ParaLab - Diagnostic Para Flashcards
simplest and easiest technique to facilitate detection of intestinal parasites that infected subjects pass in their feces
direct fecal smear
used to directly detect presence of protozoans and helminths?
DFS
what solution in the DFS is used for the detection of trophozoite and larva motility?
NSS
Normal Saline Solution
- may also detect RBCs, Leukocytes, Charcot-Leydens
What solution do u use in DFS to demonstrate parasite structure?
Lugol’s Iodine
Iodine destroys trophozoites and organisms present
What solution do you use when u want to detect protozoan cysts?
Lugol’s
How many drops each should you use in NSS & Lugol’s?
1 drop each
NSS muna b4 Lugol’s coz iodine is toxic sa parasites
this is the qualitative analysis ng laboratory diagnosis since parasite identification is employed. what test is it?
DFS
This is the quantitative part ng Lab Diagnosis tests. It is used to count eggs of STHs.
Kato-Katz Technique
what is egg-counting used for?
- assess efficacy of treatment
- correlate severity of disease w/ intensity of infection
this is the manner of reporting when using Kato-Katz technique
epg
eggs per gram stool
what are the STHs?
- H = ookworm
- A = scaris lumbricoides
- T = richuris trichiura
- S = trongyloides
Schistosoma is not an STH pero nabibilang siya sa katokatz; Strongy no to kato afaik
for how many hours should you soak cellophane in the clearing agent first?
for 24 hours
if cellophane isn’t color green, add malachite green
where do you soak the green-colored cellophane?
what’s the clearing agent used?
glycerol-glycerine
why do we use green cellophane or malachite green?
other colors are strenuous. para masarap sa mata
steps in Kato-Katz
no need to memo this. just understand
- sieve stool using nylon screen
- scrape stool
- prep slide and template w/ hole then pahid stool then meron na sa slide
- place now the soaked cellophane then flatten by flipping or wine cork
- set aside for 1 hour so glycerol (clearing agent) may do its part
In Kato-Katz, hookworm eggs clear rapidly and won’t be visible after ____ to ____ mins
30 to 60 mins
so u need to leave slide w/ cellophane for that long lang
Schistosome eggs in Kato-Katz procedure is preferable examined within how many hours?
24 hours
True or False
Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura eggs will still be visible after many months in DFS
False, in Kato-Katz
for a 9 x 1 mm of template, how many grams of stool will u get and how much will u multiply that to get the epg?
50mg; x20
for a 6 x 1.5 mm of template, how many grams of stool will u get and how much will u multiply that to get the epg?
41.7 mg; x24
for a 6.5 x 0.5 mm of template, how many grams of stool will u get and how much will u multiply that to get the epg?
20mg; x50
pansin niyo, mg is indirectly proportional to amt multiplied bababhawdbaa xori i miss p6
Hookworm classification of intensity of infection for Kato-Katz
light< 2k-4k >=high
lesser than 2k is light, moderate is gitna. greater than or equal to 4k is high
Ascaris lumbricoides classification of intensity of Infection for Kato-Katz
light< 5k-50k >=heavy
lesser than 5k is light; between is moderate; greater than or equal to 50k is high
Trichuris trichiura classification of intensity of Infection for Kato-Katz
light< 1k-10k >= heavy
lesser than 1k is light and gr8r than or = to 10k is heavy
Schistosome spp. classification of intensity of Infection for Kato-Katz
light< 100-400 >=heavy
what is recognized as the golden standard of malaria diagnosis?
Thick and Thin smear
In thick and thin smears, what type of blood is preferred?
capillary blood
thru puncture
after collecting drops of blood for thick smear, what do you do?
dehemoglobinize by dipping in water
this type of smear is used for screening purposes.
thick smear
used because mas maraming amt of blood.
why do we dehemoglobinize thick smears?
so that hemoglobin will not obscure parasites
ghost cell (ata) kasi hanap natin
what will we do after we remove hemoglobin in thick smears?
stain with Giemsa (pH 7.2)
remember that basic stains adhere to acidic parts of d cell (nucleus kasi andon DNA/RNA deoxy…. acid)
this smear is used for the determination of parasite species.
or “confirmatory” but madam diana doesn’t want confirmatory
thin smear
allows us to determine parasite present and is more specific
after we smear the thin one, what do we do next?
fix with methanol
then stain w/ Giemsa after
when do we collect thick and thin smears?
at the height of fever (during fever)
average diameter of blood for thick smear
1-2 cm
for thin, feathered dapat and smear must cover 1/3 of the slide
formula for %parasitemia
%parasitemia = (parasitized/total) x 100
this laboratory diagnosis technique is used for the diagnosis of Enterobiasis and Taeniasis
Cellophane swab
or perianal swab
Cellophane swab is only used for what parasite since its stool recovery is poor (<5%)
Enterobius vermicularis
time of collection for cellophane swab
early in the morning b4 washing or defecation
MOT of Enterobius vermicularis
- fecal-oral
- inhalation of eggs
during what time of the day does Enterobius vermicularis lay its eggs in the perianal region?
during night
Enterobiasis is characterized by severe itching in the perianal region and this is called?
pruritis ani
this laboratory diagnosis technique is used to detect number of parasites present in stool and to remove debris that masks parasite
Concentration
two types or methods of concentration
- Flotation
- Sedimentation
In sedimentation, we should produce a solution with a ____ specific gravity than the stool sample so that parasite will sink
lower or higher
lower
mas mataas dpt spec grav ni stool so that it’ll sink
In flotation, we should produce a solution with a ____ specific gravity than the stool sample so that parasite will float
lower or higher
higher
mas mababa spec grav ng stool will allow it to float
what life cycle stage of the protozoan will be destroyed when u use FEACT?
trophozoites
Conc techniques may use what type of stool specimen?
fresh or fixed?
fresh or fixed
ethyl acetate in FEACT is for what?
lipid dissolving
two types of solutions that may be used in flotation?
- NaCl sol’n
- ZnSO4 sol’n
spec grav of sodium chloride solution
1.20
spec grav of zinc sulfate solution
1.35
in flotation, all will rise except what?
operculated eggs
- operculated = trematode eggs & some cestodes
- too fragile daw kasi masisira smth pagkakaalala q
