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Parasitology > Amoeba (in general) > Flashcards

Amoeba (in general) Flashcards

1
Q

what Sub/Phylum is characterized by the presence of hyaline foot-like extrusions from the cytoplasm?

A

Phylum Amoebazoa

or Subphylum Sarcodina

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2
Q

All amoeba inhabits the large intestine except what?

A

Entamoeba gingivalis

E. gingivalis inhabits the mouth/oral cavity

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3
Q

what do you call the hyaline foot-like extrusions of the cytoplasm?

A

pseudopodia

it is a cortical zone of undifferentiated cytoplasm and a locomotory structure

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4
Q

Protozoans may reproduce asexually through ____, and sexually

A

binary fission

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5
Q

A nucleus of a protozoan may have what in its structure?

A
  1. karyosome
  2. varying peripheral chromatin
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6
Q

All Entamoeba are lumen-dwelling except?

A

Entamoeba gingivalis

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7
Q

All Entamoeba are non-pathogenic or commensals except what?

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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8
Q

Cyst is the infective stage of Entamoeba except for?

A

Entamoeba gingivalis

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9
Q

2 regions of cytoplasm of protozoans

A
  1. Ectoplasm
  2. Endoplasm
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10
Q

region of cytoplasm for metabolism and nutrition

A

Endoplasm

Endo = loob

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11
Q

region of cytoplasm that is characterized as hyaline structure for protection

A

Ectoplasm

from here stems the pseudopodia

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12
Q

4 stages in the life cycle of protozoans

A
  1. Trophozoite
  2. Precyst
  3. Cyst
  4. Metacystic stage

most observed are trophz and cysts stage

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13
Q

this is the motile or vegetative state of protozoans

A

Trophozoite

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14
Q

trophozoites are seen in what type of stool sample?

A

fresh watery, loose, or mucus-filled stool sx

basta remember na basa & fresh, higher chances of trophz

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15
Q

stains used to visualize trophozoite and its nucleus

A

buffered Methylene Blue (either Nair’s or Quensel’s)

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16
Q

what do u call the characteristic of trophozoites that make them easy to break?

A

labile hehe

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17
Q

what do you call the nonmotile stage of protozoans?

A

Cyst

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18
Q

Infective stage of protozoans is called

A

Cyst

  • Immature cyst: pre-cyst
  • Mature cyst: metacyst
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19
Q

In what type of stool will you observe cysts?

A

Formed stool sx

as stool is formed, less trophozoites

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20
Q

What are the possible stains that can be used for protozoan cysts?

A

Lugol’s Iodine or D’Antoni’s Iodine

Iodine cannot be used sa trophz bcoz it is toxic

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21
Q

cysts have a structure called chromatid bodies and these serve as their what?

A

nutrient source or energy source kung san k masaya

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22
Q

MOT of Entamoeba histolytica

A

ingestion of infective cyst

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23
Q

Habitat of Entamoeba histolytica

A

Large Intestine

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24
Q

Entamoeba histolytica is known as the only true ____

A

pathogen

or pathogenic amoeba

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25
Q

Infective stage of Entamoeba histolytica

A

mature cyst

metacyst

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26
Q

Virulent stage of Entamoeba histolytica

A

Trophozoite

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27
Q

how many nucleus does the infective stage of Entamoeba histolytica have?

A

4

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28
Q

karyosome location of Entamoeba histolytica

A

central

both troph and cyst gitna

cysts have centrally-located karyosomes but usually eccentric

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29
Q

Peripheral Chromatin of Entamoeba histolytica

A

Fine, evenly distributed

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30
Q

Entamoeba histolytica cytoplasm appearance

A
  1. clean-looking cytoplasm (troph)
  2. thin wall, hyaline appearance (glassy), highly refractile
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31
Q

Chromatoidal bar shape of Entamoeba histolytica cyst

A

Cigar-shaped or sausage-shaped

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32
Q

The trophozoite of Entamoeba histolytica may contain ingested what? And it’s exhibiting a property called?

A

Ingested RBCs; hematophagia

trophz w/ ingested RBCs are termed hematophagous

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33
Q

motility of Entamoeba histolytica troph

A

Unidirectional, progressive

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34
Q

Virulence factors of Entamoeba histolytica

A
  1. Lectin
  2. Amoebapores
  3. Cysteine Proteinases
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35
Q

Virulence factor of Entamoeba histolytica responsible for attachment

A

Lectin, GalNac Lectin, or Gal Lectin

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36
Q

Virulence factor of Entamoeba histolytica responsible for holes on lining of large intestine

A

Amoebapores

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37
Q

Virulence factor of Entamoeba histolytica for tissue disruption and spread of infection

allows parasite to penetrate mucosa and adhere to underlying layer

A

Cysteine Proteinases

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38
Q

How do we diagnose Entamoeba histolytica?

A
  1. DFS
  2. Conc techniques
  3. Culture media
  4. Stains
  5. Serology (antibody detection)
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39
Q

Concentration techniques applicable to Entamoeba histolytica

A
  1. FECT/FEACT
  2. MIF
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40
Q

Stains used for Entamoeba histolytica

A
  1. Iron Hematoxylin
  2. Trichome stain (more used nowadays)
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41
Q

Serological tests done to Entamoeba histolytica

A
  1. ELISA - histolytica vs other kamukha
  2. IHAT
  3. IFAT

  • ELISA = Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assay
  • IHA/IHAT = Indirect Hemmagglutination
  • IFAT = Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test
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42
Q

Treatment for Entamoeba histolytica

A
  1. Metronidazole - for symptomatic
  2. Diloxanide furoate - asymptomatic
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43
Q

Where does the excystation of Entamoeba histolytica occur?

excystation = “exit” cyst stage to become troph

A

small intestine

no excystation occurs in an acidic envi; requires neutral pH or slightly alkaline envi

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44
Q

After excystation into four trophozoites, where will the Entamoeba histolytica trophz multiply? what do u call that process of reproduction?

A

Large Intestines; binary fission

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45
Q

Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites will invade the mucosal crypts of the intestinal lumen where they feed on RBCs and form ulcers. Ulceration of the intestinal wall may give rise to?

A

Amoebic dysentery

characterized by mucus and blood in stool

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46
Q

If Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites invade the Colon, what are the diseases that may manifest?

A
  1. Colitis (inflammation)
  2. Amoebic Appendicitis
  3. Ameboma

  • Colitis may lead to perforation and secondary bacterial peritonitis
  • Amoebic dysentery too
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47
Q

what do you call the most common extraintestinal form of amoebiasis and is characterized by anchovy sauce liver aspirate where u can find trophz?

A

Amoebic Liver Abscess

ALA gg kapag asa liver na

ALA may rupture into the pericardium then pleura then intraperitoneal rupture

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48
Q

If lumala pa, Entamoeba histolytica may travel into the brain and cause what disease?

A

Secondary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis

why 2ndary? primary kasi is Naegleria fowleri

49
Q

True or False

no treatment is necessary for commensal amoeba

A

True

they do not cause disease

50
Q

Which amoebae are morphologically the same with Entamoeba histolytica except for size?

A

E. dispar, E. moshkovskii, & E. hartmanni

51
Q

Considered as smaller version of Entamoeba histolytica

A

Entamoeba hartmanni

52
Q

MOT of Entamoeba coli

A

Ingestion of infective cyst from contaminated water/fud

53
Q

Entamoeba coli troph number of nucleus?

A

one

54
Q

Entamoeba coli cyst nucleus number?

A

8

octonucleated

55
Q

karyosome of Entamoeba coli

A

Eccentric & Large

56
Q

Peripheral chromatin of Entamoeba coli

A

Coarse, rough, unevenly distributed

57
Q

Cytoplasm of Entamoeba coli trophozoite

A

dirty-looking; granular

marumi kasi may debris, bacteria, even yeast. ingests everything lmao

58
Q

In terms of size, which is bigger, Entamoeba coli or Entamoeba histolytica?

A

Entamoeba coli

59
Q

is the cystic wall of Entamoeba coli thick or thin?

A

thick

60
Q

the pseudopodia of Entamoeba coli troph appears what?

A

blunt, wider

61
Q

the chromatoidal bar of Entamoeba coli appears as what?

A

Broom stick/Witch broom/Splinter-shaped

62
Q

motility of Entamoeba coli trophozoite

A

Sluggish, non-directional, non-progressive

63
Q

motility of Entamoeba hartmanni

A

Sluggish, non-progressive

64
Q

Amoeba of pigs and monkeys; also the most common parasite in Papua New Guinea

A

Entamoeba polecki

65
Q

Entamoeba polecki’s infection is classified as what type?

can be passed from animals to humans*

A

Zoonotic

66
Q

Entamoeba polecki trophozoite number of nucleus

A

1

67
Q

Entamoeba polecki cyst nucleus number?

A

1

68
Q

Entamoeba polecki karyosome location?

A

Centrally located (both tropz & cyst)

69
Q

Entamoeba polecki chromatoidal bar appearance

A

Angular/pointed appearance

70
Q

motility of Entamoeba polecki troph?

A

Unidirectional, progressive, sluggish

71
Q

what organism is morphologically identical to Entamoeba polecki?

A

Entamoeba chattoni

72
Q

the smallest intestinal amoebae that is as small as a RBC is called?

RBC = 6-8um

A

Endolimax nana

73
Q

Endolimax nana trophozoite number of nucleus?

A

1

74
Q

Endolimax nana cyst number of nucleus

A

4

75
Q

karyosome of Endolimax nana trophozoite

A

Large, Irregular

76
Q

karyosome of Endolimax nana cyst

A

Large, prominent, blot-like

77
Q

Appearance of Endolimax nana cyst

A

Oval, cross-eyed

78
Q

motility of Endolimax nana trophz

A

Unidirectional, non-progressive, sluggish

79
Q

Cysts of Entamoeba are usually ____ than those of Endolimax or Iodamoeba

larger or smaller

A

larger

80
Q

amoeba that is also known as the amoeba of swine (pigs)?

pigs onli no monkeys

A

Iodamoeba butschlii

81
Q

nucleus number of trophz and cyst of Iodamoeba butschlii

A

one

82
Q

True or False

Peripheral chromatin is only present in Entamoeba

A

True

83
Q

Nucleus appearance of Iodamoeba butschlii trophz & cysts

A

“Basket of flowers” appearance

this is due to achromatic granules

84
Q

Iodamoeba butschlii has a ____ vacuole sa cytoplasm

A

glycogen

  • cyst = one glycogen vacuole
  • trophz = plenty of vacuoles
85
Q

motility of Iodamoeba butschlii troph

A

sluggish, nonprogressive

86
Q

what do u call the amoeba of the oral cavity?

A

Entamoeba gingivalis

87
Q

True or False

Entamoeba gingivalis has no cyst stage

A

true

88
Q

MOT of Entamoeba gingivalis

A

kissing, sharing of personal items

89
Q

Entamoeba gingivalis is non-pathogenic but can be seen in patients with ____ (gum infections)

A

pyorrhea alveolaris

90
Q

nucleus number of Entamoeba gingivalis troph

A

1

remember na rin na fine & evenly distributed peripheral chromatin (tinatamad na q)

91
Q

what parasite is referred to as the “brain-eating amoeba”?

A

Naegleria fowleri

92
Q

Naegleria fowleri belongs to the family Vahlkampfiidae in which members are characterized as what?

able to temporarily assume a flagellate form while being completely devoid of flagella in the ameboid stage

A

ameboflagellates

has an amoeba and flagellate form

93
Q

True or False

Naegleria fowleri thrives best in cold weather

A

False

Naegleria fowleri is thermophilic

meaning, it thrives best in warm aquatic environments

94
Q

what form or life stage of Naegleria fowleri is only found in the environment?

A

cyst

95
Q

Free-living amoeba are what type of parasites?

A

Facultative

with a free-living and parasitic phase

96
Q

the infective stage of Naegleria fowleri is what?

A

trophozoite

97
Q

Naegleria fowleri may enter the body through?

A

olfactory epith or skin or nose

but usually nose. then penetration of the nasal mucosa tapos lalapit sa olfactory nerves tapos cribriform plate tapos olfactory bulb tapos arachnoid space tapos brain GG

98
Q

Naegleria fowleri trophozoites replicate by?

A

promitosis

Promitosis is a primitive intranuclear mitosis that can be seen in protistans. It is characterized by the absence of asters, poorly defined chromosomes, a large, constricting and dividing nucleoli and the presence of a karyosome

99
Q

motility of Naegleria fowleri troph?

A

sluggish, directional

by blunt and broad pseudopodia

however, eong flagellated form wld have a spinning or jerking motility

100
Q

Naegleria fowleri causes what type of disease in the brain?

characterized by inflammation of meninges in the brain

A

Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis

PAM

101
Q

Incubation period of PAM

A

2-3 days or 1-2 weeks

px usually dead after 1 week

102
Q

Naegleria fowleri trophozoite can be distinguished from other cells by their ____ shape and progressive mvmnt

A

limax

Latin, sluglike

103
Q

Lab Diagnosis for Naegleria fowleri

A
  1. Wet Mount Examination of CSF
  2. Smears stained with Wright’s or Giemsa
  3. Biopsy
  4. CSF Analysis (neutrophilic dominance, high prot, low gluc)
  5. Culture
  6. Molecular methods
104
Q

Treatment drug for Naegleria fowleri

A

Amphotericin B with Clotrimazole

New agents: Azithromycin, Voriconazole

105
Q

Acanthamoeba spp. and Balamuthia mandrillaris have two life cycle stages. what are they?

A

Trophozoite and Cyst

106
Q

Acanthamoeba spp. and Balamuthia mandrillaris are causative agents of what disease in the brain?

usually associated with immunocompromised hosts

A

Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis

GAE

107
Q

True or False

GAE is also associated with swimming like Naegleria fowleri infection and invasion of the CNS is secondary to infection anywhere else in the body

A

False

GAE is not associated w/ swimming

108
Q

When Acanthamoeba enters the eye, what may occur?

A

severe keratitis

or Acanthamoeba keratitis

109
Q

what disease is associated with the use of improperly disinfected soft contact lenses?

A

Acanthamoeba keratitis

110
Q

nucleus number of Acanthamoeba trophozoite & cyst

A

one

111
Q

Karyosome of Acanthamoeba spp troph

A

Centrally-located, densely-staining

112
Q

Karyosome of Acanthamoeba cyst

A

Large, Central

113
Q

what do you call the thorn-like appendages of Acanthamoeba trophozoite which is used for locomotion and in evident on phase-contrast microscope?

A

Acanthapodia

these are spring projections of the pseudopod

114
Q

An Acanthamoeba cyst has two walls. An outer wall and an inner wall. what are the characteristics of each wall?

A
  • Outer: wrinkled
  • Inner: polygonal
115
Q

If Acanthamoeba enters through skin, what disease manifest?

A

cutaneous lesions

  • these are presense of hard erythematous nodules
  • common in AIDS patients
116
Q

Acanthamoeba diagnosis

A
  1. usually after death
  2. biopsy
  3. corneal scrapings
  4. culture
  5. molecular methods
117
Q

culture used for detection of Acanthamoeba?

A

Cubertson’s medium

Cubertson’s is a non-nutrient medium with Gram-negative bacteria (usually Escherichia coli) kasi nga Acanthamoeba eats gram-negative bacteria

118
Q

Treatment for Acanthamoeba

A
  • Fluorocystine
  • Ketoconazole
  • Amphotericin B
119
Q

True or False

Balamuthia mandrillaris has the same appearance with Acanthamoeba

A

True

Parasitology (25 decks)

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