dog muscles of back, neck and abdomen

Question 1

epaxial vs hypaxial muscles

Answer 1

epaxial; above transverse processes

hypaxial; below transverse processes

Question 2

3 groups of expaxial muscles

Answer 2

most dorsal to most ventral: transversospinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis

Question 3

contract expaxials

Answer 3

extension of back

Question 4

contract hypaxials

Answer 4

flexion of back

Question 5

contract ipsilateral epaxials and hypaxials

Answer 5

lateral bending of back

Question 6

contract lumbar epaxials and contralateral thoracic hypaxials and rotators

Answer 6

rotation of back

Question 7

for hypaxial muscles, which region is most important and why

Answer 7

Lumbar ones most important (not really needed in thoracic area because there is ribs and a sternum)

Question 8

what 2 muscles make the iliopsoas muscle

Answer 8

psoas major and iliacus

Question 9

psoas major

Answer 9

• origin ventral surface L3/4-6
• joins iliacus
• inserts on lesser trochanter of femur

Question 10

psoas minor

Answer 10

• origin T10/11-L3/4
• inserts ileopectinal line (pelvis)

Question 11

quadratus lumborum

Answer 11

• origin T11/12-13 and transverse processes of L vert
• inserts on ilium

Question 12

quadratus lumborum is much ____ in horse

Answer 12

smaller

Question 13

abdominal mm assist the true

Answer 13

hypaxial mm

Question 14

4 main abdominal muscles

Answer 14

• external abdominal oblique
• internal abdominal oblique
• transversus abdominus
• rectus abdominus

Question 15

external abdominal oblique

fiber direction

Answer 15

• origin; ribs and lumbosacral fascia
• insertion; linea alba and prepubic tendon (via large aponeurosis)
• fibers run caudo-ventrally

Question 16

internal abdominal oblique

fiber direction

Answer 16

• origin; tuber coxae, lumbo-sacral fascia and inguinal lig
• insertion; linea alba and last 4-5 ribs
• fibers run cranio-ventrally

Question 17

transversus abdominus

fiber direction

Answer 17

• origin; transverse processes L vertebra and asternal ribs
• insertion; linea alba and xiphoid cartilage
• fibers run dorso-ventrally

Question 18

rectus abdominus

fiber direction

Answer 18

• origin prepubic tendon
• inserts on sternum
• distinct transverso tendinous intersections (tendinous inscriptions)
• fibers run cranio-caudally

Question 19

3 main longitudinal columns of epaxial muscles

Answer 19

iliocostalis
longissimus
transversospinalis group

Question 20

iliocostalis mm

Answer 20

• thoracic and lumbar parts
• most lateral
• origin wing of ilium
  -inserts on transverse processes of L vert and last few ribs
• fused with longissimus lumborum

Question 21

iliocostalis fuses with what muscle in lumbar region

Answer 21

longussimus lumborum

Question 22

iliocostalis thoracis found on ____

fascicles run in what direction

Answer 22

• dorsal ribs
• cranio-ventrally including to transverse process last C vert

Question 23

longissimus mm

Answer 23

• middle group
• capitis part, cervicis part, lumbar and thoracic part fused (longissimus dorsi)

Question 24

longissimus dorsi (thoracis and lumborum parts)

Answer 24

• originates from wing of ilium
• inserts on various processes of L and T vertebra and last few ribs

Question 25

longissimus cervicis how many fascicles

Answer 25

4 fascicles from canial T vert to caudal C vert

Question 26

longissimus capitis

Answer 26

from cranial T vert to mastoid process of temporal bone

Question 27

transversospinalis system

Answer 27

- most dorsal and medial - several diff muscles including - multifidus - spinalis - semispinalis - rotatores; long and short - interspinales - intertransversarii

Question 28

multifidus

Answer 28

- 3 parts; lumbar, thoracic and cervical - consists of little bundles of muscle

Question 29

extrinsic neck muscles all run from

Answer 29

body to skull so move head and neck relative to body

Question 30

extrinsic neck muscles are mainly ____ to cervical vertebra

Answer 30

dorsal

Question 31

extrinsic neck muscles include

Answer 31

- splenius - semispinalus capitis (biventer and compelxus) - spinalis et semispinalis dorsi et cervicis

Question 32

splenius

Answer 32

- origin lumbodorsal fascia - inserts of nuchal crest and mastoid process (in conjunction w longissimus capitus)

Question 33

splenius is deep to what 2 muscles

Answer 33

rhomboideus and cleidocervicalis

Question 33

semispinalis capitis 2 parts

Answer 33

2 parts; biventer (dorsal) and complexus (ventral)

Question 34

semispinalis capitis is deep to

Answer 34

splenius

Question 35

biventer

Answer 35

- dorsal part of semispinalis capitis - origin T2-4 - insert occipital bone - sits slightly below splenius

Question 36

complexus

Answer 36

- ventral part of semispinalis capitis - origin from C4-T1 - inserts on nuchal crest of occipital bone - really intrinsic (run from neck to head while extrinsic means run from body to head)

Question 37

intrinsic neck muscles

Answer 37

run from neck to head (or other part of neck) and move head relative to neck while extrinsic means run from body to head

Question 38

lateral neck mm are muscles that pull head and or neck to

Answer 38

side

Question 39

lateral neck muscles include

Answer 39

- brachiocephalic - serratus ventralis - sternocephalicus - scalenus

Question 40

sternocephalicus

Answer 40

- origin from sternum - insert on ramus of mandible

Question 41

scalenus

Answer 41

- origin from last few C vert - insert on first 7 or 8 ribs - flex neck laterally, flexes back - also assists in respiration