general principles, bones and joints of back and neck Flashcards

1
Q

static models of back and neck bending in vertical plane

A

not a good representation

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2
Q

string and bow model

A
  • the bow:
  • vertebrae and intervertebral discs,
  • supported by ligaments and muscles; supraspinous lig, epaxial mm, hypaxial mm
  • compressionally strong but w some flexibility
  • the string
  • muscles w variable tension braces by rib cage
  • cranial; scalenus m
  • caudal; abdominal mm
  • tightening –> flex the box
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3
Q

string and bow model is

A
  • delicately balanced
  • dynamic; can respond to changes
  • maturity brings stronger mm; less sagging of the belly and back
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4
Q

locomotion; ____ w ground is essential

A

friction

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5
Q

locomotion; propulsive force acr around pivot near

A

thoraco-lumbar junction

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6
Q

from a flexed back position

A
  • Hindlimb; which is on the ground, is going to be retracted and extended (propulsion)
  • Forelimb is going to be protracted (recovery)
  • Back is going to be extended
  • Uses axial mm and extrinsic mm
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7
Q

Extensors of back

A

epaxial mm

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8
Q

Extensors of hip

A

gluteals, hamstrings

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9
Q

Extensors of stifle

A

quadriceps

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10
Q

Extensors of hock

A

gastrocnemius

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11
Q

Protractor forelimb

A

brachiocephalic

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12
Q

Extensors of shoulder

A

supraspinatus

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13
Q

From an extended back position

A
  • Forelimb is now on the ground, is going to be retracted and extended
  • Hind limb is going to be protracted (recovery)
  • Back is going to be flexed
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14
Q

Flexors of back

A

hypaxials, abdominal mm

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15
Q

Retractors of forelimb

A

latissimus dorsi, deep pecs

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16
Q

Extensors of elbow

A

triceps

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17
Q

Flexors of hip

A

iliopsoas, rectus femoris

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18
Q

scaling of head and neck

A
  • As body size increases
  • Suppose body increases in size by factor of x
  • Length increases by a factor of x
  • Muscle strength (area) by x^2
  • Weight (volume) increases by x^3
  • Moment (leverage) increases by x^4
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19
Q

In large animals the increase in epaxial mm alone is insufficient

A
  • Large animals have difficulty raising their heads (esp grazers)
  • They develop elastic fibers in nuchal ligament; stores energy
  • And large spinous processes (withers)
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20
Q

bending in a horizontal plane

A
  • Sudden changes in direction
  • Dog wagging its tail
  • V limited in horse
  • Partly fused articular and transverse processes of lumbar vertebra
  • Sheep and cattle intermediate
  • Pig has a lot lateral movement
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21
Q

Rotation

A
  • Twisting of back when jumping over an obstacle
  • Rolling of back in a pacing horse
22
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A
  • Small spinous process
  • Large articular area
  • Some DV and lateral movement
23
Q

Atlanto-occipital joint

A
  • nodding
  • Most DV movement of head and neck
  • Little lateral or rotational movement
24
Q

Antlanto-axial joint

A
  • head shaking joint
  • Little DV movement
  • Rotation permitted
  • Some lateral movement
25
Thoracic vertebrae
- Tall spinous processes; tallest differs dog and horse - Dog T 11; anticlinal; most bending here in dogs ( stands right up, ones before point backwards, ones behind point forwards) - Site of many problems especially in small dogs with long backs - Articulate with ribs
26
Lumbar vertebrae
- Large transverse processes - Horse; Transverse processes of L4-5-6 articulate with each other and L6 articulates with sacrum - Very stable
27
Sacrum
- Completely fused dog and horse - Dog; 3 small partly fused spines - Horse; 5 separate spines
28
Caudal vertebrae
Spinous and transverse processes disappear caudally
29
Intervertebral discs
- Fibrocartilaginous joint - Annulus fibrosis thicker ventrally - ~16% of vertebral length in dogs and ~10% in ungulates (25% in humans)
30
Joints of articular processes
- Synovial joints between facets on vertebral arches - Cervical and cranial thoracic vertebrae - Flat & large, loose joint capsule - Movement comparatively free - Caudal thoracic and lumbar vertebrae - Flat , becoming concave/convex - Movement much reduced and restricted to median plane (ie flexion and extension)
31
Ligaments of the vertebral column
- Ventral longitudinal ligament - Dorsal longitudinal ligament - Supraspinous ligament
32
Ventral longitudinal ligament
- Thorax to sacrum - Wider and stronger in lumbar region
33
Dorsal longitudinal ligament
- Floor of vertebral cranial - Axis to sacrum - Wider over intervertebral disc but weaker than VLL
34
Supraspinous ligament
- Dorsal to spinous processes - From occipital bone or axis to sacrum - Modified in neck into the NUCHAL ligament - Merges with tendons of epaxial muscles T & L areas
35
Nuchal ligament in dog
- Goes from spine of axis to spinous process of T1 - Paired fibrous band with yellow elastic fibers
36
Nuchal ligament in horse
- 2 parts (both paired) - Funicular and lamellar - funicular is dorsal part - lamellar is big triangle - From occipital bone and cervical vertebrae to spinous processes of first few T vertebra - Continues caudally as non elastic supraspinous ligament
37
nuchal ligament; horse, funicular part
- Most dorsal part - Paired (left and right) - Flattened cranially becoming cord like in neck to flattened strap over thoracic spines - Gradual change from elastic to fibrous
38
nuchal ligament; horse, lamellar part
- Paired - Lamellae (sheets) of elastic tissue - Digitations from spinous processes T2-3 to C2-6 - 1st lamella to axis is very strong, becoming weaker caudally - Present in ox, weak in pig, absent in dog
39
bursa in nuchal ligament
- function; minimize pressure over bony prominence - atlantal bursa; over atlas under flat funicular part - supraspinous bursa; over spinous processes T2-3
40
Seat of Poll evil
disease thats infection of atlantal bursa
41
Seat of fistulous withers
disease thats infection of supraspinous bursa
42
Atlanto-occipital joint capsule and movement
- Occipital condyles → “ cavities” of the atlas - Joint capsule; 1 for each condyle but join ventrally - Movement mainly flexion and extension
43
Ligaments of atlanto-occipital joint
- dorsal A-O membrane - Ventral A-O membrane - 2 lateral ligaments; comparatively weak
44
atlanto axial joint type
pivot
45
dens of axis sits on
floor of atlas (goes inside vertebral foramen of atlas)
46
Atlanto axial joint capsule
loose; ample laterally
47
Atlanto axial joint movement
mainly rotation
48
ligaments of atlanto-axial joint
- Dorsal A-A membrane - Ventral A-A membrane - Interspinous
49
Ligaments of dens: (atlanto-axial joint)
- Dogs: 3 parts - Apical (middle part) and 2 alar (2 lateral parts) - Pass through to foramen magnum and occipital condyles - Horse; 1 part - To floor of atlas only
50
Transverse atlantal ligament (atlanto axial joint)
- strap across dens from floor of atlas - Holds dens firmly on floor of atlas (not actually attached to dens) - If ruptured, dens pushes into spinal cord → death (what happens when you hang people)