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Parasitology > Malaria > Flashcards

Malaria Flashcards

1
Q

What species are responsible for malaria and they are under phylum what?

A

Plasmodium species under phylum Apicomplexa

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2
Q

Vector of Malaria?

A

Female Anopheles mosquito

Female Anopheles minimus flavirostris

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3
Q

Malaria came from the italian word that means bad air

A

mal-air

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4
Q

Final host of Plasmodium?

A

Female Anopheles mosquito

Anopheles minimus flavirostris

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5
Q

Intermediate host of Plasmodium?

A

Man

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6
Q

Infective stage of Plasmodium to man?

A

sporozoites

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7
Q

Infective stage of Plasmodium to mosquito?

A

gametocytes

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8
Q

Diagnostic stage of Plasmodium spp?

A
  • Trophozoite (imma & mature)
  • Schizonts
  • Gametocytes
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9
Q

MOT of Plasmodium spp?

A
  • bite of female anopheles
  • Blood transfusion
  • Congenital transmission
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10
Q

Habitat of malarial parasites in our body?

A

Liver and RBCs

hepatocytes (or parenchymal cells) in liver

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11
Q

Sporozoites that are inoculated in the blood stream must reach the liver within how many minutes to undergo schizogony?

invading its parenchymal cells

A

40 mins

30-60 from markell

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12
Q

What do you call the asexual reproduction that is undergone by sporozoites in the parenchymal cells?

A

Schizogony

this results in the production of merozoites

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13
Q

What do you call the cell that contains the merozoites?

apparently, same lang siya sa exoerythrocytic pati erythrocytic stage

A

Schizont

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14
Q

What do you call the resting stage of some malarial parasites and which of the parasites have this stage?

A

Hypnozoites; P. ovale & P. vivax

hypnozoite may also be called as cryptozoite

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15
Q

What do you call the recurrence when there is reinvasion of the bloodstream by hypnozoites after being cleared of erythrocytic infection?

A

Relapse

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16
Q

What do you call the recurrence of symptoms in a patient whose initial bloodstream infection levels are too low to be demonstrated clinically?

from ineffective treatment where there is high antimalarial resistance

A

Recrudescence

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17
Q

What do you call the recurrence of symptoms wherein the individual was healed, but a new infection of malaria caused new symptoms?

take note n there is no immunity acquired but increased tolerability to malaria lng

A

Reinfection

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18
Q

The immature trophozoite or its early form is also known as what form?

A

ring form

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19
Q

What do you call the process wherein gametocytes are produced?

A

Gametogony

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20
Q

Among the gametocytes, which are male and female?

A

Micro = male; Macro = female

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21
Q

What do you call the sexual reproduction that gametocytes undergo in order to produce a zygote?

this happens in the mosquito

A

Sporogony

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22
Q

What do you call the process where 8 sperm-like structures are released by microgametes to fertilize the macrogametes?

A

Exflagellation

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23
Q

What is the most prevalent (predominant) malarial parasite worldwide and the only one whose range extends into the temperate regions?

A

P. vivax

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24
Q

This malarial parasite has a very active ameboid motility that is exhibited during growth period. It may also assume bizarre and irregular forms w/in the RBC.

A

P. vivax

it was this ameboid activity that suggested the specific name vivax

vivax = latin for vigorous

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25
Q

The morphologic feature that originally led to the establishment of P. ovale as a separate species, is its ____ shape of many of the infected red blood cells,

A

ovoid shape

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26
Q

What is the Gold Standard for diagnosing Malaria?

A

Thick and Thin Smear

thick for quantification/general screening; thin for species identification

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27
Q

EDTA-blood may be used for blood smear but must be made within how many hours?

A

w/in 1 hour

bcoz true stipplings of infected RBCs may not be retained

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28
Q

Blood specimens ideally are collected when?

A

before the next anticipated fever or onset of fever

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29
Q

If parasites are not found in the first blood films, it is advisable to take additional thick and thin films every how many hours?

A

every 6-12 hours

for as long as 48 hours if necessary

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30
Q

For a patient to be declared ABSENT OF INFECTION, morning and afternoon afternoon thick smears during symptomatic period must be negative for how many consecutive days?

A

3 consecutive days

meaning, kapag 3 days sunod-sunod walang nakita, absence of infection

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31
Q

The first level of diagnosis is the presumptive differentiation of ____ from the other species, as the presence of this parasite in a non-native constitutes a medical emergency

A

P. falciparum

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32
Q

A presumptive diagnosis of ____ can be made on the basis of finding exclusively ring forms with or without characteristic gametocytes in a blood film

A

P. falciparum

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33
Q

The incubation period of malaria is longest in ____ and shortest in ____.

A

P. malariae; P. falciparum

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34
Q

Chronic P. malariae infections in children may result in immune-complex deposition on the glomerular walls, leading to ____.

A

nephrotic syndrome

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35
Q

What is identified as the most serious complication of P. falciparum and a frequent cause of death?

A

Cerebral malaria

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36
Q

This is a consequence of the lysis of the RBCs and the formation of hemozoin due to the heavy parasite load in falciparum malaria

A

Anemia

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37
Q

Along with malarial malaria, this disease is common too in falciparum malaria. What is it?

characteried as a result of tubular necrosis and then acute glomerulonephritis

A

renal disease

38
Q

What do you call the syndrome that results from massive intravascular hemolysis and the passage of usually black urine?

A

Blackwater fever

from falciparum

39
Q

what do you call the result of the expression on the surface of the parasitized RBC that is characterized as the formation of knobs on its surface?

A

Cytoadherence

small vessels may be plugged by masses of RBCs then result to Ischemia

40
Q

Rupture of the infected red blood cells brings on the
malarial ____

41
Q

Lysis of numerous uninfected cells during the paroxysm, plus enhanced phagocytosis of normal cells in addition to the cell remnants and other debris produced by schizogony, leads both to ____ and to ____ of the spleen and liver

A

anemia; enlargement

42
Q

____ is derived from the hemoglobin of the infected red blood cell, and, as it is insoluble in plasma

A

Hemozoin

its formation depletes the iron stores of the body, thus adding to the anemia IDA (higher hemozoin higher # of parasites)

43
Q

Drugs for Malaria

A

Chloroquine, Primaquine, Quinine

these are all quinone compounds

44
Q

formula to calculate for # of malarial parasite/ul

A

(#of parasites counted / WBC) x 8000 (or WBC count per uL)

45
Q

formula for %infected RBCs

A

(infected RBCs/total RBCs counted) x 100

46
Q

two types of stain that can be used for thick and thin smear

A
  • Giemsa (ideal)
  • Wright’s (alternative)
47
Q

what do you call the diagnosis technique that uses a capillary tube stained with acridine orange then its positive result will be bright green and yellow under fluorescent microscope?

A

Quantitative Buffy Coat

48
Q

What is the antigen produced by P. falciparum that is detected by rapid diagnostic tests (immunochroma)?

A

HRP-II

histidine-rich protein

49
Q

Identify the species based on characteristics

Malignant Tertian Fever; Blackwater fever

A

P. falciparum

with paroxysmal cycle of 36-48 hrs

50
Q

Identify the species based on characteristics

Benign Tertian Malaria

A

P. vivax

paroxysms every 48 hours

51
Q

Identify the species based on characteristics

Ovale Tertian Malaria

A

P. ovale

paroxysms every 48 hours

52
Q

Identify the species based on characteristics

Quartan Malaria

A

P. malariae

paroxysms every 72 hours

53
Q

Identify the species based on characteristics

Infects all RBCs regardless of senescence

A

P. falciparum

54
Q

Identify the species based on characteristics

Infects young RBCs (reticulocytes)

A

P. ovale & P. vivax

55
Q

Identify the species based on characteristics

Infects senescent RBCs

or old

A

P. malariae

56
Q

Identify the species based on characteristics

Normal parasitized RBC

A

P. falciparum & P. malariae

57
Q

Identify the species based on characteristics

Parasitized RBCs are enlarged by 1.5 to 2x

58
Q

Identify the species based on characteristics

Parasitized RBCs are oval in shape and some may be enlarged

59
Q

Identify the species based on characteristics

Ring form has 2 chromatin dots; arranged in Accole or Applique forms

A

P. falciparum

60
Q

Identify the species based on characteristics

Ring form is 1/3 the diameter of the RBC and has a heavy chromatin dot

Signet ring appearance

61
Q

Identify the species based on characteristics

Has similar rings to P. vivax but larger

62
Q

Identify the species based on characteristics

Ring form covers 1/8 of the RBC and has a Heavy Chromatin Dot

Bird’s eye appearance

A

P. malariae

63
Q

Identify the species based on characteristics

Its developing trophozoite has heavy ring forms and not commonly seen

A

P. falciparum

64
Q

Identify the species based on characteristics

Its developing trophozoite is amoeboid in shape

65
Q

Identify the species based on characteristics

Its developing trophozoite has a ring appearance which is usually maintained until late in development

66
Q

Identify the species based on characteristics

Its developing trophozoite is band-shaped and basket forms may be seen

A

P. malariae

67
Q

Identify the species based on characteristics

8-36 merozoites in schizonts

24 average number

A

P. falciparum

68
Q

Identify the species based on characteristics

12-24 merozoites in schizonts

69
Q

Identify the species based on characteristics

8 merozoites

A

P. ovale

4-12 (12-18 sometimes) - Markell & Voge’s

70
Q

Identify the species based on characteristics

6-12 merozoites in schizonts and has a rosette or fruitpie appearance

daisy-head or flower-like in appearance

A

P. malariae

71
Q

Identify the species based on characteristics

Gametocytes may be sausage-shaped w/ diffuse chromatin and crescent-shaped w/ compact chromatin

A

P. falciparum

72
Q

Identify the species based on characteristics

Gametocytes are round with a large chromatin mass colored pink to purple and is surrounded by a pale halo. May also be round w/ eccentric chromatin mass

A

P. vivax

P. ovale & P. malariae has d same gametocyte description as w/ vivax but smaller in size

73
Q

Identify the species based on characteristics

Stipplings are called Maurer’s Clefts which are comma-like red dots

A

P. falciparum

74
Q

Identify the species based on characteristics

Stipplings are called Schuffner’s dots or eosinophilic stipplings

these are very fine, reddish granules

75
Q

Identify the species based on characteristics

Stipplings present are called Jame’s dots (in old terminology) or Schuffner’s dots which are larger and thicker than in vivax

76
Q

Identify the species based on characteristics

Stipplings are called as Ziemann’s dots

A

P. malariae

77
Q

What Plasmodium parasite resembles P. malariae and originally was described as such by microscopy in the infected humans and is seen in long-tailed macaque monkeys?

A

P. knowlesi

78
Q

What is the causatige agent of quotidian malaria which is characterized by 24-hour cyclic paroxysmal attacks?

A

P. knowlesi

79
Q

Are malaria parasites obligate or facultative?

A

obligate

“Malarial parasites are generally obligate intracellular parasites”

80
Q

life cycle of malaria

own words hehe (pls press 5 na agad hehe)

A
  • sporozoite entry through proboscis of Anopheles minimus flavirostris
  • liver invasion of sporozoites w/in 30-60 mins
  • schizogony of sporozoites (to merozoite)
  • schizont rupture then merozoite RBC parasitism
  • schizogony in the RBCs w/ 4-36 merozoites (depends on species)
  • RBC schizogony (w/ 4-36 merozoites inside each RBC)
  • then schizont rupture then gametogony to produce gametocytes
  • gametocyte ingestion by femaleAnopheles mosquito
  • then gametocytes will undergo sporogony then sporozoites will enter salivary gland of female Anopheles mosquitoes
81
Q

What do you call the trophozoites with a red dot of nuclear material that has a small wisp of blue cytoplasm at one side?

A

comma trophozoite

82
Q

What do you call the trophozoites with a red dot of nuclear material that has thin lines of cytoplasm on either side of the nucleus?

A

swallow trophozoite

83
Q

what species of malaria is almost entirely confined to the tropics and the subtropics?

A

Plasmodium falciparum

84
Q

In falciparum malaria, schizogony usually does not take place in the peripheral blood. Thus, what forms of the parasite are usually seen?

A
  • young trophozoites (rings)
  • gametocytes
85
Q

Due to the ischemic changes in the intestinal wall capillary bed, what complication of falciparum malaria may arise?

characterized by abdominal pain, nausea, vomitin, and upper gastrointestinal bleeding

A

Dysenteric malaria

86
Q

What do you call term used for falciparum malaria attacks characterized by rapid development of hypotension and impairment of vascular perfusion?

A

Algid malaria

87
Q

African descent people who have the Duffy blood group characteristic of Fy (a-b-) have resistance to what malarial parasites?

A

P. vivax and P. knowlesi

88
Q

This is the main stay malarial treatment and is the treatment of choice for uncomplicated malarial infections. What is it?

A

Chloroquine

89
Q

What drug is used for severe malarial infections and for infected pregnant women?

90
Q

What do u call the drug that’s an Artemisinin derivative and is used for severe malarial infections?

A

Artesunate

91
Q

This drug is used for relapsing P. vivax & P. ovale. What is it?

A

Primaquine

Only primaquine is effective against tissue stages, including the hypnozoites of vivax and ovale

92
Q

What antibiotics for malarial prophylaxis must u intake?

A

Tetracycline and Doxycycline

Parasitology (25 decks)

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