horses attaches the_____ (lateral, medial) meniscus to the femur.

lateral

Which of the following statements is CORRECT regarding the soft tissue structures in the tarsus of horses? Select one alternative: a) The long digital extensor tendon is located between the peroneus tertius and the lateral digital extensor tendon. b) The deep digital flexor tendon runs within the calcaneal bursa. c) The peroneus tertius tendon branch forms the cunean tendon. d) The tibialis cranialis tendon attaches to the calcaneal tuberosity.

a) The long digital extensor tendon is located between the peroneus tertius and the lateral digital extensor tendon.

Which one of the following structures is part of the tarsal sheath in horses? a) Long digital extensor tendon b) Tuber calcaneous c) Sustentaculum tali d) Long plantar ligament

d) Long plantar ligament

Where is the location of the gastrocnemius bursa in horses?

Cranial to the gastrocnemius tendon

Caudal gluteal nerve supplies

superficial and middle gluteal, vertebral head of biceps femoris, semitendinosus

Cranial gluteal nerve supplies

tensor fascia latae, gluteal muscles

Sciatic nerve Supplies

semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris, rotator muscles of hip

Tibial nerve Supplies

Supplies extensors of hock, flexors of digit

Which one of the following muscles connects the front limbs to the trunk in horses?

Serratus ventralis

Which of the following statements is CORRECT regarding the tarsal bones in large animals? a) Cows usually have the first and second tarsal bones fused. b) Horses usually have the central tarsal bone fused with the fourth tarsal bone. c) Cows usually have the second and third tarsal bone fused. d) Horses have proximal and distal trochlea in the talus.

c) Cows usually have the second and third tarsal bone fused.

How many proximal sesamoid bones do cows have in each fetlock?

What is the typical gait of a horse with a peroneus tertius rupture? a) Flexion of the stifle and extension of the tarsus b) Flexion of the tarsus and fetlock simultaneously c) Extension of the stifle and tarsus simultaneously d) Flexion of the stifle and fetlock simultaneously

a) Flexion of the stifle and extension of the tarsus because the reciprocal apparatus has ruptured

In which of the following clinical scenarios will a horse disrupt the suspensory apparatus? Select one alternative: a) Complete rupture of the superficial digital flexor tendon b) Tendinopathy of the deep digital flexor tendon c) Complete fracture of the lateral and medial proximal sesamoid bone d) Desmopathy of the inferior check ligament

Complete fracture of the lateral and medial proximal sesamoid bone

The ____(distal border flexor margin, proximal border flexor margin, articular surface for the middle phalanx, flexor surface) of the navicular bone in horses is the most palmar aspect of the bone.

flexor surface

The bicipital bursa in horses is located between the biceps brachii____( tendon, muscle) and the (deltoid tuberosity, intermediate tubercle) of the humerus.

tendon intermediate tubercle

The cephalic vein in horses runs on the ___(lateral, caudal, medial, cranial) aspect of the radius.

medial

What is the main difference between the suspensory ligament of the front limbs and the hind limbs in horses? a) The origin of the hind limb suspensory ligament is only at the tarsal bones. b) The front limb suspensory ligament has 5 branches. c) The attachment of the hind limb suspensory ligament is in the pedal bone. d) The hind limb suspensory ligament has a deep metatarsal fascia

d) The hind limb suspensory ligament has a deep metatarsal fascia

Which of the following locations is most commonly used to palpate the digital pulses in horses?

At the level of the proximal sesamoid bones

A 10-year-old Arabian gelding endurance horse presented with severe left front limb lameness after falling down. Which synovial structure is most likely involved with the laceration shown in the image? (cranial carpus)

Radiocarpal joint

The____________ collateral ligament of the elbow joint in the horse is divided into long and short components.

medial

Name four (4) ligaments of the stifle joint in horses.

-cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments -lateral, intermediate, and medial patellar ligaments -lateral and medial femoropatellar ligaments -femoropatellar ligament -lateral and medial collateral ligaments -craniolateral and craniomedial meniscotibial ligaments -caudolateral and caudomedial meniscotibial ligaments

‘Protection’ is one of the main functions of bones. Which of the following tissues or organs is NOT protected by bone? Select one alternative: Spinal cord Muscle Lungs Heart

Muscle

Which of the following are common features of cursorially adapted limbs? (There may be more than one.) Reduced numbers of digits Tarsals/carpals that do not usually touch the ground Elongated metatarsals/metacarpals Elongated femur and humerus

Reduced numbers of digits Tarsals/carpals that do not usually touch the ground Elongated metatarsals/metacarpals

Which one of the following muscles is NOT a flexor of the stifle? Semimembranosus Rectus femoris Semitendinosus Biceps femoris

Rectus femoris

Which of the following muscles is a hamstring? Biceps brachii Gracilis Semimembranosus Semitendinosus

Semimembranosus Semitendinosus

What is the action of the supraspinatus muscle?

Extension of the shoulder

What is the main action of the iliopsoas muscle?

Flex the hip (stir)

Which of the following statements concerning arteries in a long bone is INCORRECT? Epiphyseal arteries are important and active in animals of all ages. The nutrient artery divides inside the medullary cavity to give proximal and distal medullary arteries. The nutrient artery is the main artery to the bone and enters via the nutrient foramen. Separate arteries provide nutrition to the metaphases in animals of all ages.

Epiphyseal arteries are important and active in animals of all ages.

Which one of the following is NOT a ligament of the stifle? Lateral femoropatellar ligament Transverse meniscal ligament Acetabular ligament Caudal cruciate ligament

Acetabular ligament

Which one of the following statements best describes the patella?

The patella is an integral part of the tendon of the quadriceps muscles, which keeps the tendon in alignment as it passes cranially over the stifle and inserts on the tibial tuberosity

What is the name of the end of a long bone?

Epiphysis

Which of the following movements would NOT be considered locomotion for a human? Sitting down Jogging Jumping in a sack race Walking

Sitting down

The cervical part of the rhomboideus muscle inserts on the:

Dorsal border of the scapula

Which one of the following nerves innervates the flexors of the elbow?

Musculocutaneous nerve

Which bones are found between the distal carpal bones and the phalanges in the dog?

Metacarpal bones

the joint between the left and right mandibles is a:

Symphysis

Which one of the following muscles is innervated by the median nerve? Flexor carpi radialis Extensor carpi radialis Common digital extensor Triceps brachii

Flexor carpi radialis

the palmar carpal fibrocartilage is best described as

the palmar aspect of the carpal joint capsule.

Which of the following muscles are part of the synsarcosis that holds the forelimb on to the body of the dog? (There may be more than one.) Select one or more alternatives: Serratus dorsalis Deltoideus Trapezius (thoracic part) Deep pectoral

Trapezius (thoracic part) Deep pectoral

Which one of the following muscles inserts on the calcaneus? Tibialis cranialis Deep digital flexor Long digital extensor Superficial digital flexor

Superficial digital flexor

Which of the following statements concerning mammalian vertebrae is CORRECT? The sacrum is comprised of multiple small vertebrae, the number of which vary from individual to individual. Lumbar vertebrae articulate with the ribs. All mammals have 7 cervical vertebrae The axis is the first cervical vertebrae.

All mammals have 7 cervical vertebrae

Which of the following statements about the transverse atlantal ligament is CORRECT? It keeps the dens of the axis pushed down on the floor of the atlas. It extends cranially through to the foramen magnum, where it is known as the apical ligament. It is attached to the dens, and keeps the dens from rotating inside the atlas. It runs from the floor of the axis across the dens of the atlas.

It keeps the dens of the axis pushed down on the floor of the atlas.

In unguligrade feet, which of the following touches the ground during walking? Distal metacarpal Tarsus Proximal phalanx Hoof

Hoof

which of the following factors may affect the level of mineralisation of bones Age Temperature Lactation Nutrition

Age Lactation Nutrition

The transition from a reptilian stance to that of a mammal does NOT include which of the following? The requirement for a dynamic system of stability due to the high centre of gravity and narrow stance of mammals. Twisting of the humerus so that the elbow projects caudally in mammals rather than laterally as in reptiles. Transition from limbs that are arranged vertically under the animal to limbs that project out the side of the animal. Absence of twisting of the dorsal and ventral muscles masses of the hind leg following the reorientation of the limbs in mammals.

Transition from limbs that are arranged vertically under the animal to limbs that project out the side of the animal.

Which one of the following statements about the external abdominal oblique muscle is INCORRECT? Its fibres run downwards and forwards (cranio-ventral). It is larger than the internal abdominal oblique muscle. It is superficial to the transverse abdominal muscle. Its aponeurosis is superficial to the rectus abdominus muscle

Its fibres run downwards and forwards (cranio-ventral).

A cheetah is sprinting after a gazelle. It is in its aerial phase, with forelimbs retracted and hind limbs protracted. Which of the following statements is (are) also currently true? The shoulder is extended The back is flexed. The hip is flexed Epaxial muscles are contracted more than hypaxial muscles

The back is flexed. The hip is flexed

Which one of the following muscles inserts on the accessory carpal bone? Ulnaris lateralis Extensor carpi radialis Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexor carpi radialis

Flexor carpi ulnaris

What is (are) the action(s) of the trapezius muscle? Protract the forelimb Adduct the forelimb Elevate the forelimb Extend the shoulder

Protract the forelimb Elevate the forelimb

Which one of the following muscles is NOT part of the transversospinalis muscle group? Semispinalis capitis Iliocostalis cervicis Multifidus Biventer

Iliocostalis cervicis

Which one of the following statements about the iliocostalis muscle is CORRECT? It is the middle group of the epaxial muscles, lying between the longissimus muscle and transversospinalis group. It has three parts: cervical, thoracic and lumbar. It has insertions on the ribs as well as vertebrae. It is not found in the lumbar region.

It has insertions on the ribs as well as vertebrae.

What is the function of the extensor carpi radialis muscle? Extends the digits but has no action on the carpus Flexes the carpus and extends the digits Extends the carpus and flexes the digits Extends the carpus but has no action on the digits

Extends the carpus but has no action on the digits

The abdominal muscles are important in locomotion. In conjunction with the (hypaxial, epaxial) muscles of the vertebral column, contraction of the abdominal muscles (extends, flexes) the back.

hypaxial flexes

Which one of the following muscles is innervated by the sciatic nerve? Gastrocnemius Vastus lateralis Semitendinosus Adductor

Semitendinosus

Which artery runs between the termination of the aorta and the femoral artery? Pudendal External iliac Saphenous Internal iliac

External iliac

The _____ extends from the mastoid process of the skull to the clavicular tendon

cleidomastoideus muscle of brachiocephalicus muscle

The ____ artery runs down the medial side of the forelimb between the elbow and carpus.

median

If the femoral nerve is damaged, then a dog may not be able _____ to its stifle.

extend

The ______ ligament inserts on the tuber ischii and stabilises the sacrum and pelvis in the dog

sacrotuberous

Briefly describe the different types of fibrous joints.

Suture e.g. flat bone of skull Gomphosis e.g. socket and teeth joint (allow little movement but firm attachment) Syndesmosis e.g. tibiafibular, splint bone in horse (many intervening connective tissue)

List the major nerves of the hind limb, and name one muscle innervated by each nerve.

Obturator: gracilis, adductor, pectineus, external obturator Sciatic: hamstring, internal obturator Femoral: quadriceps, sartorius, iliopsoas Peroneal: cranial tibial, peroneus longus, long and lateral digital extensor Tibial: gastrocnemius, SDF & DDF, popliteus

Briefly describe the differences between plantigrade and digitigrade feet, particularly in terms of which parts of the feet touch the ground.

Plantigrade: whole foot landing i.e. phalanx, metacarpal/metatarsal, carpus/tarsus e.g. human, bear Digitigrade: only digits and distal end of metacarpal/metatarsal contact ground e.g. cats/dogs

The superior check ligament in the horse is the accessory ligament of the:

Superficial digital flexor tendon

The lower limbs of the bovine

have digits III and IV fully developed

Where is the insertion of the semitendinosus muscle in horses? Lateral aspect of the tibia and common calcaneal tendon Medial aspect of the tibia and common calcaneal tendon Lateral aspect of the femur and common calcaneal tendon Medial aspect of the femur and common calcaneal tendon

Medial aspect of the tibia and common calcaneal tendon

Where are the collateral cartilages of the distal phalanx located?

Proximal borders of the third phalanx

Which one of the following arteries provides the main vascular supply in the front lower limb and foot of the horse? Lateral palmar metacarpal artery Medial palmar artery Medial palmar metacarpal artery Lateral palmar artery

Medial palmar artery

A horse is presented for an assessment of a wound over the metatarsal region. The horse "knuckles over" the fetlock in each step forward. Which of the following tendons and ligaments are most likely completely transected due to the wound Superficial digital flexor tendon Superficial digital flexor tendon, deep digital flexor tendon and suspensory ligament Superficial digital flexor tendon and deep digital flexor tendon Long digital extensor tendon

Long digital extensor tendon

Which one of the following statements about ligaments in the horse is CORRECT? Horses do not have collateral ligaments in the stifle. The short collateral ligaments of the tarsus are under tension when the tibiotarsal joint is flexed. The horse has 3 cruciate ligaments in the stifle joint. The proximal scutum is located between the first and second phalanx.

The short collateral ligaments of the tarsus are under tension when the tibiotarsal joint is flexed.

Long plantar ligament attaches to what bone

Head of the fourth metatarsal bone

Ulnaris lateralis attaches to what bone (horse)

Accessory carpal bone

Tibialis cranialis -attaches to what bone

Tarsal bones and third metatarsal bone

Palmar annular ligament attaches to what bone

Proximal sesamoid bones

In regards to the synovial structures of the tarsus in horses, which one of the following statements is CORRECT? The proximal intertarsal joint always communicates with the tarsocrural joint. The tibiotarsal joint has only one dorsal pouch. The tarsometatarsal joint never communicates with the distal intertarsal joint. The tarsal sheath is located between the long plantar ligament and the superficial digital flexor tendon.

The proximal intertarsal joint always communicates with the tarsocrural joint.

Which one of the following structures inserts on the palmar aspect of the distal phalanx (third phalanx) in horses? Superficial digital flexor tendon Proximal digital annular ligament Suspensory ligament Deep digital flexor tendon

Deep digital flexor tendon

Which one of the following ligaments is NOT a ligament of the proximal sesamoid bones? Short sesamoidean ligament Collateral sesamoidean ligament of the fetlock Axial ligament of the proximal interphalangeal joint Oblique sesamoidean ligament

Axial ligament of the proximal interphalangeal joint

How many branches does the deep digital flexor tendon have in the pig?

Which one of the following statements is CORRECT regarding the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT)? The SDFT inserts on the palmar distal phalanx. The SDFT bifurcates and inserts on both the distal, palmar proximal phalanx and the proximal, palmar middle phalanx. The SDFT bifurcates and the dorsal branches merge with digital extensor tendon. The SDFT inserts on the proximal border of the distal sesamoid bone.

The SDFT bifurcates and inserts on both the distal, palmar proximal phalanx and the proximal, palmar middle phalanx.

The dorsal metatarsal artery in horses bifurcates into the medial and lateral: Plantar metatarsal arteries Plantar arteries Plantar digital arteries Dorsal digital arteries

Plantar digital arteries

What are the origins of the deep digital flexor muscle in the front limb of the horse? Radial head and ulnar head Humeral head, ulnar head and radial head Humeral head and ulnar head Humeral head and radial head

Humeral head, ulnar head and radial head

The straight sesamoidean ligament attaches the basal surfaces of both proximal sesamoid bones to which of the following? A tuberosity on the proximal, palmar aspect of the second phalanx. Fossae on the medial and lateral aspects of the distal third metacarpal bone (beneath the collateral ligaments of the metacarpophalangeal joint). The axial borders of the proximal sesamoid bones where it forms the proximal scutum. A broad, triangular, roughened surface (the trigone) on the palmar aspect of the first phalanx.

A tuberosity on the proximal, palmar aspect of the second phalanx.

short sesamoidean lig is where: fetlock podotrochlear apparatus stifle tarsus

fetlock

long plantar lig is where: fetlock podotrochlear apparatus stifle tarsus

tarsus

caudal cruciate lig is where: fetlock podotrochlear apparatus stifle tarsus

stifle

collateral lig of distal sesamoid (navicular) bone is where: fetlock podotrochlear apparatus stifle tarsus

podotrochlear apparatus

What does “brushing” mean in relation to limb interference in horses?

It is a light contact of the foot with the medial surface of the opposite limb.

What does “cross firing” mean in relation to limb interference in horses?

The inside of the hind foot clips inside of the opposite fore foot.

What does “forging” mean in relation to limb interference in horses?

The toe of the hind foot strikes the sole of the fore foot on the same side.

What does “scalping” mean in relation to limb interference in horses?

The toe of the fore foot hits the hind foot above the coronary band.

tensor fascia latae is innervated by what nerve in horse

cranial gluteal nerve

gracillis is innervated by what nerve in horse

obturator

quadriceps femoris is innervated by what nerve in horse

femoral nerve

semitendinosus is innervated by what nerve in horse

sciatic

Which one of the following statements is INCORRECT when comparing bovine and equine locomotory features? The lacertus fibrosus is less well developed in cattle than in horses. Cattle spend more time in recumbency compared to horses. The nuchal ligament of cattle is very similar to the nuchal ligament of horses. Cattle can lock their stifles like horses.

Cattle can lock their stifles like horses.

Which one of the following muscles and tendons play a major role in carpus stability in the horse? Long digital extensor Lateral digital extensor Extensor carpi obliquus Extensor carpi radialis

Extensor carpi radialis

Where is the medial saphenous vein located in the horse? Medial aspect of the radius and carpus Lateral aspect of the radius and carpus Lateral aspect of the tibia and tarsus Medial aspect of the tibia and tarsus

Medial aspect of the tibia and tarsus

The distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) is a joint between which of the following bones? The distal phalanx and the distal sesamoid bone (two bones) The middle phalanx, the distal phalanx and the distal sesamoid bone (three bones) The proximal phalanx and the distal phalanx (two bones) The middle phalanx and only the distal phalanx (two bones)

The middle phalanx, the distal phalanx and the distal sesamoid bone (three bones)

The termination of the medial and lateral digital arteries is an anastomosis called the terminal arch. Which statement is INCORRECT? Distal branches of the terminal arch exit the parietal surface of the distal phalanx via foramen that supply both the distal lamellar dermis and the terminal papillae. Proximal branches of the terminal arch exit the parietal surface of the distal phalanx via foramen to supply both the coronary and proximal lamellar dermis. The terminal arch runs within the body of the distal phalanx in a semi-lunar shaped solear canal. The terminal arch is outside the distal phalanx, in the solear dermis, where it is known as the marginal circumflex artery.

The terminal arch is outside the distal phalanx, in the solear dermis, where it is known as the marginal circumflex artery.

The deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve bifurcates into the: Lateral and medial palmar metacarpal nerves Lateral and medial plantar nerves Lateral and medial plantar metatarsal nerves Dorsal lateral and medial metatarsal nerves

Lateral and medial plantar metatarsal nerves

The (calcaneal bursa, subextensorius recess, gastrocnemius bursa, cunean bursa) is located between the extensor groove of the tibia and the common proximal tendon of the long digital extensor and peroneus tertius muscle.

subextensorius recess

supracondylar tuberosities of femur is attached to meniscofemoral lig peroneus tertius gastrocnemius SDFT

gastrocnemius

intercondylar fossa of femur is attached to meniscofemoral lig peroneus tertius gastrocnemius SDFT

meniscofemoral lig

extensor fossa of femur is attached to meniscofemoral lig peroneus tertius gastrocnemius SDFT

peroneus teritus

supracondylar fossa of femur is attached to meniscofemoral lig peroneus tertius gastrocnemius SDFT

SDFT

Regarding hind limb anatomy of the horse, which one of the following statements is INCORRECT? The reciprocal apparatus flexes the hock and stifle at the same time. The reciprocal apparatus allows flexion and extension of the elbow and carpus. Rupture of the peroneus tertius allows flexion of the stifle and extension of the hock. The peroneus tertius and superficial digital flexor muscle and tendon are the main components of the reciprocal apparatus.

The reciprocal apparatus allows flexion and extension of the elbow and carpus.

Which anatomical structure connects the medial patellar ligament with the patella bone in horses? Para-patellar fibrocartilage Middle patella ligament Medial femoropatellar ligament Medial collateral ligament of the medial femorotibial joint

Para-patellar fibrocartilage

What characterises a "club" foot in the horse? Rotation of the third phalanx Long toe and low heels Vertical dorsal hoof wall and high heels Short toe and long frog

Vertical dorsal hoof wall and high heels

The distal aspect of the carpal sheath (carpal canal) in horses is formed by the junction between the: Suspensory ligament and inferior check ligament Palmar carpal ligament and the deep digital flexor tendon Inferior check ligament and the deep digital flexor tendon Superficial digital flexor tendon and the deep digital flexor tendon

Inferior check ligament and the deep digital flexor tendon??

Briefly describe the stay apparatus in the front limbs of the horse.

When forelimb muscle relaxes, ligament and tendons should hold the leg in normal resting position Shoulder and elbow→ neutral shoulder; biceps brachii tendon, lacertus fibrosus and ECR elbow triceps and collaterals Carpus: extended ECR tension via lacetus fibrosus of biceps brachii tendon Fetlock: over-extended Pastern and coffin: extended fetlock, paster and coffin: suspensory apparatus (suspensory lig, proximal sesamoids, distal sesamoidean ligaments), inferior check lig, SDFT and DDFT

Where is the insertion of the superficial digital flexor tendon in the forelimbs of horses? A. Between the second and third phalanx B.Between the first and second phalanx C.Between the proximal sesamoid bones D. In the palmar aspect of the third phalanx

B.Between the first and second phalanx

Which of the following arteries provides the main vascular supply in the front lower limb and foot of the horse?

Medial palmar artery

Which of the following bones is non-weight bearing in the carpus of horses? A. Radial carpal bone B.Accessory carpal bone C.Intermediate carpal bone D. Third carpal bone

B.Accessory carpal bone

Which of the following option is NOT correct regarding the scapula in horses? A. The scapula has cartilage of prolongation which is incorporated into the withers B. The scapula of the horse has a large trapezius tuberosity (spine of scapula) C. Horses do not have clavicle D.The origin of the lateral collateral ligament of the shoulder is in the scapula

D.The origin of the lateral collateral ligament of the shoulder is in the scapula

Which of the following statements best explains why hollow bones are almost as strong as solid bones? A. When bent, compressional and tensile forces act on opposite sides of the bone to provide strength while these forces counteract each other in the middle of the bone, so there's no advantage to having bone there. B. When bent, the fluid in the middle of the bone redistributes the forces acting on the bone so it resists breaking. C. When bent, the only thing that matters is the strength of the outer layer of bone at the point where the force is acting – the rest is irrelevant and so the bone can be hollow. D. Bone is very strong and a hollow bone is stronger than any animal needs.

A. When bent, compressional and tensile forces act on opposite sides of the bone to provide strength while these forces counteract each other in the middle of the bone, so there's no advantage to having bone there.

In an adult animal, which of the following are important arteries to long bones (there may be more than one)? A. Epiphyseal artery B. Metaphyseal artery C. Nutrient artery D. Osseous artery

B. Metaphyseal artery C. Nutrient artery

The basic limb pattern of terrestrial mammals is known as pentadactyl because: A. All species have two bones in the distal part of both fore and hind limbs B. Animals with fewer digits have a lot of built up energy C.Most species have 5 bones in each digit D. The basic body plan for most mammals has 5 digits on each limb

D. The basic body plan for most mammals has 5 digits on each limb

Which of the following best describes why environmental factors are important for thinking about locomotion in animals? A. Because locomotion is about animals moving from one place to another, and to do so they have to push or pull against the environment. B. Because the environment is important, and if we treat it badly, we are heading for an environmental disaster that could see the extinction of many species. C. Because environmental factors (e.g. air) are important for keeping animals alive while they locomote. D. Because environmental factors may impede the progress of animals during locomotion, e.g. fallen trees, rivers, etc.

A. Because locomotion is about animals moving from one place to another, and to do so they have to push or pull against the environment

9) Joint between the splint bones of a horse and its cannon bone is a: Select one alternative Gomphosis Synchondrosis Syndesmosis Symphysis

Syndesmosis

Why are the wheels more efficient than limbs for locomotion select one alternative Wheels have axis, which are an efficient way of attaching something , but these are not possible in biology as blood vessels and nerves cannot be twisted far Wheels have rubber tires, which provide excellent grip on environmental surfaces so are very efficient at pushing vehicles forward Wheels have constant kinetic energy as they keep spinning in one direction, whereas limbs have constantly be stopped and reversed in their direction Wheels do not vary in diameter and so are more efficient than limbs

Wheels have constant kinetic energy as they keep spinning in one direction, whereas limbs have constantly be stopped and reversed in their direction

The transition from reptilian stance to that of the mammal does NOT include which of the following? Select one alternative Twisting the humerus so that the elbow projects caudally in mammals rather than laterally in reptiles Twisting of the dorsal and ventral muscle masses of the hind leg following the reorientation of the limbs in mammals Transition from limbs that project out of the side of the animal to limbs arranged vertically under the animal The requirement for a dynamic system of stability due to the high center of gravity and narrow stance of mammals

Twisting of the dorsal and ventral muscle masses of the hind leg following the reorientation of the limbs in mammals

What is the action of the bicep brachii muscle? Flexion of the shoulder Extension of the elbow Flexion of the elbow Extension of the shoulder

Flexion of the elbow

Which of the following muscles are innervated by the radial nerve? (there may be more than one) Triceps brachii Extensor carpi Radialis Common Digital Extensor Brachialis

Triceps brachii Extensor carpi Radialis Common Digital Extensor

Which of the following nerves innervate the flexors of the digits of the front leg? (there may be more than one) Radial nerve Median Nerve Ulnar Nerve Musculocutaneous nerve

Median Nerve - SDF Ulnar Nerve - DDF

The thoracic part of the Trapezius muscle inserts on the:

Spine of the scapula

What is ( are ) the action(s) of the superficial pectoral muscles? Retract the forelimb Protract the Forelimb Abduct the forelimb Flex the shoulder

Retract the forelimb Protract the Forelimb

Which of the following muscles originate on the medial epicondyle of the humerus? Pronator teres Flexor carpi ulnaris Ulnaris lateralis Flexor carpi Radialis

Pronator teres Flexor carpi Radialis

Which artery provides a pulse on the medial side of the forelimb between the distal biceps brachii and Triceps brachii? Transverse humeral Median Axillary Brachial

Brachial

The palmar carpal fibrocartilage is best described as :

The palmar aspect of the carpal joint capsule

Which of the following muscles NOT part of the synsarcosis that holds the forelimb on to the body of the dog? Trapezius Serratus ventralis Deltoideus Deep pectoral

Deltoideus

Which of the following muscles are extensors of the stifle? Gracilis Sartorius (cranial part ) Biceps femoris Rectus femoris

Sartorius (cranial part ) Biceps femoris Rectus femoris

What is the main action of the middle gluteal muscle?

Extend the Hip

which of the following muscles does NOT have an insertion on the calcaneus? Deep Digital Flexor Bicep femoris Superficial digital flexor Gracilis

Deep Digital Flexor

which of the following muscles is innervated by the sciatic nerve? Gastrocnemius Adductor Semitendinosus Vastus lateralis

Semitendinosus

which of the following muscles is a hamstring? Gracilis Biceps brachii Semitendinosus Semimembranosus

Semitendinosus Semimembranosus

which vein runs superficially down the medial side of the hind leg of the mid-thigh to tarsus? Medial saphenous Femoral Saphenous Cranial tibial

Medial saphenous

The manica flexoria in the hind limb is the superficial digital flexor tendon for each digit. It splits just distal to the [_______] (metatarsophalangeal,tarsometatarsal ) joint , allowing the [_______] (superficial,deep) digital flexor tendon to pass through it, and then wraps around either side of the [______] ( superficial ,deep) digital flexor tendon to insert on the [______] ( proximal middle, distal) phalanx.

metatarsophalangeal deep deep proximal middle

A cheetah is sprinting after a gazelle . it is in its aerial phase with forelimbs protracted and hind limbs retracted. Which of the following statements is also currently true? The back is flexed Epaxial muscles are more contracted than hypaxial muscles Hip is flexed The shoulder is extended

Epaxial muscles are more contracted than hypaxial muscles The shoulder is extended

which of the following statements about the transverse atlantal ligament in INCORRECT? It runs from the floor of the atlas across the dens of the axis It keeps the dens of the axis pushed down on the floor of the atlas It is not attached to the dens, allowing the dens to move laterally during rotation of the head It extends cranially through to the foramen magnum where it is known as the apical ligaments

It extends cranially through to the foramen magnum where it is known as the apical ligaments

which of the following statements about the internal abdominal oblique muscle is INCORRECT? It is larger than the external abdominal oblique muscle It is superficial to the transverse abdominal muscle Fibers run downwards and forwards ( cranio-ventral) It’s aponeurosis may pass either superficially or deep to the rectus abdominis muscle.

It is larger than the external abdominal oblique muscle

The Cleidocervicalis muscle extends from the median raphe to the

clavicular tendon

The ___ nerve runs down the medial side of the forelimb with the main arterial stem.

median

If the obturator nerve is damaged during the parturition, then a cow may not be able to ____ her hind legs

adduct

The ______ muscle is the main flexor of the tarsus.

cranial tibial or tibialis cranialis

Briefly describe the structure of typical synovial joint

- Joint capsule-encloses joint - Joint cavity-contain fluid - Articular cartilage-Hyaline - Synovial fluid- provides nutrition, lubricates, aids shock absorption

Briefly describe the functional anatomy of the cruciate ligaments of a dogs stifle.

Keep Tibia and femur aligned together cranial cruciate prevents tibia from moving cranially relative to femur caudal cruciate prevents tibia from moving caudally relative to femur also assist in flexion and extension; prevents hyperextension

The suspensory apparatus of the distal phalanx (SADP) in a connection between The parietal of the distal phalanx and the lamellar stratum internum of the hoof The distal sesamoid (navicular ) bone and the dorsal,distal surface of the proximal phalanx. The palmar processes of the distal phalanx and ungular cartilages. The coronary dermis and coronary groove of the proximal hoof wall.

The parietal of the distal phalanx and the lamellar stratum internum of the hoof

The oblique sesamoidean ligaments attach the basal surfaces of both proximal sesamoids bones to which of the following structures? A broad triangular, roughened surface on the palmar aspect of the first phalanx A tuberosity on the proximal, palmar aspect of the second phalanx Fossae on the medial and lateral aspects of the distal 3rd metacarpal bone (beneath the collateral ligaments of the metacarpophalangeal joint) The axial borders of the proximal sesamoid bones where it forms the proximal scutum.

A broad triangular, roughened surface on the palmar aspect of the first phalanx

which of the following statements about the deep digital flexor tendon( DDFT ) is CORRECT? The DDFT inserts on the proximal border of the distal sesamoid bone The DDFT inserts on the distal phalanx proximal to the distal sesamoid bone The DDFT bifurcates and inserts on both the distal palmar proximal phalanx and the proximal palmar middle phalanx The DDFT inserts on the distal phalanx distal to the sesamoid bone

The DDFT inserts on the distal phalanx distal to the sesamoid bone

The termination of the medial and lateral digital arteries in an anastomosis called the terminal arch. Select one alternative The terminal arch is within the coronary dermis where it forms the coronal circumflex artery The terminal arch runs in a semi-Lunar canal within the body of the distal phalanx The terminal arch runs in the collateral ligament of the distal sesamoid bone that supplies nutrient branches of the proximal distal sesamoid. The terminal arch is outside the distal phalanx where it forms a circumflex artery in the solear dermis.

The terminal arch runs in a semi-Lunar canal within the body of the distal phalanx

Which of the following is CORRECT ? An epidermal structure like the hoof capsule depends on the blood supply of the adjacent dermis for its supply of essential nutrients. An epidermal structure like the hoof capsule absorbs all the oxygen it needs from the atmosphere An epidermal structure is like the hoof capsule is all dead tissue and does not need blood supply An epidermal structure like the hoof capsule has own blood supply running in the tubules of the stratum medium.

An epidermal structure like the hoof capsule depends on the blood supply of the adjacent dermis for its supply of essential nutrients.

Which of the following statements about the scapula of the horse is CORRECT? The lateral collateral ligament between the scapula and the humerus is stronger ligament in the horse The bicipital bursa communicates with the shoulder joint 30-40% The supraspinous fossa is located in the cranial aspect of the spine (scapula spine) The supraglenoid tuberosity is located caudal aspect of the scapula

The supraspinous fossa is located in the cranial aspect of the spine (scapula spine)

which joints have communication in the carpus of the horse? The radiocarpal joint always communicates with the intercarpal joint There is no communication between the carpal joint in horses The radiocarpal joint always communicates with carpometacarpal joint The intercarpal joint always communicates with the carpometacarpal joint

The intercarpal joint always communicates with the carpometacarpal joint

which of the following bones is located medially in the carpus of horses? Accessory carpal bone Fourth carpal bone Radial carpal bone Ulnar carpal bone

Radial carpal bone

which ligament connects the patella with the femur in horses? Menisco-femoral ligament Femoropatellar ligament Collateral ligament of the stifle Middle patella ligament

Femoropatellar ligament

where is the main insertion of the common and long digital extensor tendons in horses? Between the proximal sesamoid bones In the navicular bone Between the first and second phalanx Extensor process of the third phalanx

Extensor process of the third phalanx

how many ligaments attach to the lateral meniscus of the horse’s stifle?

which of the following statements is CORRECT regarding the stay apparatus In the standing horse, flexion of the shoulder is prevented by the biceps femoris No muscular effort is needed to maintain the passive stay apparatus Horses can support their weight by three limbs One of the front limbs can rest on the toe

Horses can support their weight by three limbs

which of the following statements about the medial palmar artery is CORRECT? It runs laterally in the forelimb It runs medially between the suspensory ligaments and Deep digital flexor tendon It provides minimal blood supply to the lower limb and foot It branches off to form the collateral ulnar artery and radial artery

It runs medially between the suspensory ligaments and Deep digital flexor tendon

which structures of the horse’s limb are involved in the “ spring and coil mechanism” during locomotion? Superficial and deep digital flexor muscles and tendons Accessory ligaments of the flexor tendons Distal sesamoidean ligaments Suspensory ligament

Superficial and deep digital flexor muscles and tendons

which of the following statements is CORRECT regarding limb interference in horses? Forging is when the inside of the hind foot clips inside of the opposite fore foot Forging is when the toe of the hind foot strike the sole of the fore foot on the same side Forging is when there is light contact of the foot with the medial surface of the opposite limb Forging is when the toe of the hind foot hits the fore foot heel on the same side

Forging is when the toe of the hind foot strike the sole of the fore foot on the same side

where is the insertion of the superficial digital flexor tendon ( SDFT ) in the hind limbs of horses? Between the first and second phalanx and two attachments in the tuber calcaneus Between the proximal sesamoid bones Between the second and third phalanx In the palmar aspect of the third phalanx

Between the first and second phalanx and two attachments in the tuber calcaneus

where does long plantar lig attach in horses calcaneus proximal-dorsal MC3 P3 MC3 and P1

calcaneus

where does distal impar sesamoidean lig attach calcaneus proximal-dorsal MC3 P3 MC3 and P1

where does collateral sesamoidean lig of fetlock attach calcaneus proximal-dorsal MC3 P3 MC3 and P1

MC3 and P1

where does extensor carpi radialis attach (horse) calcaneus proximal-dorsal MC3 P3 MC3 and P1

proximal-dorsal MC3

The Lateral dorsal metatarsal nerve is a branch of the [______] (superficial peroneal, lateral plantar, deep peroneal, lateral plantar metatarsal ) nerve in horse.

deep peroneal

In Which phase of the stride in horses is the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) under the most tension? Cranial part( load absorption phase ) of the stance phase Intermediate part ( mid-stance phase ) Caudal part ( propulsion ) of the stance phase Retraction (swing phase )

Caudal part ( propulsion ) of the stance phase

68) which of the following statements about the angular limb deformities in horses is CORRECT? Carpal valgus is medial deviation of the fore limb from the carpus distally( “bow legged” ) Foals with carpal varus will have increased tension over the medial collateral ligaments Carpal varus is medial deviation of the fore limb over the carpus distally (“bow legged”) Foals with carpal valgus will have increased compression on the medial splint bone

Carpal varus is medial deviation of the fore limb over the carpus distally (“bow legged”) carpal valgus; knock kneed

Which of the following statements is CORRECT? The extensor retinaculum function like collateral ligaments in the hock The deep components of the collateral ligaments of the tarsus is under tension during flexion of the joint The superficial component of the collateral ligament of the tarsus is under tension during flexion of the joint The flexor retinaculum functions like collateral ligaments in the hock

The deep components of the collateral ligaments of the tarsus is under tension during flexion of the joint

what is the typical gait of a standardbred pacer? It is three-beat, in which two feet land together but the other two land independently of each other. It is a two-beat diagonal gait, with two moments of suspension per cycle. It is a fast-beat gait in which the leading fore and hind feet on the same side strike the ground simultaneously It is a four beat gait

It is a fast-beat gait in which the leading fore and hind feet on the same side strike the ground simultaneously

A horse with laceration on the palmar aspect of the metacarpal region is presented with a dropped fetlock ( but not on the ground ) and elevation of the toe. Which of the following soft tissue structures are most likely damaged and completely transected? Super digital flexor tendon and deep digital flexor tendon Long and lateral digital extensor tendon Superficial digital flexor tendon, deep and digital flexor tendon and suspensory ligament Superficial digital flexor tendon

Super digital flexor tendon and deep digital flexor tendon

The_____ nerve innervates the infraspinatus and supraspinatus muscles in the horse.

Suprascapular

The _____ bursa is located under the medial branch of the insertion of the tibialis cranialis.

cunean

In horses, the patella is resting over the _____ trochlear ridge of the femur when the stifle is locked

medial

list the four distal sesamoidean ligaments in the horse

Straight Short Oblique Cruciate

describe the reciprocal apparatus in horses

Consists of 2 cords: the SDFT and peroneus tertius Important in limb movement and in the stay apparatus mechanism hock and stifle flex simultaneously