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Vets1021: loco > general principles, bones and joints of back and neck > Flashcards

general principles, bones and joints of back and neck Flashcards

1
Q

static models of back and neck bending in vertical plane

A

not a good representation

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2
Q

string and bow model

A
  • the bow:
  • vertebrae and intervertebral discs,
  • supported by ligaments and muscles; supraspinous lig, epaxial mm, hypaxial mm
  • compressionally strong but w some flexibility
  • the string
  • muscles w variable tension braces by rib cage
  • cranial; scalenus m
  • caudal; abdominal mm
  • tightening –> flex the box
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3
Q

string and bow model is

A
  • delicately balanced
  • dynamic; can respond to changes
  • maturity brings stronger mm; less sagging of the belly and back
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4
Q

locomotion; ____ w ground is essential

A

friction

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5
Q

locomotion; propulsive force acr around pivot near

A

thoraco-lumbar junction

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6
Q

from a flexed back position

A
  • Hindlimb; which is on the ground, is going to be retracted and extended (propulsion)
  • Forelimb is going to be protracted (recovery)
  • Back is going to be extended
  • Uses axial mm and extrinsic mm
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7
Q

Extensors of back

A

epaxial mm

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8
Q

Extensors of hip

A

gluteals, hamstrings

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9
Q

Extensors of stifle

A

quadriceps

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10
Q

Extensors of hock

A

gastrocnemius

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11
Q

Protractor forelimb

A

brachiocephalic

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12
Q

Extensors of shoulder

A

supraspinatus

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13
Q

From an extended back position

A
  • Forelimb is now on the ground, is going to be retracted and extended
  • Hind limb is going to be protracted (recovery)
  • Back is going to be flexed
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14
Q

Flexors of back

A

hypaxials, abdominal mm

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15
Q

Retractors of forelimb

A

latissimus dorsi, deep pecs

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16
Q

Extensors of elbow

A

triceps

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17
Q

Flexors of hip

A

iliopsoas, rectus femoris

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18
Q

scaling of head and neck

A
  • As body size increases
  • Suppose body increases in size by factor of x
  • Length increases by a factor of x
  • Muscle strength (area) by x^2
  • Weight (volume) increases by x^3
  • Moment (leverage) increases by x^4
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19
Q

In large animals the increase in epaxial mm alone is insufficient

A
  • Large animals have difficulty raising their heads (esp grazers)
  • They develop elastic fibers in nuchal ligament; stores energy
  • And large spinous processes (withers)
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20
Q

bending in a horizontal plane

A
  • Sudden changes in direction
  • Dog wagging its tail
  • V limited in horse
  • Partly fused articular and transverse processes of lumbar vertebra
  • Sheep and cattle intermediate
  • Pig has a lot lateral movement
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21
Q

Rotation

A
  • Twisting of back when jumping over an obstacle
  • Rolling of back in a pacing horse
22
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A
  • Small spinous process
  • Large articular area
  • Some DV and lateral movement
23
Q

Atlanto-occipital joint

A
  • nodding
  • Most DV movement of head and neck
  • Little lateral or rotational movement
24
Q

Antlanto-axial joint

A
  • head shaking joint
  • Little DV movement
  • Rotation permitted
  • Some lateral movement
25
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A
  • Tall spinous processes; tallest differs dog and horse
  • Dog T 11; anticlinal; most bending here in dogs ( stands right up, ones before point backwards, ones behind point forwards)
  • Site of many problems especially in small dogs with long backs
  • Articulate with ribs
26
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A
  • Large transverse processes
  • Horse; Transverse processes of L4-5-6 articulate with each other and L6 articulates with sacrum
  • Very stable
27
Q

Sacrum

A
  • Completely fused dog and horse
  • Dog; 3 small partly fused spines
  • Horse; 5 separate spines
28
Q

Caudal vertebrae

A

Spinous and transverse processes disappear caudally

29
Q

Intervertebral discs

A
  • Fibrocartilaginous joint
  • Annulus fibrosis thicker ventrally
  • ~16% of vertebral length in dogs and ~10% in ungulates (25% in humans)
30
Q

Joints of articular processes

A
  • Synovial joints between facets on vertebral arches
  • Cervical and cranial thoracic vertebrae
  • Flat & large, loose joint capsule
  • Movement comparatively free
  • Caudal thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
  • Flat , becoming concave/convex
  • Movement much reduced and restricted to median plane (ie flexion and extension)
31
Q

Ligaments of the vertebral column

A
  • Ventral longitudinal ligament
  • Dorsal longitudinal ligament
  • Supraspinous ligament
32
Q

Ventral longitudinal ligament

A
  • Thorax to sacrum
  • Wider and stronger in lumbar region
33
Q

Dorsal longitudinal ligament

A
  • Floor of vertebral cranial
  • Axis to sacrum
  • Wider over intervertebral disc but weaker than VLL
34
Q

Supraspinous ligament

A
  • Dorsal to spinous processes
  • From occipital bone or axis to sacrum
  • Modified in neck into the NUCHAL ligament
  • Merges with tendons of epaxial muscles T & L areas
35
Q

Nuchal ligament in dog

A
  • Goes from spine of axis to spinous process of T1
  • Paired fibrous band with yellow elastic fibers
36
Q

Nuchal ligament in horse

A
  • 2 parts (both paired)
  • Funicular and lamellar
  • funicular is dorsal part
  • lamellar is big triangle
  • From occipital bone and cervical vertebrae to spinous processes of first few T vertebra
  • Continues caudally as non elastic supraspinous ligament
37
Q

nuchal ligament; horse,

funicular part

A
  • Most dorsal part
  • Paired (left and right)
  • Flattened cranially becoming cord like in neck to flattened strap over thoracic spines
  • Gradual change from elastic to fibrous
38
Q

nuchal ligament; horse,

lamellar part

A
  • Paired
  • Lamellae (sheets) of elastic tissue
  • Digitations from spinous processes T2-3 to C2-6
  • 1st lamella to axis is very strong, becoming weaker caudally
  • Present in ox, weak in pig, absent in dog
39
Q

bursa in nuchal ligament

A
  • function; minimize pressure over bony prominence
  • atlantal bursa; over atlas under flat funicular part
  • supraspinous bursa; over spinous processes T2-3
40
Q

Seat of Poll evil

A

disease thats infection of atlantal bursa

41
Q

Seat of fistulous withers

A

disease thats infection of supraspinous bursa

42
Q

Atlanto-occipital joint

capsule and movement

A
  • Occipital condyles → “ cavities” of the atlas
  • Joint capsule; 1 for each condyle but join ventrally
  • Movement mainly flexion and extension
43
Q

Ligaments of atlanto-occipital joint

A
  • dorsal A-O membrane
  • Ventral A-O membrane
  • 2 lateral ligaments; comparatively weak
44
Q

atlanto axial joint type

A

pivot

45
Q

dens of axis sits on

A

floor of atlas (goes inside vertebral foramen of atlas)

46
Q

Atlanto axial joint capsule

A

loose; ample laterally

47
Q

Atlanto axial joint movement

A

mainly rotation

48
Q

ligaments of atlanto-axial joint

A
  • Dorsal A-A membrane
  • Ventral A-A membrane
  • Interspinous
49
Q

Ligaments of dens: (atlanto-axial joint)

A
  • Dogs: 3 parts
  • Apical (middle part) and 2 alar (2 lateral parts)
  • Pass through to foramen magnum and occipital condyles
  • Horse; 1 part
  • To floor of atlas only
50
Q

Transverse atlantal ligament (atlanto axial joint)

A
  • strap across dens from floor of atlas
  • Holds dens firmly on floor of atlas (not actually attached to dens)
  • If ruptured, dens pushes into spinal cord → death (what happens when you hang people)

Vets1021: loco (25 decks)

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