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Parasitology > Flagellates > Flashcards

Flagellates Flashcards

1
Q

A large group of protozoans possessing whip-like protoplasmic extrusions

A

flagellates

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2
Q

all flagellates reproduce asexually through what?

A

binary fission

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3
Q

All flagellates inhabit the large intestine except for what 3?

A
  1. Giardia duodenalis
  2. Trichomonas vaginalis
  3. Trichomonas tenax
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4
Q

All flagellates undergo encystation except for these 3. wat r they?

A
  1. Trichomonas vaginalis
  2. Trichomonas hominis
  3. Trichomonas tenax

lahat ng Trichomonas walang cyst stage

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5
Q

MOT of Giardia duodenalis

A

ingestion of infective cysts (fecal-oral)

from fecally contaminated water or food

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6
Q

where is the usual habitat of Giardia duodenalis?

A

small intestine

duodenum, jeju, upper ileum

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7
Q

when a px has Giardia duodenalis, what may be the characteristic of stool sx?

or Giardiasis

A

foul-smelling diarrhea w/ increased amt of fat & mucus no blood

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8
Q

nucleus number of Giardia duodenalis trophozoite

A

2

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9
Q

Appearance of Giardia duodenalis trophozoite

A
  • old man’s face w/ eyeglasses
  • pear-shaped
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10
Q

nucleus number of Giardia duodenalis cyst

A

4

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11
Q

Appearance of Giardia duodenalis cyst

A
  • hyaline (clear) cyst wall
  • oval-shaped
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12
Q

How many pairs of flagella does a Giardia duodenalis troph have?

A

4 pairs

  • 2 lateral
  • 1 ventral
  • 1 caudal
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13
Q

what do you call the structure in Giardia duodenalis trophozoite that functions for support?

structure for structural support & not movement

A

Axostyle

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14
Q

This structure in Giardia duodenalis troph functions as the intracellular portion of a flagellum (core comprising the microtubules) and is important for the troph’s motility.

A

Axoneme

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15
Q

Axostyle to Axoneme ratio in Giardia duodenalis trophozoite

A

1:2

The motile trophozoite is supported by a midline structure called an axostyle made up of two axnemes (Zeibig, 2013)

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16
Q

This structure in Giardia duodenalis troph acts as the virulence factor

A

Ventral sucking discs

2 sila

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17
Q

Two curved rods are seen posterior to the sucking disk of Giardia and they function as an energy source that help support the posterior end of the organism. what are they?

A

2 median bodies

or parabasal

these are unique to Giardia

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18
Q

how many median bodies are there in Giardia duodenalis cysts?

A

four median bodies

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19
Q

except the nuclei, what do you call the structures seen inside the cytoplasm of Giardia duodenalis cyst?

eong hati ehehe

A

Axostyle

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20
Q

motility of Giardia duodenalis troph

A

Falling Leaf Motility

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21
Q

Giardiasis is usually accompanied with abnormal quantities of fat in the stool, that condition is called?

A

steatorrhea

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22
Q

Giardiasis incubation period?

A

1-4 weeks

average 9 days

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23
Q

Virulence factor of Giardia duodenalis

A

Ventral Sucking Discs

some references also state lectin as a virulence factor (for attachment) but just go w ventral suckers

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24
Q

Giardia duodenalis will alter the mucosal lining and will lead to villous flattening and crypt hypertrophy which will further lead to?

this is why fat and mucous are present in blood. whatchucall d mal mal

A

malabsorption and maldigestion

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25
Q

Diagnosis for Giardia duodenalis

A
  1. DFS
  2. Entero-Test (String Test)
  3. Duodenal Aspirate examination
  4. Immunoassay
  5. Biopsy
  6. Molecular Testing
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26
Q

To diagnose Giardiasis and u came out negative sa DFS, what will the docs do?

A

Entero-test

or String Test

swallow a capsule w/ string and yarn will go sa duodenum and after 4 hrs u pull then u prep smear and look for parasite (green string)

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27
Q

Drug treatment for Giardia duodenalis

A

Metronidazole

Alt drugs: tinidazole furazolidone, abendazole

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28
Q

What is the parasite that is formerly classified as an amoeba but now an ameboflagellate?

A

Dientamoeba fragilis

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29
Q

MOT of Dientamoeba fragilis

A

fecal-oral route

Ingestion of cysts or trophozoites

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30
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis is usually ingested with what helminth eggs?

A

Enterobius and Ascaris

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31
Q

how many nucleus does Dientamoeba fragilis have?

A

1 or 2 nuclei

usually 2 kaya Dientamoeba

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32
Q

motility of Dientamoeba fragilis

A

non-progressive mvmnt

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33
Q

the karyosome of Dientamoeba fragilis has how many granules?

A

4-6 discrete granules

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34
Q

Common symptoms associated with Dientamoeba fragilis infection are?

A

intermittent diarrhea with excess mucous

  • Gastroenteritis
  • Diarrhea
  • Abdominal pain
  • Anorexia
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35
Q

Diagnosis of Dientamoeba fragilis

A
  1. DFS
  2. Prompt fixation with PVA or Schaudinn’s
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36
Q

Drug Treatment for Dientamoeba fragilis infection?

A

Iodoquinol

Alt drugs: tetracycline and metronidazole

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37
Q

Nucleus number of Chilomastix mesnili troph & cyst

A

1

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38
Q

Appearance of Chilomastix mesnili trophozoite

A

safety pin appearance, or twisted jaw appearance

39
Q

Chilomastix mesnili cyst appearance

A

Lemon-shaped, Nipple-shaped

40
Q

How many flagella is present in a Chilomastix mesnili trophozoite?

A
  • 3 anterior
  • 1 near cytostome
41
Q

What allows the trophozoite of Chilomastix mesnili to move in a stiff, rotary, and directional manner?

A

Flagella

sabi sir Greg spiral groove

42
Q

The most prominent of the cytostomal fibrils that is curving posteriorly around the cytostome of a trophozoite of Chilomastix mesnili resembles a what?

A

a shepherd’s crook

43
Q

what do you call the protruding structure of the cyst of Chilomastix mesnili?

A

Hyaline knob

kaya siya mukhang lemon bcoz of this protrusion

44
Q

motility of Chilomastix mesnili trophozoite?

A

Corkscrew/Boring/Rotary

possibe din spiral forward

45
Q

MOT of Enteromonas hominis

A

Ingestion of cysts

contamination of water, food, or hands with infective cysts

46
Q

Enteromonas hominis trophozoite number of nucleus?

47
Q

Enteromonas hominis cyst number of nucleus

A

1-4 nuclei

predominant mga binucleate condition

48
Q

Enteromonas hominis trophozoite appearance?

A
  • Oval-shaped
  • 3 anterior flagella
  • 1 posterior flagella
49
Q

Enteromonas hominis appearance?

A

oval-shaped

cyst & troph hehe same

50
Q

motility of Enteromonas hominis trophozoite

A

Jerky motility

51
Q

MOT of Retortamonas intestinalis

A

ingestion of cysts

contamination of water, food, or hands with infective cysts

52
Q

nucleus number of Retortamonas intestinalis for trophozoite and cyst?

A

one nucleus

53
Q

Retortamonas intestinalis trophozoite appearance?

A
  • Ovoid or teardrop-shaped
  • cleft-like cytostome
  • 1 anterior flagella
  • 1 posterior flagella

Actually im not sure d2 kasi d book mentioned 2 anterior flagella is used for mvmnt smth but d golden trans said otherwise

54
Q

Retortamonas intestinalis cyst appearance?

A
  • Bird’s beak appearance
  • Pear-shaped or slightly lemon-shaped
  • Presence of cytostomal fibrils
55
Q

The presence of the two fibrils that extend from the nuclear region to the attenuated end of the cyst gives the cyst of Retortamonas intestinalis the appearance of what?

A

bird’s beak appearance

56
Q

motility of Retortamonas intestinalis trophozoite

A

Jerky motility

move rapidly by means of flagella

57
Q

what parasite causes Trichomoniasis?

STD that affects both males and females

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

58
Q

Habitat of Trichomonas vaginalis?

A

vagina or cervix

males: urethra and prostate

59
Q

MOT of Trichomonas vaginalis

A
  • intimate contact
  • infant delivery
  • contaminated towels and underwear
60
Q

true or false

Trichomonas vaginalis has no cyst stage

A

True

Pseudocystic stage, meron

61
Q

Life cycle stages of Trichomonas vaginalis?

A
  • flagellated trophozoites
  • amoeboid trophozoites
  • pseudocystic stages
62
Q

infective stage of Trichomonas vaginalis?

A

trophozoite

63
Q

nucleus number of Trichomonas vaginalis?

64
Q

appearance of Trichomonas vaginalis troph?

troph lng nmn lawl no cyst stage

A
  • Pear-shaped
  • Pyriform

also has an axostyle for structural support and cytostome

65
Q

how many flagella does Trichomonas vaginalis troph have?

A
  • 4 anterior flagella
  • 1 flagella embedded in undulating membrane
66
Q

what do you call the membrane of Trichomonas vaginalis that is found on the lateral portion and is characterized as a wave-like structure used for motility and is 1/2 of body length?

A

Undulating membrane

67
Q

The undulating membrane is attached to the Trichomonas vaginalis via a rib-like structure called?

68
Q

What do you call the granules that are iron-rich and near the axostyle of Trichomonas vaginalis troph?

no distinct function LOLOLOL

A

Siderophil granules

also called paraxostylar granules

69
Q

motility of Trichomonas vaginalis troph?

A
  • Jerky tumbling motility
  • Jerky, rapid, nondirectional (Markell & Voge, n.d.)

gagi si sir greg pala adapting editor neto WOWOWOWOW MAMAW MO SIR GREG

70
Q

Proliferationg colonies of Trichomonas vaginalis may cause ____ & ____ of vaginal epithelium?

identify the de & de

A

degeneration & desquamation

71
Q

other term for inflamed cervix caused by Trichomonas vaginalis infection

A

strawberry cervix

red dots can be seen (hemorrhages)

72
Q

True or False

in both males and females, Trichomonas vaginalis infection may lead to sterility

73
Q

What does Trichomonas vaginalis use to bind to vaginal epithelial cells?

A

adhesins

it also has enzymes that promote tissue disruption

74
Q

What factor does Trichomonas vaginalis have that induces a cytopathic effect on vaginal epithelial cells?

A

cell detaching factor

75
Q

preferred specimen for Trichomonas vaginalis diagnosis

A

Vaginal discharge

76
Q

Routine specimen for Trichomonas vaginalis diagnosis?

77
Q

Laboratory Diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis

just be familiar, no need 2 memo hehe

A
  • Wet mounts of vaginal and urethral discharge
  • Cervical smear
  • Culture (Diamond’s medium)
  • Urinalysis
  • Semen, prostatic fluid examination
  • Immunoassays
78
Q

Drug treatment for Trichomonas vaginalis infection?

A

Metronidazole

Tinidazole too pwede

79
Q

What flagellate is named penta for its 5 flagella?

A

Pentatrichomonas hominis

or Trichomonas hominis

80
Q

Habitat of Pentatrichomonas hominis

81
Q

True or False

There is little evidence that Pentatrichomonas hominis is pathogenic for humans

82
Q

Flagella location of Pentatrichomonas hominis

A
  • 4 anterior
  • 1 posterior
83
Q

Apparently, Pentatrichomonas hominis is indicative of ____ contamination, as it does not form cysts.

what type of contamination?

A

direct fecal contamination

84
Q

motility of Pentatrichomonas hominis troph

A

Jerky, non-directional

85
Q

habitat of Trichomonas tenax

86
Q

MOT of Trichomonas tenax

A
  • kissing
  • use of contaminated glass or dishes (sharing of utensils)
87
Q

The smallest Trichomonas is?

A

Trichomonas tenax

also resistant to changes in temp

88
Q

Diagnosis for Trichomonas tenax?

A

swabbing tartar

swabbing may be done between teeth, gingival margin, or tonsillar crypts

89
Q

Drug treatment for Trichomonas tenax infection?

A

Metronidazole

90
Q

Nucleus number of Trichomonas tenax troph

91
Q

Appearance of Trichomonas tenax troph

A

Pear-shaped; Pyriform

92
Q

Motility of Trichomonas tenax troph

A

Jerky, rapid, non-directional

93
Q

Flagella of Trichomonas tenax troph

A
  • 4 anterior
  • 1 posterior

with axostyle for structural support

Parasitology (25 decks)

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