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Parasitology > Intestinal & Tissue Coccidian + Babesia (nd onting malaria quiz) > Flashcards

Intestinal & Tissue Coccidian + Babesia (nd onting malaria quiz) Flashcards

1
Q

What do you call the group of microscoping, spore-forming, unicellular obligate intracellular protozoans?

A

Coccidians

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2
Q

The intestinal sporozoa of man includes what species?

A
  • Isosospora belli (Cystoisospora belli)
  • Cryptosporidium parvum
  • Cyclospora cayetanensis

+ 2 species of Sarcocystis

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3
Q

The sporozoans are part of Phylum what?

A

Phylum Apicomplexa

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4
Q

____ is a parasite of epithelial cells of the intestine, in which it may undergo repeated asexual development, with consequent destruction of the surface layer of considerable portions of the intestine.

A

Isospora

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5
Q

Isospora parasites’ sexual stages occur and culminate in ____ and passed in ____.

A

oocysts; feces

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6
Q

C. belli cycle

The immature oocysts released from the intestinal wall and passed in feces undergo development in stool. With that, the spherical mass of undivided protoplasm contained inside the immature oocyst divides to form how many sporoblasts?

A

2 sporoblasts

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7
Q

C. belli cycle

The two sporoblasts develop heavy cyst walls and become known as what?

A

sporocysts

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8
Q

C. belli cycle

Within each sporocyst, how many curved, sausage-shaped sporozoites develop?

A

4

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9
Q

C. belli cycle

The whole process of maturation from the protoplasm-containing immature oocyst to containing fully developed sporocysts and sporozoites takes ____ to ____ days

A

4 to 5 days

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10
Q

C. belli cycle

After mature oocysts w/ sporozoites are ingested by human hosts, sporocysts will excyst and undergo schizogony where?

A

small intestine

they will undergo schizogony in the epithelial cells

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11
Q

C. belli cycle

____ results in the development of unsporulated/immature oocysts that are excreted in the stool.

A

Fertilization

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12
Q

C. belli cycle

Sporulation usually occurs within how many hours after passage w/ stool?

A

48 hours

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13
Q

Infective stage of C. belli?

A

Mature (Sporulated) oocysts

w/ 2 sporocysts & 4 sporozoite in each sporocyst

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14
Q

Diagnostic stage of Cytoisospora belli?

A

Unsporulated oocyst

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15
Q

MOT of C. belli

A

Ingestion of contaminated food and water

= fecal-oral possible too

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16
Q

C. belli may be seen in stool through DFS and Conc. techniques. In direct microscopic examination, the smears must be stained w/ what?

A

Iodine

iodine-stained smear

this is ‘cause oocysts are transparent and difficult to recognize if smears are unstained

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17
Q

C. belli may be seen in stool through DFS and Conc. techniques. What concentration technique/s may be used?

A
  • ZnSO4
  • Sheather’s sugar flotation
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18
Q

What is the most sensitive and accurate method for detecting C. belli oocysts in feces?

A

Sheather’s sugar flotation technique

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19
Q

What test may be used to recover C. belli oocysts in the small intestine?

A

Entero-test

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20
Q

What stain/s may u use to detect C. belli in stool?

A
  • Kinyoun method
  • Modified acid-fast technique

& iodine too

Acid-fast stains (kinyoun is acid-fast too) in general will produce oocysts that are red in color (sporoblasts ang red)

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21
Q

Blood examination during Cytoisospora belli infections will reveal what blood condition?

A

eosinophilia

Peripheral Eosinophilia

This accounts why Charcot-Leyden crystals are present in stool too

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22
Q

Drug of choice for C. belli infections

A

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

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23
Q

What are the two species wherein human sarcocystosis is attributed to?

A
  • Sarcocystis suihominis
  • Sarcocystis hominis or Sarcocystis bovihominis
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24
Q

Humans serve as the ____ host for both species of Sarcocystis but occasionally, humans can act as intermediate hosts

A

definitive

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25
Q

Sarcocystis life cycle

Thin-walled oocyst or individual sporocyst is digested by intermediate host and ruptures to release what?

A

sporozoites

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26
Q

Sarcocystis life cycle

The endothelial-cell-invasion of the blood vessels produces what generation schizont?

A

First generation schizont

w/ merozoites

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27
Q

Sarcocystis life cycle

The capillary invasion of the blood vessels produces what generation schizont?

A

Second generation

w/ merozoites

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28
Q

Sarcocystis life cycle

Once secondary merozoites are released, hey invade muscle cells and transform into what containing what?

A

Sarcocyst containing Bradyzoites

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29
Q

Sarcocystis life cycle

What stage can be found in an undercooked meat and are released in the small intestine once the cyst ruptures?

A

Sarcocyst w/ Bradyzoites

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30
Q

What is the infective stage of Sarcocystis to the intermediate host?

A

Thin walled oocyst or sporocysts

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31
Q

What is the infective stage of Sarcocystis to the definitive host (humans)?

A

Bradyzoites in a Sarcocyst

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32
Q

Diagnostic stage of Sarcocystis?

A

Thin-walled sporulated oocyst or sporocyst

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33
Q

MOT of Sarcocystis

A

ingestion of undercooked meat w/ bradyzoites

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34
Q

Diagnostic methods for Sarcocystis

A
  • DFS (but indistinguishable from each other)
  • Muscle biopsy
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35
Q

The species of Cryptosporidium that infects humans and most mammals is what?

A

C. parvum

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36
Q

What is the infective stage of C. parvum?

A

Sporulated thick-walled oocyst

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37
Q

What is the diagnostic stage of C. parvum?

A

Sporulated thick-walled oocyst

38
Q

MOT of Cryptosporidium parvum

A

ingestion of contaminated food and water

39
Q

Unlike the usual oocysts of Apicomplexa, anong wala sa Cryptosporidium parvum?

A

no sporocysts

the thick-walled oocyst has four sporozoites na agad

40
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum life cycle

Once the thick-walled oocyst reaches the small intestine, it will excyst. Next, it will undergo schizogony or merogony in what specific part of the intestinal tract?

eto yung absorptive surface w/ microvilli; place where absorption takes place

A

brush border

41
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum life cycle

The asexual cycle (schizogony or merogony) will form what?

A

Meronts

w/ merozoites (like schizont w/ meroz pero now merogony ksi so meronts)

Type I - after ng brush border merogony
Type II - from type I meront to undergo gametogony

42
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum life cycle

The type II merozoites will undergo sexual multiplication (gametogony) to become an undifferentiated what?

A

Gamont

43
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum life cycle

A fertilized zygote is formed after the union of micro and macrogamonts. Then two types of oocysts are formed, what are they?

A
  • Thick-walled oocysts
  • Thin-walled oocysts
44
Q

In the life cycle of Cryptosporidium parvum, what type of oocyst remain in the intestine and cause autoinfection?

A

Thin-walled oocyst

45
Q

In the life cycle ofCryptosporidium parvum, what type of oocyst are excreted from the host into the environment?

A

Thick-walled oocyst

46
Q

The diagnosis of Cryptosporidium parvum may be done through identifying organisms in intestinal biopsy such as?

A
  • meronts w/ merozoites
  • gamonts w/ micro & macrogamonts

= gamonts are undifferentiated pa so iba siya w/ d micro nd macro

47
Q

Like Cytoisospora belli, what concentration method may be used to demonstrate Cryptosporidium parvum’s diagnostic stage?

A
  • ZnSO4 flotation
  • Sheather’s sugar flotation

+ FEACT sedimentation followed by layering and flotation over hypertonic NaClto separate oocysts from stool debris

48
Q

Cryptosporidiosis clinically resembles what?

A

Giardiasis

49
Q

Treatment for Cryptosporidiosis

A

Nitazoxanide

50
Q

This coccidian is once known as large Cryptosporidium, coccidian-like body, cyanobacterium-like body, blue-green alga is now named what?

A

Cyclospora cayetanensis

51
Q

Infective stage of Cyclospora cayetanensis?

A

Mature (Sporulated) oocyst

52
Q

Diagnostic stage of Cyclospora cayetanensis?

A

Unsporulated oocyst

53
Q

MOT of Cyclospora cayetanensis?

A

ingestion of contaminated food and water

54
Q

The unsporulated oocysts of Cyclospora cayetanensis is passed in stool wherein sporulation occurs within how many weeks?

A

1-2 weeks

55
Q

The mature (sporulated) oocyst of Cyclospora cayetanensis has how many sporocysts and sporozoites?

A

2 sporocysts w/ 2 sporozoites each sporocyst

56
Q

What intestinal coccidian has the same life cycle as Cryptosporidium parvum?

only change is the presence of sporocysts then inside them r sporozoites

A

Cyclospora cayetanensis

each sporocyst has 2 sporozoites inside

57
Q

In which intestinal coccidian can u see an oocyst that is spherical with a greenish central morula (mulberrylike mass) containing 6-9 refractile globules?

A

Cyclospora cayetanensis

58
Q

What’s a parasite of cosmopolitan distribution and is able to develop in a wide variety of hosts but its definite hosts are cats?

cats & other Felidae

A

Toxoplasma

59
Q

3 ways that a cat may be infected by Toxoplasma?

A
  • Ingestion of infected meat
  • ingestion of infective oocyst
  • transplacental transmission (vertical transmission)
60
Q

In humans, the mature (sporulated) oocyst of Toxoplasma will transform into fast-dividing and rapidly-growing intracellular forms called what?

A

Tachyzoites

61
Q

The fast-dividing and rapid-growing forms of Toxoplasma may localize in neural and muscle tissue and develop into slow multiplicative forms enclosed in a pseudocyst called?

A

Bradyzoites

62
Q

MOT of Toxoplasma gondii in humans

A
  • Ingestion of sporulated oocyst (food or water)
  • Ingestion of undercooked meat
  • Blood transfusion
  • Vertical transmission
63
Q

All the life cycle stages of Toxoplasma gondii occurs in felines. Only what stages (or forms) can occur in humans and other intermediate hosts?

A
  • Tachyzoites
  • Bradyzoites
64
Q

What form (or stage) of Toxoplasma gondii quickly multiplies and is responsible for initial spread of infection and tissue destruction?

A

Tachyzoites

65
Q

What form of Toxoplasma gondii multiplies slowly and form cysts that are more witnessed in chronic toxoplasmosis?

A

Bradyzoites

66
Q

Treatment for toxoplasmosis?

A

pyrimethamine w/ trisulfapyrimidines

for a month

  • this inhibits production of dihydrofolate reductase by parasite and DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis
67
Q

What parasite resembles ring species of Plasmodia and infects RBC + are transmitted by Ixodes?

Ixodes = tick genus

A

Babesia

68
Q

What are the two hosts involved in the life cycle of Babesia

A

Rodents and Ticks

69
Q

Among the two hosts of Babesia, which is the definitive and which is the intermediate?

A
  • Rodent = intermediate
  • Ticks = definitive
70
Q

In Babesia’s life cycle, humans are considered as what type of hosts?

A

dead-end hosts

humans r also accidental intermediate hosts only (primrily a zoonotic)

However, human-to-human transmission is well-recognized and seen in blood transfusions

71
Q

Infective stage of Babesia to intermediate host?

A

sporozoites

eto rin infective stage to humans

then schizogony sa RBCs then meroz then other meroz will become gametes then ingestion by tick

72
Q

Diagnostic stage of Babesia?

A

trophozoites and merozoites arranged in Maltese cross appearance

73
Q

MOT of Babesia

A

bite of an infected Ixodes tick

and blood transfusion

74
Q

Diagnosis for Babesia spp.

A
  • Blood smear (Giemsa-stained)
  • IFA
  • Immunoblotting
  • PCR
75
Q

Treatment for Babesiosis

A

Clindamycin + Quinine combination

76
Q

What dye test is used for Toxoplasma gondii wherein Toxoplasma organisms become resistant to staining with methylene blue if the px’s serum contains Toxoplasma-specific antibodies?

A

Sabin-Feldman dye Test

(+) = colorless
(-) = blue color

77
Q

What is the range for the typical Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale incubation period?
a. 10–17 days
b. 10–12 days
c. 18–40 days
d. 8–11 days

A

a. 10-17 days

78
Q

What is the periodicity of the Plasmodium falciparum paroxysm?
a. 44–48 hours
b. 48–50 hours
c. 72 hours
d. 36–48 hours

A

d. 36-48 hours

79
Q

What Plasmodium species demonstrate distinct ameboid characteristic?
a. P. vivax
b. P. ovale
c. P. falciparum
d. P. malariae

A

a. P. vivax

80
Q

What Plasmodium species demonstrate increase in erythrocytic size upon invasion?
a. P. malariae
b. P. ovale
c. P. falciparum
d. P. vivax

A

a. P. malariae

honestly, idk bakit ito sagot ni markell eh ang lumalaki lang either vivax or ovale

81
Q

What malarial parasite is responsible for most of the cases of known nephrotic syndrome?
a. P. malariae
b. P. knowlesi
c. P. falciparum
d. P. vivax

A

a. P. malariae

82
Q

What is the mechanism of action of the drug Chloroquine on the malarial parasite?
a. Inhibit ribosomal protein synthesis
b. Inhibit mitochondrial respiratory processes
c. Alter DNA properties disabling parasitic functions
d. None of the above

A

C. Alter DNA properties disabling parasitic functions

83
Q

Autofluorescence is an important diagnostic tool for the identification of which of the following organisms?
a. Cyclospora cayetanensis
b. Cryptosporidium parvum
c. Cystoisospora belli
d. Toxoplasma gondii

A

a. Cyclospora cayetanensis

84
Q

What constitutes a positive result in the Sabin-Feldman dye test?
a. Agglutination
b. Toxoplasma oocysts stained blue after immersion in methylene blue solution
c. Refractoriness of the oocyst wall to methylene blue staining
d. Loss of color

A

C. Refractoriness of the oocyst wall to methylene blue staining

85
Q

Which of the following coccidians is associated with congenital infections?
a. C. parvum
b. C. belli
c. T. gondii
d. S. hominis

A

c. Toxoplasma gondii

86
Q

Intraerythrocytic Maltese cross forms are seen in which parasite?
a. P. falciparum
b. B. microti
c. C. belli
d. T. gondii

A

b.Babesia microti

87
Q

Most sensitive and accurate method for the detection of C. belli oocysts from fecal specimens.
a. Zinc-sulfate flotation technique
b. Auramine-rhodamine staining
c. Direct microscopic examination
d. Sheather’s sugar flotation technique

A

d. Sheather’s sugar flotation technique

88
Q

This coccidian is associated with free sporocysts found in feces due to fragile oocyst walls.
a. C. belli
b. Sarcocystis
c. T. gondii
d. C. cayetanensis

A

b. Sarcocystis

89
Q

This organism is characterized as having oocysts ranging from 4 to 6 µm in diameter.
a. C. parvum
b. C. cayetanensis
c. C. belli
d. Sarcocystis

A

c. C. belli

90
Q

This was formerly known as cyanobacterium-like body
a. C. parvum
b. C. cayetanensis
c. C. belli
d. Sarcocystis

A

b. Cyclospora cayetanensis

91
Q

Which is considered the definitive host for Babesia microti?
a. Humans
b. Ixodes tick
c. White-footed mice
d. Cattle

A

b. Ixodes tick

92
Q

The primary means for diagnosing toxoplasmosis
a. Microscopic identification of organisms
b. Cell culture
c. Serology
d. PCR

A

c. Serology

Parasitology (25 decks)

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