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Parasitology > Blood flukes > Flashcards

Blood flukes Flashcards

1
Q

Three species of schistosomes that parasitize humans are regarded important. What are they?

A
  • Schistosoma japonicum
  • Schistosoma mansoni
  • Schistosoma haematobium
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2
Q

Less common species of schistosomes are ____ found in Africa and ____ found in the Mekong Basin.

A

Schistosoma intercalatum; Schistosoma mekongi

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3
Q

Although these flukes reside in the blood vascular system, eggs are generally found in what sample?

A

stool

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4
Q

The eggs of what Schistosoma are occasionally seen in stool but usually seen in urine?

A

Schistosoma haematobium

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5
Q

Female worms are long and ____, with a body almost circular in cross sections.

thin and delicate

A

slender

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6
Q

The body of male worms is flattened behind the ventral sucker, as it is incurved ventrally to form a ____ in which the female reposes.

A

gynecophoral canal

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7
Q

Among the two Schistosome, which is longer?

male or female

A

female

but thinner cla

male is thicker due to gynecophoroal canal (for reproduction)

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8
Q

What structure of Schistosoma eggs assist in the retention of eggs in the blood vessels?

A

spines

+++ dinidilate ng worms vessels b4 oviposition so that eggs are laid and wedged firmly into the small vessels

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9
Q

The miracidium inside a Schistosoma egg produces an ____ that diffuses through the egg shell and helps to digest the overlying tissue.

A

enzyme

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10
Q

In blood flukes, the action of the ____ produced by the miracidium, together with necrosis via the spines, works to liberate the egg from the tissues into the lumen of the intestine or bladder.

A

enzyme

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11
Q

What stages are not present in the life cycle of Schistosoma

A

redia and metacercaria

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12
Q

The cause of pathology of Schistosoma is what?

eggs or adult worms

A

eggs

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13
Q

The cercaria of schistosomes have a ____ tail and anterior glands that assist in skin penetration.

A

forked

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14
Q

Upon skin penetration, the tail is lost and is now referred to as what?

cercaria minus tail = ?

A

Schistosomula

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15
Q

The cercaria minus the tail remains in the subcutis for about how many days?

A

about 2 days

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16
Q

After blood vessel invasion, flukes are carried to the lungs then to the ____ where they begin their growth.

A

Liver

liver sinusoids

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17
Q

After ____ weeks, the maturing worms commence a migration against the floow of blood in the portal system to their final location in mesenteric or vesicular veins.

A

two

final locations in the host will differ for each species

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18
Q

Habitat of Schistosoma mansoni

A

inferior mesenteric vein

in the region of the lower colon

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19
Q

____ is the smallest of the schistosomes that infect humans

A

Schistosoma mansoni

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20
Q

Diagnosis of schistosomiasis during the ____ period of the disease is based on the recover of eggs in the stool.

acute or chronic

A

acute

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21
Q

In the ____ stage of the schistosomiasis, eggs may not be found in the stool. Biopsy may be of value ‘coz eggs can be demonstrated in the tissues.

acute or chronic

A

chronic

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22
Q

common name of Schistosoma mansoni

A

Manson’s blood fluke

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23
Q

Intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni

A

Biomphalaria spp.

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24
Q

Intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum

A

Oncomelania hupensis quadrasi

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25
Q

common name of Schistosoma japonicum

A

Oriental blood fluke

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26
Q

Among the schistosomes, which is the most virulent as it lays the most number of eggs and is highly zoonotic?

A

Schistosoma japonicum

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27
Q

Habitat of Schistosoma japonicum

A

superior mesenteric vein

adjacent to the small intestine

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28
Q

Urinary schistosomiasis is generally caused by what Schistosoma?

A

Schistosoma haematobium

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29
Q

Common name of Schistosoma haematobium

A

Vesical blood fluke

or Bladder fluke (Zeibig)

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30
Q

Habitat of Schistosoma haematobium

A

Vesical, Prostatic, and Uterine venous plexuses

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31
Q

The Schistosoma haematobium eggs that are deposited in the walls of the bladder may break through and escape with the ____.

what sample?

A

urine

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32
Q

Diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium is readily made by the recovery of eggs via ____ or ____ of the urine.

what is done sa wiwi?

A

centrifugation or sedimentation

33
Q

Intermediate host of Schistosoma haematobium

A

Bulinus spp.

34
Q

What do you call the schistosome that resembles S. japonicum in adult structure?

A

Schistosoma mekongi

35
Q

Intermediate host of Schistosoma mekongi

A

Neotricula aperta spp.

36
Q

Common name of Schistosoma mekongi

A

Mekongi blood fluke

37
Q

The eggs of what parasite closely resemble Schistosoma haematobium but can be differentiated by a slight bend in the terminal spine?

A

Schistosoma intercalatum

38
Q

Common name of Schistosoma intercalatum

A
  • Cattle Schistosome
  • Forest Schistosome
39
Q

The eggshell of what Schistosome is Ziehl-Neelsen negative?

Ziehl-Neelsen = acid-fast din pala :oo

ZN

A

Schistosoma haematobium

All the other ones are positive (walang nakalagay s mekongi and malayensis tho)

40
Q

Intermediate host of Schistosoma intercalatum

A

Bulinus spp.

41
Q

After cercaria skin penetration of Schistosoma, what do you call the rxn that may be seen?

characterized as petechial hemorrhages + localized edema nd pruritus

A

Cercarial dermatitis

Swimmer’s itch (swamp itch)

42
Q

Migration of the worms throughout the lungs may cause cough or ____.

A

hemoptysis

cough w/ blood

43
Q

After the liver, when the flukes reach the mesenteric or vesical venules and lay eggs, what stage of schistosomiasis is seen?

acute or chronic

44
Q

When the developing schistosomes reach the liver, acute ____ may develop

inflammation of the liver

45
Q

The acute stage infection by S. mansoni and S. japonicum may be characterized by what symptoms?

A

diarrhea or dysentery

46
Q

The acute stage infection by S. haematobium may be characterized by what symptoms?

A

hematuria at the end of micturition (peeing)

sometimes dysuria (pain during micturition)

47
Q

What do you call the systemic hypersensitivity rxn that is an early clinical manifestation of first infection or heavy infection with schistosomes? There is significant mortality at this stage of the disease.

hypersensitivity rxn = fever/syndrome

A

Katayama fever

48
Q

Katayama fever is more common in what schistosome?

A

Schistosoma japonicum

S. mansoni pweds but katayama is under schistosomiasis japonicum (sa book)

49
Q

What is the most common chronic infection in patients w/ S. mansoni or S. japonicum, also occurs regularly in S. haematobium infections?

schistosomiasis where?

A

Hepatic schistosomiasis

50
Q

What disease is more common also in S. mansoni and S. japonicum infections and involves the intestinal tract and is suggestive of granulomatous colitis, w/ abdominal cramps and tenderness and intermittent bloody mucoid stools?

schistosomiasis where?

A

Intestinal schistosomiasis

51
Q

____ schistosomiasis is seen with Schistosoma haematobium and is characterized by dysuria and hematuria.

A

Urinary schistosomiasis

52
Q

What is usually the first sign of urinary schistosomiasis?

A

Terminal hematuria

53
Q

What are conditions that are usually found in urinary schistosomiasis?

eosinop & bacteria in urine?

A

eosinophiluria & bacteriuria

54
Q

What is usually seen with heavy Schistosoma haematobium infections where there is heavy egg concentrations that promote urothelial carcinogenesis?

A

Bladder cancer

usually a squamous cell carcinoma

55
Q

Pulmonary involvement may be seen in all forms of schistosomiasis but is more common with ____ infections.

A

Schistosoma haematobium

egg deposition in the lungs leads to pulmonary fibrosis and cor pulmonale

56
Q

Cerebral manifestations of schistosomiasis are most commonly seen in ____ infections.

A

Schistosoma japonicum

57
Q

If S. japonicum is usually seen in cerebral schistosomiasis, which of the Schistosoma frequently affect the spinal cord?

A
  • Schistosoma mansoni
  • Schistosoma haematobium
58
Q

Transverse myelitis, usually in the ____ area, is seen in spinal cord involvement and is associated with S. mansoni.

what region ng spine

A

lumbar area

59
Q

Upon initial reaction, which of the cells release histamine that is cercaria-provoked through a marked dermal rxn?

A

mast cells

60
Q

What are the two types of antibodies involved in the elimination of schistosomula in the body and is seen in immunocompetent hosts?

immunocompetent hosts = previously infected n so they have panlaban na

61
Q

What develops around the eggs and is responsible for much of the pathology associated with schistosomiasis?

A

granulomas

62
Q

Eggs of ____ may bypass the liver entirely. Venous blood from the vesical, prostatic, and uterine plexuses enters the hypogastric vein, from whence it goes by way of the common iliac vein to the vena cava, the right heart, and the lungs

A

Schistosoma haematobium

63
Q

What is the common site of S. haematobium infection in women?

A

uterine cervix

granulomatous inflammation of the cervix is a common manifestation

64
Q

What is the common site of S. haematobium infection in males?

A

urethra, prostate, seminal vesicles

even the spermatic cord & penises

65
Q

Which of the schistosomes may invade the placenta and cause placentitis?

A
  • Schistosoma haematobium
  • Schistosoma mansoni
66
Q

Drug of choice for schistosomiasis

A

Praziquantel

Oxamniquine

67
Q

What is the preferred sx for the diagnosis of S. haematobium?

68
Q

What do you call the test that serves as a confirmatory test for schistosomiasis?

A

Circumoval precipitin test

COPT

69
Q

What are the reagents used in circumoval precipitin test?

A

Lyophilized eggs

from reservoir hosts (rabbits)

70
Q

The formation of a ____ depicts a positive result for circumoval precipitin test.

A

bleb

bleb formation

wherein antibodies are present in px sample. u have an antibody specific to schistosomes and will react to form blebs

71
Q

circumoval precipitin test process

no need to memo i think

A
  • serum & reagent in slide
  • incubation at 37o for 1-2 days
  • bleb observation
72
Q

What do you call the condition wherein adult schistosomes are always together to produce more eggs?

A

perpetual copulation

73
Q

Spine description of the egg of Schistosoma mansoni

A

Prominent lateral spine

74
Q

Spine description of the egg of Schistosoma japonicum

A

minute lateral spine

rudimentary spine (curved hook)

75
Q

Spine description of the egg of Schistosoma haematobium

A

conspicuous terminal spine

malaki

same cla ni intercalatum (kaya u test via acid-fast: Ziehl-Neelsen)

76
Q

How many eggs per cycle are produced by Schistosoma japonicum?

A

50-100

3k per day

77
Q

How many eggs per cycle are produced by Schistosoma mansoni?

A

1-4

190-300 per day

78
Q

How many eggs per cycle are produced by Schistosoma haematobium?

A

20-30

30 per day

Parasitology (25 decks)

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