Bones

Question 1

components of locomotor system

Answer 1

• bones
• joints
• muscles (skeletal)
• nerves and blood vessels

Question 2

types of bones

Answer 2

• long bones; columns and levers for movement
• flat bones; protection and muscle attachment
• short bones; diffuse concussion, reduce friction (sesamoid)
• irregular bones

Question 3

functions of bones

Answer 3

support, protections, movement (muscle attachment), mineral homeostasis, production of blood cells (haemopoiesis)

Question 4

epiphysis

Answer 4

ends of bones

Question 5

what are epiphysis generally covered with

Answer 5

articular cartilage

Question 6

epiphyseal cartilage

Answer 6

aka growth plate, separates epiphysis from rest of bone, when animal matures this ossifies and turns into bone

Question 7

diaphysis

Answer 7

shaft of bone

Question 8

metaphysis

Answer 8

either end of diaphysis

inbetween diaphysis and epiphysis cartilage

Question 9

compact bone

Answer 9

external dense layer of bone

Question 10

spongy or cancellous bone

Answer 10

internal, spicules (trabeculae) arranged according to mechanical stresses

Question 11

periosteum

Answer 11

external membrane, covers bone everywhere except where there is articular cartilage

contains blood vessels that provide nutrition to bone and continuous with tendons where muscles attach to bones, also full of nerves

can actually suture this

Question 12

endosteum

Answer 12

internal membrane

Question 13

medullary cavity

Answer 13

hollow centre of bone
red marrow in young animals and yellow marrow in mature animals

Question 14

nutrient foramen

Answer 14

where major blood vessel goes through to provide blood supply to tissues inside the bone, usually about halfway down the shaft

Question 15

true or false bone is dynamic living material

Answer 15

true

Question 16

what influences do bones renew and remodel is response to

Answer 16

mechanical, metabolic (ex lactation) , nutritional, endocrinological

Question 17

how much blood supply do bones need

Answer 17

about 10-20% of cardiac output

Question 18

nutrient artery

Answer 18

• major blood supply
• breaks into proximal and distal medullary arteries
• passes through nutrient foramen

Question 19

metaphyseal artery

Answer 19

• smaller than main nutrient arteries
• enters into metaphysis (proximal and distal)
• anastomose with medullary arteries at capillary level

Question 20

periosteal arterioles

Answer 20

supply outer cortex of diaphysis in areas of strong fascial attachment
anastomose with medullary artery

Question 21

epiphyseal arteries

Answer 21

this blood supply is separate to metaphyseal supply in young animals due to epiphyseal plate

one animal matures the growth plate ossifies then blood supply from metaphysis can cross this “barrier” and epiphyseal arteries become less important

Question 22

membranous bones

Answer 22

develop on layers of collagen fibres (ex flat bones of skull)

Question 23

cartilaginous bones

Answer 23

develop in pre-existing cartilage (most bones)

Question 24

sesamoid bones develop in response to

Answer 24

friction in utero

Question 25

tensile strength

Answer 25

strength not to be pulled apart provided by collagen fibers in bones

Question 26

compressional strength

Answer 26

strength not to be pushed together provided by mineral salts

Question 27

bones have less ____ strength than ____ strength; which means fractures tend to be on

Answer 27

less tensile strength that compressional strength fractures tend to be on opposite side to where stress/force was applied

Question 28

bones need to be

Answer 28

rigid, withstand compressional force or stress, withstand tensile force (stress), light

Question 29

spongy bone or trabeculae in the epiphyses are aligned in _____ to withstand forces/stress

Answer 29

lamella pressure lamella and tension lamella

Question 30

______ is an essential stimulus for proper bone formation

Answer 30

pull of muscle

Question 31

skeleton is divided into

Answer 31

cranial and post cranial post cranial further divided into axial (vertebrae, ribs and sternum) and appendicular (bones of limbs and girdle)

Question 32

vertebral column

Answer 32

cervical C (7) atlas (wing), axis thoracic T lumbar L sacral S caudal Ca

Question 33

ribs

Answer 33

true: sternal ie join to sternum false; asternal connect to cartilage of rib one floating rib

Question 34

pentadactyl limbs order

Answer 34

- humerus/ femur - radius and ulna/ tibia and fibula - 2 rows of carpals/ 3 rows of tarsals - metacarpals/ metatarsals - proximal phalages - middle phalanges - distal phalanges

Question 35

thoracic girdle

Answer 35

just scapula is most domestic animals some mammals still have clavicle (collar bones)

Question 36

proximal and distal carpals

Answer 36

proximal; radial and intermediate, ulnar and accessory distal carpals 14

Question 37

metacarpals

Answer 37

1-5, thumb is one

Question 38

pelvic girdle

Answer 38

2 os coxae= pelvis ilium (dorsal cranial) ischium (caudal) pubis (ventral)

Question 39

proximal and distal tarsals

Answer 39

talus (main weight bearing) calcaneus central distal 1-4

Question 40

movement of vertebral column in dogs, horses, ruminants and pigs

Answer 40

- dogs (and other. carnivores); bending at T11 (the anticlinal vertebra) - horse; column is rigid, all movement in legs - ruminants; slight bending - pigs; some bending

Question 41

sternum and ribs form the

Answer 41

thorax

Question 42

what is site of attachment for forelimb

Answer 42

thoracic wall