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Parasitology > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

what are parasites?

A

organisms that live on and obtain their nutrients from another organism

dependence of one living organism on another

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2
Q

what do you call the living together of unlike organisms?

A

Symbiosis

may also involve protection or other advantages to one or both organisms

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3
Q

A type of symbiotic relationship wherein two species live together and one species benefits from the relationship w/o harming or benefiting the other

A

Commensalism

association between 2 orgnsms; one benefits & has a neut effect sa isa

Ex: Entamoeba coli in the intestinal lumen are supplied with nourishment and are protected from harm while it doesn’t cause any dmg to tissue of host

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4
Q

A type of symbiotic reationship wherein two organisms mutually benefit from each other

A

Mutualism

Ex: Termites’ digestive system is composed of flagellates which synthesize cellulase to aid in the breakdown of ingested wood

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5
Q

A symbiotic relationship wherein one organism benefits at the expense of the other organism

Association of 2 diff species of organisms that is beneficial to one at the other’s expense

A

Parasitism

Ex: Entamoeba hystolytica derives nutrition from the human host and causes amebic dysentery

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6
Q

A parasite living inside the body of a host is known as an?

A

endoparasite

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7
Q

A parasite living outside of the body of a host is known as an?

A

ectoparasite

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8
Q

Presence of an endoparasite in a host is called?

A

infection

Parasite sa loob ng katawan = infection; by endoparasite

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9
Q

Presence of an ectoparasite in a host?

A

infestation

Parasite sa labas ng katawan = infestation; by ectoparasite

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10
Q

What do you call parasites that are found in an organ which is not its usual habitat?

A

Erratic parasites

Ex: Entamoeba hystolytica is a good example of erratic parasites & is found sa GI tract where they cause amoebiasis

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11
Q

What do you call the parasites that cannot survive outside of a host?

they need a host at some stage of their life cycle to complete their development a nd to propagate their species

A

obligate parasites

Ex: Tapeworms depend entirely upon their host for existence

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12
Q

What do you call parasites that is capable of existing independently of a host?

may exist in a free-living state or may become parasitic when the need arises

A

facultative parasite

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13
Q

What do you call a parasite which establishes itself in a host where it does not ordinarily live?

A

accidental or incidental parasite

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14
Q

A ____ parasite is a free-living organism that passes through the digestive tract w/o infecting the host.

A

spurious

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15
Q

type of parasite that produces eggs/ova

A

Oviparous

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16
Q

type of parasite that produces larva

A

Viviparous or Larviparous

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17
Q

Type of host in which the parasite attains sexual maturity

A

Definitive or Final host

  • Also known as primary host; sexual production of the parasite occurs here
  • Formation of the zygote occurs here
  • Ex: Definitive host of Plasmodium is the female Anopheles
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18
Q

Type of host that harbors the asexual or larval stage of the parasite

A

Intermediate host

  • Also called secondary host
  • Asexual reproducion of the parasite occurs here
  • Sexual differentiation of the parasite occurs here
  • Intermediate host of the Plasmodium is human
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19
Q

A type of host in which the parasite does not develop further to later stages

harbors the parasite in an underdeveloped or arrested state of devlpment

the parasite remains alive & is able to infect another susceptible host

A

paratenic host

Paragonimus metacercaria in raw wild boar meat can pass through the intestinal wall of humans and complete its development

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20
Q

type of host that can allow the continuation of the life cycle and become additional sources of human infection

(always animals)

A

reservoir host

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21
Q

type of host that harbor a particular pathogen w/o manifesting any signs and symptoms

A

carrier

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22
Q

what do you call the ones responsible for transmitting the parasite from one host to another?

A

Vectors

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23
Q

A type of vector wherein this transmits the parasite only after the parasite has completed its development within the host

A

biologic vector

When an Aedes mosquito sucks blood from a patient with filariasis, the parasite undergoes several stages of development from first stage larva to third stage larva before the latter (infective stage) is transmitted to another susceptible host.

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24
Q

this type of vector transports the parasite without development of the parasitic cycle

A

Mechanical/Phoretic vector

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25
Q

What do you call the process of inoculating an infective agent?

inoculate = to introduce a microorganism into :pp xori copy paste s book

A

Exposure

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26
Q

What do you call the establishment of the infective agent (parasite) in the host?

27
Q

What do you call the period between the infection and the evidence of symptoms?

A

Incubation period

sometimes referred to as Clinical Incubation Period

28
Q

What do you call the period between the infection/acquisition of the parasite and the evidence or demonstration of infection?

A

Pre-patent period

sometimes referred to as Biologic Incubation Period

period between infection and actual diagnosis using lab tests

29
Q

____ results when an infected individual becomes his own direct source of infection

A

Autoinfection

30
Q

____ happens when the already infected individual is further infected with the same species leading to massive infection with the parasite

A

Superinfection or hyperinfection

or Coinfection

UNHOLY TRINITY - HAT
- H - hookworm
- A - ascaris
- T - Trichuris

31
Q

Identify the source of exposure

require further development in the soil before they become infective

A

STH (Soil-Transmitted Helminths)

32
Q

Identify the source of exposure

require further development within the body of a snail which serves as their intermediate host before they can become infective

A

Snail-Transmitted Group

33
Q

Identify the source of exposure

where species of insects act as vectors of parasitic diseases such as mosquitoes, sand fly, and tsetse fly

A

Arthropod-Transmitted Group

34
Q

Identify the source of exposure

require further development in the flesh of some animals that man can consume

A

Animal/Food-Transmitted Group

35
Q

Identify the source of exposure

Person to person transmission wherein the parasites require no further development and are readily infective

A

Contact-Transmitted Group

36
Q

Identify the source of exposure

the infected person is his own source of re-exposure

A

One’s self (autoinfection)

may be external autoinfection (Taenia solium, Hymenolepis nana, and Cryptosporidium parvum) or internal autoinfection (Strongyloides stercoralis, Capillaria philippinensis)

37
Q

type of distribution of disease (epidemiology) wherein a disease in human population maintains a relatively steady, moderate level

A

Endemic

normal lng lol

38
Q

distribution of disease (epidemiology) wherein there is a sharp rise in the incidence or an outbreak of considerable intensity occurs

biglaang pagtaas

39
Q

distribution of disease wherein the prevalence of a disease in a community is high

A

hyperendemic

40
Q

distribution of a disease if it appears only occasionally in one or at most few members of a community

41
Q

distribution of a disease if it covers an extensive area of the world

42
Q

Enumerate the 5 modes of entry

A
  1. Skin penetration
  2. Congenital/Vertical Transmission
  3. Inhalation
  4. Ingestion
  5. Sexual or Venereal Route
43
Q

method of diagnosis that is based on the recognition of the characteristic signs and symptoms of the infection of disease

A

Clinical Diagnosis

44
Q

method of diagnosis that is based on the identification of the parasites in different specimens

A

Laboratory Diagnosis

45
Q

Which among the fllowing is an example of a blood fluke?
a. Ascaris
b. Schistosoma
c. Toxoplasma
d. Entamoeba

A

b. Schistosoma

46
Q

A parasite that can live independently of a host and can survive in its absence.
a. Erratic
b. Obligate
c. Intermittent
d. Facultative

A

d. Facultative

47
Q

In malarial parasite, human acts as ____
a. Definitive host
b. Reservoir host
c. Intermediate host
d. Paratenic host

A

c. Intermediate host

48
Q

This refers to the rate of occurrence of new cases of a disease or condition.
a. Incidence
b. Prevalence
c. Mortality
d. Morbidity

A

a. Incidence

Incidence is new ones while prevalence existing n mga may sakit na

49
Q

defined as a permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by a specific agent, as a result of deliberate efforts

A

Erradication

or disease erradication

50
Q

a reduction to zero of the incidence of a specified disease in a defined geographic area as a result of deliberate efforts

A

elimination

or disease elimination

51
Q

Identify the Phylum

Amoeba, Flagellates, Hemoflagellates

A

Phylum Sarcomastigophora

or Phylum Amoebazoa & Phylum Metamonada

52
Q

Identify the Phylum

Ciliates

A

Phylum Ciliophora

53
Q

Identify the Phylum

Plasmodium, Babesia, Intestinal Coccidians, Tissue Coccidians

A

Phylum Apicomplexa

54
Q

scientific term for roundworms

55
Q

scientific term for tapeworms

56
Q

scientific term for flukes

A

trematodes

57
Q

How is Necator americanus transmitted?

A

Soil

part of STH (HATS)

58
Q

How is Ancylostoma duodenale transmitted?

59
Q

How is Ascardis lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, & Strongyloides stercoralis transmitted?

A

Soil

basta HATS lmao sth soil-TRANSMITTED

60
Q

How r d Plasmodium spp transmitted?

A

Vector Borne

61
Q

Two types of life cycles

A
  1. Direct
  2. Indirect
62
Q

Life cycle that involves only the parasite and the definitive or final host

walang intermediate host

A

Direct life cycle

63
Q

Life cycle that has an intermediate host

A

Indirect life cycle

Ex: Plasmodium

Life cycle more complicated = lesser chances for parasite to survive

Parasitology (25 decks)

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