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Parasitology > Intestinal Nematodes > Flashcards

Intestinal Nematodes Flashcards

1
Q

What do you call the tough protective covering of nematodes that is made up of chitin?

A

cuticle

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2
Q

Nematodes, when cut in half, are ____.

A

bilaterally symmetrical

add also:
- nonsegmented
- generally cylindrical
- tapered at both ends

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3
Q

Based on the presence of chemoreceptors, what are the two classes of nematodes?

A
  • Phasmids
  • Aphasmids

both are Classes (Class Phasmidia)

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4
Q

The adult female worms are generally ____ then males.

larger or smaller

A

larger

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5
Q

Nematodes belong to phylum called what?

A

Nemathelminthes

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6
Q

What do you call the anterior or cephalic sensory organs that some nematodes possess?

A

Amphids

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7
Q

The general distinction between phasmids and aphasmids is the presence or lack of ____.

what structure?

A

caudal chemoreceptors

  • may caudal chemoreceptors = phasmids
  • wala = aphasmids
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8
Q

Which nematodes are aphasmids?

A
  • Trichinella
  • Trichuris
  • Capillaria

  • may caudal chemoreceptors = phasmids
  • wala = aphasmids
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9
Q

If the esophagus is uniform throughout, the type is called ____. If the esophagus expands posteriorly into a bulb with a valve mechanism, it is referred to as ____.

A

filariform; rhabditiform

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10
Q

What do you call the larva that hatches from the egg?

L1

A

rhabditiform larva

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11
Q

Larva undergoes several molts until it reaches the third stage larva called ____.

L3

A

Filariform larva

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12
Q

Pls enumerate the Intestinal Nematodes

A
  • Capillaria philippinensis
  • Enterobius vermicularis
  • Trichuris trichiura
  • Ascaris lumbricoides
  • Necator americanus
  • Ancylostoma duodenale
  • Strongyloides stercoralis

CETANAS

Trichinella spiralis is tissue-dwelling na

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13
Q

Which among the nematodes have their adult forms reside in the small intestine?

A
  • Capillaria philippinensis
  • Ascaris lumbricoides
  • Strongyloides stercoralis
  • Hookworm
  • Trichinella spiralis

CASHT

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14
Q

Which among the intestinal nematodes have their adult forms reside in the large intestine?

A
  • Enterobius vermicularis
  • Trichuris trichiura
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15
Q

Which among the nematodes are extraintestinal?

A
  • Trichinella spiralis
  • Microfilariae
  • Dracunculus medinensis
  • Angiostrongylus cantonensis

TMDA

marami im so sorry can’t include all

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16
Q

Which among the nematodes have heart-lung migration?

A
  • Ascaris lumbricoides
  • Strongyloides stercoralis
  • Hookworm

ASH

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17
Q

Common name of Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Giant intestinal roundworm

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18
Q

Habitat of Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Small intestine

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19
Q

Final host of Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Man

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20
Q

Infective stage of Ascaris lumbricoides

A

embryonated egg

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21
Q

What is the most common intestinal nematode?

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

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22
Q

This is also considered as the largest intestinal roundworm

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

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23
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides eggs embryonate outside the host within how many weeks?

A

2-3 weeks

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24
Q

If only the longer and narrower eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides are found, this suggests only ____ infection of Ascaris

male or female

A

female

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25
Q

3 layers of Ascaris lumbricoides egg

A
  • Outer mammillated, albuminous layer
  • Glycogen layer
  • Lipoidal vitelline layer
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26
Q

The presence of albuminous and mammillated layer of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs indicate that it is?

A

corticated

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27
Q

The absence of the lipoidal, vitelline layer of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs means to say that the egg is?

A

unfertilized

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28
Q

Diagnostic stage of Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Ova in stool; Adult worm too

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29
Q

MOT of Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Ingestion of embryonated egg

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30
Q

What do you call the pneumonitis during larval migration of Ascaris lumbricoides?

A

Loeffler syndrome

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31
Q

besides loeffler syndrome, what are the other two complications caused by Ascaris lumbricoides larva?

A
  • Visceral larva migrans
  • Irritation of intestinal mucosa
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32
Q

what are the pathologic complications caused by Ascaris lumbricoides adults?

A
  • Bolus
  • Erratism
  • Epigastric pain
  • Diarrhea (bowel obstruction w/ fever and malaise)
  • Malnutrition
  • Lactose maldigestion or intolerance
  • Ectopic migration to other organs
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33
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides diagnostic tests

A
  • DFS
  • Kato-Katz
  • FECT
  • ZnSO4 flotation
  • Radiography
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34
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides drug of choice

A
  • Albendazole
  • Mebendazole
  • Pyrantel Pamoate
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35
Q

life cycle of Ascaris lumbricoides

kahit own words lang (pls press 5 na agad hehe)

A
  • ingestion of embryonated eggs
  • larva sa small intestine
  • larva travel to heart via liver hepatic portal veins then hepatic veins then IVC
  • larva will reach alveoli then person will cough and ingest larva again then larva will mature sa small intestine
  • after maturation, ova sa stool then embryonate sa environment (soil)
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36
Q

Are Ascaris lumbricoides eggs able to survive in 10% formalin solution?

A

Yes

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37
Q

Common name of Trichuris trichiura

A

Whip worm

other name is Trichocephalus trichiura

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38
Q

Habitat of Trichuris trichiura

A

Large intestine

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39
Q

Final host of Trichuris trichiura

A

Man

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40
Q

Infective stage of Trichuris trichiura

A

embryonated egg

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41
Q

Diagnostic stage of Trichuris trichiura

A

Ova in stool

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42
Q

MOT of Trichuris trichiura

A

ingestion of embryonated egg

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43
Q

Trichuris trichiura eggs close resemble what spp.?

A

Capillaria philippinensis egg (ova)

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44
Q

Diagnosis of Trichuris trichiura

A
  • DFS
  • Kato-Katz
  • ZnSO4 flotation
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45
Q

Drug of choice for Trichuris trichiura

trichuriasis

A

Albendazole & Mebendazole

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46
Q

the ova of Trichuris trichiura has what you call what in its edges?

A

hyaline plugs

bipolar plugs; mucous plugs

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47
Q

the ova of Trichuris trichiura has what appearance

A

football-shaped

Japanese lantern appearance; lemon-shaped

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48
Q

One pathologic complication associated with trichuriasis is the loss of too much blood wherein it resulted to the lower-than-normal albumin levels. What is this condition called?

A

Hypoalbuminemia

C-reactive proteins up; Albumin levels down (in serum electrophoresis)

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49
Q

life cycle of Trichuris trichiura

own words (pls press 5 na agad hehe)

A
  • ingestion of embryonated eggs
  • hatching of eggs in duodenum
  • larva will go sa cecum where they mature
  • after maturation, feces sa stool w/ eggs then embryonate sa environment (soil)

no heart-lung migration

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50
Q

Diseases associated with Trichuris trichiura

A
  • Iron Deficiency Anemia
  • Trichuris dysentery syndrome
  • Hypoalbuminemia
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51
Q

What do you call the pathologic condition associated with Trichuris trichiura wherein parasite goes to the rectosigmoid area to cause inflammation ?

lower portion of colon becomes turned and protrudes outside (rectum loses its internal support)

A

Rectal prolapse

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52
Q

Common name for Enterobius vermicularis

A
  • Pin worm
  • Society worm
  • Seat worm
  • Tiwa

other name: Oxyuris vermicularis

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53
Q

Habitat of Enterobius vermicularis

A

Large Intestine

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54
Q

What do you call the lateral cuticular expansions or lateral wings present in Enterobius vermicularis adults?

A

cephalic alae

walang sinabing gender kay markell

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55
Q

Final host of Enterobius vermicularis

A

Man

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56
Q

Infective stage of Enterobius vermicularis

A

embryonated egg

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57
Q

Enterobius vermicularis diagnostic stage

A

Ova & Adult worm

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58
Q

MOT of Enterobius vermicularis

A
  • Ingestion of embryonated egg
  • Inhalation of embryonated eggs
  • retroinfection (sa loob lng bbalik ulet)
  • autoinfection
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59
Q

Diagnostic tests for Enterobius vermicularis

A
  • perianal swab
  • swellengrebel
  • Flotation techniques
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60
Q

What do you call the type of autoinfection in Enterobius vermicularis involving migration of hatched embryonated eggs in the perianal area back into the rectum and large intestine?

A

Retroinfection

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61
Q

Enterobius vermicularis drug of choice

A
  • Albendazole
  • Mebendazole
  • Pyrantel pamoate
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62
Q

major characteristics of Enterobius vermicularis ova

kahit 2 lng

A
  • Thick, translucent shell
  • D-shaped; lopsided
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63
Q

Two layer of Enterobius vermicularis ova

A
  • Albuminous coat/layer
  • Lipoidal layer
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64
Q

Why are eggs of E. vermicularis seldomly found in stool (5% recovery)?

A

females do not oviposit until they leave the intestinal tract

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65
Q

How many consecutive instances of perianal swab should be taken before a px is declared Enterobius vermicularis-free?

A

5-7

66
Q

What do you call the itching associated with Enterobius vermicularis?

A

pruritus ani

67
Q

The ova of Enterobius vermicularis has been associated with the existence of what flagellate?

A

Dientamoeba fragilis

68
Q

Pathology of Enterobius vermicularis

A
  • Pruritus ani
  • Weight loss
  • Irritation
  • Vaginitis
  • Bacterial infection
69
Q

how many hours will it take for Enterobius vermicularis ova to embryonate?

A

4-6 hours

70
Q

life cycle of Enterobius vermicularis

(pls press 5 na agad hehe)

A
  • ingestion of embryonated eggs
  • hatch in small intestine then larva travels to large after maturation
  • gravid female comes out during night and oviposits then dies (usually)
  • some eggs attach s linen and some stay sa anus
  • 4-6 hrs b4 embryonation and no need ng soil or smth
  • then retroinfection or autoinfection or infect ng iba
71
Q

Common name of Capillaria philippinensis

A

Pudoc worm

first recovered by Nelia Salazar

72
Q

Habitat of Capillaria philippinensis

A

Small intestine

73
Q

Final host of Capillaria philippinensis

A

Man

pwede ring migratory birds

  • incidental nga raw tayo sabi ni markell (final/incidental)
74
Q

Brackish and freshwater fishes such as Bagsang, Bagsit. Birot, and Ipon are what type of hosts in the life cycle of Capillaria philippinensis?

A

Intermediate hosts

75
Q

Infective stage of Capillaria philippinensis

A

larva in infected fish

76
Q

Capillaria philippinensis diagnostic stage

A

Ova in stool

(typical ova)

77
Q

MOT of Capillaria philippinensis

A

ingestion of raw or undercooked fish containing the larva

78
Q

2 types of Capillaria philippinensis adult female?

A
  • Typical female
  • Atypical female
79
Q

What type of Capillaria philippinensis female lays oviparous eggs which appear as peanuts?

A

Typical female

oviparous eggs pass in stool

80
Q

What type of Capillaria philippinensis female lays ovoviviparous eggs which appear as multisegmented or embryonated?

also responsible for autoinfection

A

Atypical

Sometimes, first gen female is larviparous too and that counts sa atypical type

81
Q

Diagnostic tests for Capillaria philippinensis

A
  • DFS
  • FECT
  • Kato-Katz
  • Duodenal aspirate
82
Q

Pathology of Capillaria philippinensis includes:

A
  • Intestinal capilliariasis
  • Mystery disease
  • Severe watery diarrhea
  • Borborygmus
  • Malabsorption that results in electrolyte imbalance
  • Alteration of intestinal villi
83
Q

Drug of choice for Capillaria philippinensis infections

A
  • Albendazole
  • Mebendazole
84
Q

life cycle of Capillaria philippinensis

(pls press 5 na agad hehe)

A
  • embryonated eggs in the water are eaten by fish where they develop as larvae there
  • man eats raw or undercooked infected fish which will become adults sa small intestine then gravid females will either lay typical or atypical eggs
  • typical eggs will be passed sa stool then into the water (where it embryonates) then eaten by the fish ulet
  • sometimes, infected fishes r eaten by migratory birds then cla eong tumatae ng typical eggs
85
Q

Common name for Necator americanus

A
  • New world hookworm
  • American murderer

STH pala ‘to btw

86
Q

Common name for Ancylostoma duodenale

A

Old world hookworm

STH pala ‘to btw

87
Q

Are hookworms capable of heart-lung migration?

A

Yes

88
Q

Habitat of hookworms?

A

Small intestine

89
Q

Final host of hookworms

A

Man

90
Q

Infective stage of hookworm

A

L3 filariform larva

91
Q

Diagnostic stage of hookworm

A

Hookworm egg

coz larva is attached s intestine (rare sa stool)

92
Q

MOT of hookworms

A

Skin penetration

Except for Ancylostoma duodenale which may be transmitted in an oral and transmammary manner

93
Q

Which of the two hookworms are C-shaped? Cno si S-shaped?

A
  • C-shaped = Ancylostoma duodenale
  • S-shaped = Necator americanus
94
Q

Dental pattern of Ancylosotoma duodenale

A

two pairs of teeth

95
Q

Dental pattern of Necator americanus

A

Semilunar cutting plates

96
Q

Male bursa and spicule of Ancylostoma duodenale

A

Bell-shaped (tripartite dorsal rays) w/ plain & bristle-like spicule

97
Q

Male bursa and spicule of Necator americanus

A

Fan-like (Bipartite dorsal rays) w/ fused and barbed spicule

98
Q

Among the two hookworms, alin ang may tripartite dorsal rays and bipartite?

A
  • tripartite = Ancylostoma duodenale
  • bipartite = Necator americanus
99
Q

Which is more likely to induce IDA and is larger than the two hookworms?

A

Ancylostoma duodenale

100
Q

where do hookworm ovas embryonate?

A

soil

STH cla

101
Q

what do you call the cell stages present in the ova of hookworms?

A

blastomeres

2-8 blastomeres

102
Q

In penetrating the skin, hookworm larva may cause an allergic reaction called what? This is more common with what hookworm?

A

ground itch; Necator americanus

103
Q

Rhabditiform larva is characterized by a long oral cavity called as?

A

buccal cavity

mas maikli Strongyloides stercoralis

104
Q

Rhabditiform larva is present with a precursor structure to a reproductive system consisting of a clump of cells in an ovoid formation. This structure is called?

A

genital primordium

mas prominent sa Strongyloides stercoralis than hookworm

105
Q

In Harada-Mori technique, once the larva is cultured until the filariform stage, which larva will generally move downwards and which of them will move upwards and accumulate at the end of the filter paper?

Strongyloides stercoralis or Hookworm

A
  • Move upwards = Strongyloides stercoralis
  • Move downwards = Hookworm

MALAKAS KASI STRONGYLOIDES KAYA LUMALABAN S FLOW NG 2BIG

106
Q

3 phases of hookworm pathogenesis

A
  • cutaneous
  • pulmonary
  • intestinal
107
Q

Diagnostic tests for hookworm

A
  • DFS
  • Concentration techniques
  • Kato-Katz
  • Harada-Mori
108
Q

Pathology of hookworm

A
  • Anemia
  • Eosinophilia
  • Wakana disease (pneumonitis)
  • Abdominal pain
  • Hypoproteinemia
109
Q

Drug of choice for hookworm infections

A
  • Albendazole
  • Mebendazole
  • Pyrantel pamoate
110
Q

Cutaneous larva migrans wherein infective larva penetrate the skin but are unable to complete their life cycle are caused by what species of hookworms?

A
  • Ancylostoma caninum
  • Ancylostoma braziliensis
111
Q

How many pairs of ventral teeth are present in dog hookworm? in cat hookworm?

A

3 pairs; one pair (or two)

112
Q

life cycle of hookworm

own words (pls press 5 na agad hehe)

A
  • filariform (L3) larva will penetrate skin then enter bloodstream to reach alveoli then to esophagus to small intestine
  • filariform larva then will copulate sa small intestine then will release hookworm eggs sa stool then it’ll go sa soil where it will embryonate
  • then hatch then rhabditiform larva
113
Q

Common name for Strongyloides stercoralis

A
  • Threadworm
  • Smallest nematode infecting man
114
Q

Habitat of Strongyloides stercoralis

A

Small intestine

115
Q

Final host of Strongyloides stercoralis

A

Man

116
Q

Infective stage of Strongyloides stercoralis

A

L3 filariform

117
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis diagnostic stage

A

Rhabditiform larva (L1)

118
Q

MOT of Strongyloides stercoralis

A

Skin penetration

pwede rin siya transmammary

119
Q

Diagnostic tests for Strongyloides stercoralis

A
  • DFS
  • Entero test
  • Baermann
  • Harada-Mori
  • Concentration techniques
120
Q

Drug of choice for Strongyloides stercoralis

A
  • Albendazole
  • Ivermectin
121
Q

What do you call the characteristic of Strongyloides stercoralis wherein they do not need a man to fertilize eggs?

strong ind woman - ma’am diana

A

parthenogenic

parthenogenesis = capable of self-fertilization

122
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis are what type of parasites?

obligate or facultative?

A

facultative

123
Q

In Strongyloides stercoralis infections, embryonated eggs may be present in stool and u can differentiate them with hookworm eggs by the mere fact that they always come with?

A

well-developed larvae

124
Q

Pathology of Strongyloides stercoralis

A
  • Strongyloidiasis
  • Cochin China diarrhea
  • Honeycomb appearance of intestine (due to embedded eggs)
  • Pneumonitis
125
Q

life cycle of Strongyloides stercoralis

(pls press 5 na agad hehe)

A
  • filariform larva (L3) skin penetration
  • L3 maturation in small intestine
  • laying of eggs then hatch
  • Rhabditiform larva (L1) may proceed to direct, indirect, or autoinfection route
  • direct = rhabditiform larva in stool then mature into L3 then be infective
  • indirect = rhabditiform larva in stool then mature into nonparasitic then produce eggs that will develop into rhabditiform that’ll become infective
  • autoinfection = rhabditiform develop into filariform inside then autoinfect

capable of heart-lung migration

126
Q

What parasite of monkeys may also infect humans?

differs morphologically from S. stercoralis in some minor aspects

A

Strongyloides fuelleborni

127
Q

These are herbivore parasites wherein humans are accidental hosts and are similar in appearance w/ hookworms

A

Trichostrongylus spp

128
Q

The ova of Trichostrongylus spp. is ____ than hookworm and have more pointed ends

larger or smaller

A

larger

129
Q

Diagnostic stage of Trichostrongylus spp.

A

ova

130
Q

Trichostrongylus infective stage

A

L3 - filariform larva

131
Q

Trichostrongylus MOT

A

ingestion of larva from contaminated vegetation

132
Q

Anisakis spp common name

A

Cod worm, Herring worm

133
Q

Anisakis Final (Definitive) host

A

Marine Animals

134
Q

Paratenic hosts of Anisakis

A

fish and squids

135
Q

Intermediate hosts of Anisakis

A

Microcrustaceans

136
Q

In Anisakis, humans are what type of hosts?

A

Accidental hosts

137
Q

3 types of anisakid larva?

A
  • Anisakis
  • Pseudoterranova
  • Contracaecum
138
Q

Infective stage of Anisakis

A

L3 larva

139
Q

MOT of Anisakis

A

ingestion of raw or undercooked seafood containing larva

140
Q

Diagnostic stage of Anisakis

A

demonstration of larva

  • by gastrocopy, surgery, or vomiting
141
Q

Treatment for Anisakis infection

A
  • Albendazole
  • Gastroscopic removal of the worm
142
Q

In what parasite can u observe Loeffler’s syndrome?

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

pneumonitis caused by larval migration

143
Q

Identify the parasite based on pathogenesis

  • Nocturnal pruritus ani
  • Local irritation of the vagina (Vaginitis)
  • Formation of granulomas aroundeggs or worms (in peritoneal cavity) which may cause chronic pelvic peritonitis
A

Enterobius vermicularis

144
Q

Identify the parasite based on pathogenesis

  • Rectal prolapse
  • Abdominal pain and distention
  • Anemia & Moderate eosinophilia
  • blood loss of 0.005 mL per worm per day
A

Trichuris trichiura

145
Q

Identify the parasite based on pathogenesis

  • Mystery disease
  • Flattening of villi
  • Borborygmi
  • Electrolyte imbalance
  • Autoinfection may occur
A

Capillaria philippinensis

146
Q

Identify the parasite based on pathogenesis

  • Ground/Dew/Coolie itch during cutaneous phase
  • Wakana disease (Pneumonitis) during pulmonary phase
  • Gastrointestinal pain & diarrhea during intestinal phase
  • Increased flatulence
  • Anemia
A

Hookworms

147
Q

Identify the parasite based on pathogenesis

  • Cochin China diarrhea
  • Honeycomb appearance of intestinal mucosa
  • Duodenal ulcer/Ulcerative colitis
A

Strongyloides stercoralis

148
Q

Identify the parasite based on pathogenesis

  • Swollen belly sickness
  • Swamp itch
A

Strongyloides fuelleborni

swollen belly = characterized by abnormal distention, respiratory distress, generalized edema, and hypoproteinemia

149
Q

Identify the parasite based on pathogenesis

Creeping eruption similar to swamp itch by avian schistosome cercariae

A

S. myopotami & S. procyonis

Strongyloides

150
Q

Identify the parasite based on pathogenesis

  • Tingling throat syndrome
  • Abdominal pain
  • Nausea
  • Peritoneal irritation
  • Vomiting
A

Trichostrongylus

151
Q

What are the two species of nematodes causing anemia?

A
  • Trichuris trichiura
  • Hookworm
152
Q

Which of the nematodes can inflict eosinophilia on the human host?

A
  • Ascaris lumbricoides
  • Trichuris trichiura
  • Hookworm
  • Strongyloides stercoralis
153
Q

Which of the nematodes have a polymyarian muscle arrangement?

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

more than 5 rows of muscles for locomotion

154
Q

Which of the nematodes have a meromyarian muscle arrangement?

A
  • Enterobius vermicularis
  • Hookworms

between 2- 5 rows of muscles for locomotion

155
Q

Which of the nematodes have a holomyarian muscle arrangement?

A

Trichuris trichiura

less than 2 rows of muscles for locomotion

156
Q

200 worms of what nematode may cause chronic dysentery, profound anemia, and growth retardation?

A

Trichuris trichiura

157
Q

In what nematode may u find a honeycomb appearance of the intestinal mucosa due to ulcerations caused by embedded eggs?

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

158
Q

Due to its nature to favor immunocompromised patients, S. stercoralis is considered a/an ____ parasite.

A

opportunistic

80% mortality rate grabe!

159
Q

What do u call the syndrome in S. stercoralis wherein the GI tract and the lungs are involved?

may also cause debilitation and death

A

hyperinfection syndrome

  • dahil marami n involved, autoinfect nang autoinfect strongy thus hyper haha
  • remember also na capable ‘to of heart-lung migration so yeah
160
Q

What do u call the disease caused by Strongyloides stercoralis that involves other organs such as the liver, heart, adrenals, pancreas, kidneys, or CNS?

seen in immunocompromised patients (w/ AIDS and HTLV-1)

HTLV-1 = Human T-lymphotropic Virus type 1

A

Disseminated strongyloidiasis

Parasitology (25 decks)

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