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Vets1021: loco > joints > Flashcards

joints Flashcards

1
Q

3 main categories of joints

A

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

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2
Q

3 types of fibrous joints

A

suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis

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3
Q

fibrous joints

A

held together by fibrous connective tissue, little movement

short, direct and often transitory

no joint cavity

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4
Q

suture joints (fibrous joint)

A
  • flat bones of skull
  • little movement but allow for growth
  • close to form synostosis: fusion or 2 or more bones of skull
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5
Q

bregma

A
  • meeting of sagittal and coronal suture on top of head (hole on head)
  • also known as fontanelle
  • persists in toy breeds; hole never closes up
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6
Q

syndesmosis joints (fibrous joint)

A
  • intervening tissue; two adjacent bones linked together for example tibia and fibula
  • more movement than suture but very restricted
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7
Q

gomphosis (fibrous joint)

A
  • peg in a socket joint
  • usually teeth
  • firm attachment
  • very slight movement
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8
Q

cartilaginous joints formed from

A

cartilage, fibro-cartilage or both
- no joint capsule

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9
Q

2 types of cartilaginous joints

A
  • symphysis (fibrocartilaginous)
  • synchondrosis (hyaline cartilage)
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10
Q

cartilaginous joints movement

A

limited; compression or stretching

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11
Q

symphysis (cartilaginous joint)

A
  • fibrocartilaginous
  • fibre sandwich between two layers of cartilage
  • ex where 2 os coxae come together
  • ex intervertebral disc
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12
Q

intervertebral disc joints

A
  • in between vertebrae, fibres arranged in circular fashion like an onion, annulus fibrosum
  • in the middle of disk is nucleus pulposus which is a gelatinous material
  • slipped disk is rupture of annulus and nucleus pulposus spits out; puts pressure on spinal cord
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13
Q

synchondrosis joint (cartilaginous)

A
  • hyaline cartilage
  • mainly transitory joints in growing bones
  • ex is epiphyseal cartilage aka growth plate
  • ex is costochondral joint (rib to sternum)
  • ex hyoid to skull
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14
Q

synovial joints all have

A
  • joint capsule
  • joint cavity
  • synovial fluid (fills joint cavity)
  • articular cartilage
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15
Q

classification of joints (simple and compound)

A
  • simple: 2 articular surfaces
  • compound; more than 2
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16
Q

ball and socket joint

A

enarthrosis
ex hip and shoulder

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17
Q

hinge joint

A

(ginglymus)
flex and extends, no lateral movement

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18
Q

condylar joint

A

ex stifle
condyles on condyles
flex and extend, no lateral movement
looks unstable, requires ligaments

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19
Q

pivot joint

A

trochoid
ex atlanto-axial
get rotation around a long axis

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20
Q

gliding joint

A

arthrodial
anything that doesn’t fit into above categories
ex is carpometacarpals joints

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21
Q

outer layer of joint capsule

A

stratum fibrosum

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22
Q

inner layer of joint capsule

what does it do

A
  • stratum synoviale
  • loose connective tissue; very thin, only 2-3 cells thick
  • phagocytic: cells will engulf any tissue/ rubbish in synoviale fluid and removed
  • cells also secrete things such as hyaluronan which gives synoviale fluid is viscous sticky character
23
Q

stratum fibrosum (outer layer of joint capsule) + stratum synoviale (inner layer of joint capsule) =

A

synovial membrane

24
Q

synovial membrane is

A
  • secretory
  • also absorptive (keeps right amount of synovial fluid in the joint) aided by movement –> lack of movement in old people = swollen joints bc too much synovial fluid
  • other characteristics include folds, pouches and fat pads
25
Q

articular cartilage is usually composed of

A

hyaline cartilage

but fibrocartilage in temporo-mandibular joint

26
Q

function of articular cartilage

A

reduce friction and shock absorption

avascular and no nerves

27
Q

articular cartilage get nutrition from

A

synovial membrane and some from underlying bone

28
Q

how is articular cartilage regenerated

A

multiplication of healthy cartilage cells and by conversion of stratum synoviale cells

best regeneration at periphery because nearer nutrients from synovial membrane

29
Q

thickness of cartilage depends on

A

weight bourne on it so thickest in middle articular surface

30
Q

surface of articular cartilage we see

A
  • collagen fibres anchored in underlying bone
  • hoops form a corrugated surface
  • springy for shock absorption and resist shear forces
31
Q

synovial fluid functions and what does it contain

A
  • contains mucopolysaccharides (hyaluronan) –> viscous fluid
  • functions are nutrition of articular cartilage, lubrication and shock absorption
32
Q

ligaments are

A

usually thickenings of stratum fibrosum in response to tensional forces

33
Q

ligaments function

A

strengthen joints, restrain movement, aided by tendons and extrinsic ligament

34
Q

ligaments made up of

A

almost pure collagen

35
Q

difference between tendons and ligaments

A

ligaments are NOT associated with muscle, tendons are

36
Q

some ligaments that are remnants of

A

tendons

37
Q

true or false ; some ligaments hardly restrain movement

A

true

38
Q

menisci

A

special fibrocartilage articular structures

39
Q

where are menisci found

A

stifle and temporo-mandibular joints only

40
Q

menisci function

A

shock absorbers, may also increase ‘fit’ or SA joint

41
Q

what do menisci have which is atypical for cartilage

A

a nerve supply

42
Q

dislocation/ luxation of joints is prevented by

A
  • shape or articualr surfaces
  • ligaments
  • muscles or tendons
  • cohesive force (= surface tension) of synovial fluid
43
Q

flexion

A

reduce angle of joint

44
Q

extension

A

increase angle of joint

45
Q

overextension

A

extend over 180 degrees

46
Q

gliding

A

rubbing between joints

47
Q

abduction

A

move away from midline

48
Q

adduction

A

move toward midline

49
Q

circumduction

A

large circular movement of limb

50
Q

bursae

A
  • not a joint
  • synovial structures
  • reduce friction between tendons and bones
51
Q

when synovial bursa wrap all the way around tendons they are called

A

tendon sheath

52
Q

tendon sheaths are held in place by tissue called

A

retinaculum

53
Q

sesamoid bones

A

small gliding bones associated with tendons where tendons run over synovial joints

54
Q

sesamoid bone functions

A

reduce fiction and maintain alignment +/- increase leverage

Vets1021: loco (25 decks)

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