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Parasitology > Cestodes (Cyclophyllidea) > Flashcards

Cestodes (Cyclophyllidea) Flashcards

1
Q

Common name of Taenia solium

A

Pork tapeworm

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2
Q

Adult Taenia solium may attain a length from 2 up to ____ meters.

A

7

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3
Q

The rostellum of Taenia solium is ____.

armed or unarmed

A

armed

with 2 rows (or double crown kaya 2 rows)

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4
Q

The mature segments of Taenia solium are ____ than they are ____ and contain one set of reproductive organs.

A

wider than long

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5
Q

The gravid segments of Taenia solium are ____ than they are ____ and contain a branched uterus filled with eggs.

A

longer than wide

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6
Q

In Taenia solium the number of main branches on one side of the central stem varies from ____ to ____.

A

7 to 13 brances

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7
Q

The oncosphere of Taenia is enclosed in a thick, radially striated coat called the ____, usually dark brown in color.

A

embryophore

remember that 6-hooked oncosphere = hexacanth embryo

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8
Q

Intermediate host of Taenia solium

A

Pig

only 1 IH

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9
Q

Eggs of Taenia solium ingested by a pig hatch into oncosphere larva and develop into the infective larval stages or ____ in the muscles, which may then infect humans who eat undercooked pork.

A

Cysticercus cellulosae

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10
Q

Ingested proglottids of Taenia solium may rupture and release eggs which hatch into oncosphere larva and develop into cysticerci and cause ____.

what disease by larva?

parang digestion of eggs din pala si digestion of proglottids

A

cysticercosis

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11
Q

What are the infective stages of Taenia solium?

A
  • Cysticercus cellulosae
  • Embryonated egg
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12
Q

Diagnostic stages of Taenia spp

A
  • Eggs
  • Proglottids

report as Taenia eggs since morphologically similar; gravid segment lang hindi similar due to uterus branching

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13
Q

Specific identification of Taeniasis based on eggs is impossible; so one must examine ____ proglottids wherein the uterine branches are counted.

what type of proglottids?

A

gravid

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14
Q

If Taenia solium has 7 to 13 fingerlike branches, Taenia saginata has ____ to ____ treelike branches.

A

15 to 20

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15
Q

The ____ of Taenia solium once ingested, causes intestinal infection of the adult worm

A

Cysticercus cellulosae

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16
Q

The ____ of Taenia solium, once ingested, causes invasion of different organs and cysticercosis (due to larva)

A

Eggs

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17
Q

MOT for Taenia solium

A

Ingestion of:

  • Cysticercus cellulosae (from pork)
  • Eggs
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18
Q

Similar to Enterobius vermicularis, Taenia eggs may also be diagnostically acquired through what procedure?

A

Cellophane swab

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19
Q

Specific diagnosis of Taenia solium and Taenia saginata is made by counting what?

A

uterine side branches

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20
Q

When humans eat insufficiently cooked cysticercus-infected meat, all but the ____ portion is digested, and this undigested portion attaches to the intestinal wall to begin growing a chain of proglottids.

omki so cno nga ulet responsible for attaching?

A

scolex

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21
Q

Upon egg ingestion of Taenia solium, the egg disintegrates in the small intestine and the contained embryo or ____ is able to invade the intestinal wall and enter a blood vessel by means if the six hooklets that it bears.

A

oncosphere

hexacanth embryo

carried into the bloodstream tapos tira sa kahit ano pero usually sa voluntary muscle

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22
Q

Though the majority of such infections are asymptomatic, invasion of muscle by the T. solium larvae may give rise to ____, with accompanying fever and eosinophilia.

A

myositis

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23
Q

What do you call the rare condition caused by muscle invasion of Taenia solium larva upon egg/proglottid ingestion?

A

muscular pseudohypertrophy

accompanied by muscle swelling leading to atrophy and fibrosis damn

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24
Q

In humans, cysticerci most commonly are given attention when they occur in what system?

A

CNS

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25
Q

The ____ of Taenia solium are responsible for ____ via the fecal-oral route of transmission.

A

eggs; autoinfection

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26
Q

What do you call the pathology caused by Taenia solium larva? If the brain is involed?

A

Cysticercosis; neurocysticercosis

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27
Q

Worldwide, ____ is the most common parasitic disease of the CNS caused by cysticerci.

A

neurocysticercosis

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28
Q

What do you call the most common form of active neurocysticercosis?

arachnoid space is involved

A

arachnoiditis

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29
Q

Drug of choice for intestinal taeniasis

A

Praziquantel

Niclosamide too, but take care in taeniasis solium coz proglottids may rupture then egg-release lmao cysticercosis agad

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30
Q

Since many cases of neurocysticercosis are asymptomatic, what is the drug of choice?

A

none

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31
Q

What is the common name of Taenia saginata?

A

beef tapeworm

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32
Q

Unlike Taenia solium whose intermediate hosts are pigs, Taenia saginata’s intermediate hosts are?

A

cattles

or cows

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33
Q

The rostellum of Taenia saginata is ____

armed or unarmed

A

unarmed

presence of hooks may serve to differentiate saginata and solium

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34
Q

The mature proglottids of Taenia saginata is either ____ than ____ or nearly ____.

A

wider than long; square

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35
Q

The gravid proglottids of Taenia saginata is ____ than ____.

A

longer than wide

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36
Q

Usually, which of the two Taenia have longer gravid proglottids

A

Taenia saginata

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37
Q

What do you call the infective stage of Taenia saginata?

A

Cysticercus bovis

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38
Q

Drug of choice for Taenia saginata

A

Praziquantel

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39
Q

MOT for Taenia saginata

A

Ingestion of Cysticercus bovis

not eggs na coz no pathology is associated w/ egg (n maghhatch into larva)

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40
Q

Is Cysticercosis of humans possible in Taenia saginata?

A

No

onli in solium

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41
Q

Which of the two Taenia is longer?

A

Taenia saginata

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42
Q

Unlike T. solium, infection w/ T. saginata is frequently encountered in the ____.

haha funny nga kasi “the prevalent liking for rare steak is one means of successful survival of this species…”

A

United States

wag kasi rare guys medium rare lng 0:)

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43
Q

What Taenia has its DNA morphologically similar w/ T. saginata but its scolex is from T. solium?

A

Taenia saginata asiatica

seen in asia kasi, but some wld consider this as a separate species (T. asiatica)

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44
Q

What is the common name of Multiceps multiceps?

A

Gid worm

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45
Q

What do you call the larva of Multiceps multiceps?

A

Coenurus

present in intermediate hosts: herbivores

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46
Q

The oncosphere of Multiceps multiceps is carried into the bloodstream after being hatched from the egg and most frequently develops in what system?

A

CNS

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47
Q

Infective stage of Multiceps multiceps to man

A
  • Embryonated eggs
  • Gravid proglottids (na may eggs ofc so defo eggs lang)

these will grow into coenuri

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48
Q

MOT of Multiceps multiceps in its definitive host?

A

ingestion of tissue w/ coenurus larva

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49
Q

Definitive host of Multiceps multiceps?

A

dogs (members of family Canidae)

50
Q

Humans are what type of hosts in Multiceps multiceps?

A

Accidental hosts

51
Q

Diagnosis of Multiceps multiceps is based on finding what?

A

coenuri

sing. form: coenurus

52
Q

What is the causative agent of cerebral and ocular coenurosis?

A

Multiceps multiceps

most reported px have coenuri sa brain/spine

53
Q

Drug of choice for coenurosis?

A

wala coz surgical removal ng coenuri

but mebendazole is effective daw

54
Q

Hydatid disease is caused by what genus?

A

Echinococcus

55
Q

What do you call the larval stage for Echinococcus?

A

hydatid

or hydatid larva para sure

56
Q

The adult worm of Echinococcus possesses how many proglottids?

A

three proglottids

immature, mature, and gravid

57
Q

The eggs of Echinococcus cannot be distinguished from that of what cestode spp.?

A

Taenia spp

58
Q

The rostellum of Echinococcus is ____.

armed or unarmed

A

armed

2 rows of crowns w/ 28-40 hooks

tho not seen in human c adult haha

59
Q

The adult worm of Echinococcus granulosus is seen in the intestines of definitive hosts such as ____ and others from family ____.

A

dogs; family Canidae

60
Q

What are the two different cycles involved in the transmission of Echinococcus wherein different intermediate hosts are involved?

A
  • pastoral (sheep as IH
  • sylvatic (wolves as IH)
61
Q

Upon the ingestion of Echinococcus ____ by intermediate hosts, hexacanth embryos inside them bore actively into the intestinal wall and enter a blood vessel.

A

eggs

62
Q

Echinococcus eggs may lodge in any organ or tissue but are most frequently found in ____ and ____.

what organs

A

liver and lungs

80-95% of hydatids develop in these two organs

63
Q

The hexacanth embryo of E. granulosus, once lodged, slowly develops into the ____ cyst, enlarging steadily so that at 10 yrs growth it may contain some liters of fluid.

A

hydatid cyst

64
Q

By the time that the cyst of Echinococcus granulosus has reached 1cm in diameter, its wall is differentiated into a thick outer laminated membrane which covers the thin ____ epithelium.

what do u call the epith that the outer laminated membrane is covering?

A

germinal epithelium

65
Q

In Echinococcus, what do you call the vacuolated masses of cell that grow from the germinal epithelium into the cavity of the cyst?

A

brood capsules

66
Q

In Echinococcus, what do you call the structures that bud from the inner wall of the vacuolated masses of cell inside the cyst?

hint: attachment structure

A

protoscolices

plural for protoscolex (developing scolex)

67
Q

In Echinococcus, what do you call the miniaturizations of the entire hydatid cyst that may be found inside the cyst?

A

daughter cysts

daughter cysts (w/ laminated & germinal layer too) will produce brood capsules which may contain protoscolices

68
Q

Gradually, in Echinococcus, the ____ and ____ break down, liberating the developed scolices.

A

brood capsules and daughter cysts

69
Q

Infective stage of Echinococcus granulosus to man

A

embryonated eggs

hydatid cyst infective sa definitive hosts (dogs)
CDC

70
Q

What are the three Echinococcus infecting man and causing hydatid disease?

A
  • Echinococcus granulosus
  • Echinococcus multilocularis
  • Echinococcus vogeli

gmv = GANDANG MORNING VICE

all are found in dogs. except E. oligarthrus which is in felids

71
Q

The limiting membrane of what Echinococcus is thin and the germinal epithelium may bud externally, proliferating in any direction or even to metastasize.

resulting in cysts w/ many chambers/vesicles

A

Echinococcus multilocularis

72
Q

alveolar and multilocular hydatid cysts may be attributed to Echinococcus what?

A

Echinococcus multilocularis

73
Q

Unilocular hydatid cysts may be attributed to Echinococcus what?

A

Echinococcus granulosus

74
Q

The germinal epithelium of the hydatid cyst of what Echinococcus may bud both internally and externally?

internally = to form septa that divides it into many sections
externally = to form new cysts

A

Echinococcus vogeli

parasite of bush dog ito

75
Q

Common name of Echinococcus granulosus

A

Hydatid worm

76
Q

The adult worms of Echinococcus acquired by dogs is by feeding on?

A
  • entrails (intestines from slaughterhouses)
  • eating intermediate host (sheep/herbivores)
77
Q

Diagnostic tests for Echinococcus

A
  • Radiology (CT, Ultrasound, Xray, MRIs)
  • Serology (IHA & ELISA)
  • Casoni Intradermal Test
78
Q

The expanding hydatid cysts causes ____ of surrounding tissues

tissue death due to pressure

A

pressure necrosis

79
Q

The most commonly used form of therapy for echinococcosis is described by the acronym ____

A

PAIR

80
Q

PAIR treatment stands for?

A

Percutaneous Aspiration, Injection, and Reaspiration

Injection of hypertonic saline or other scolicidal fluid

81
Q

Drug of choice for Echinococcus even if inde impressive cure rates

A

Mebendazole; Albendazole

among the two, albendazole mas preferred

82
Q

What is the common name of Dipylidium caninum?

A

Double-pored tapeworm

flea tapeworm, cucumber tapeworm

the presence of a genital pore on each lateral side supports its name

83
Q

The rostellum of Dipylidium caninum is ____

armed or unarmed

A

armed

1-7 rows of rosethorn hooklets

84
Q

The mature proglottids of Dipylidium caninum is ____ than ____

A

longer than wide

85
Q

The gravid proglottid of Dipylidium caninum is ____ than ____

A

longer than wide

86
Q

The mature proglottids of Dipylidium caninum contain how many sets of reproductive organs?

A

2 sets

2 din genital pore (kaya double pored tapeworm)

87
Q

In Dipylidium caninum, what do you call the discrete units that contains eggs enclosed in an embryonic sheath or capsule that is obtained by the breaking of the network uterus as the segment becomes gravid?

A

egg packets

apolysis = humiwalay gravid segment then andon egg

88
Q

The gravid proglottid of Dipylidium caninum are ____-like in outline as they appear in the stool or perianal area.

A

barrel-like

melon seed or pumpkin seed or rice granule shape

89
Q

The gravid segments of Dipylidium caninum are also described as having the appearance of the seeds of what fruit?

A

melon seed

or pumpkin seed or rice granule shape

90
Q

The egg of Dipylidium caninum is infective to the larval stages of cat, dog, and human flea where it develops into a ____ and is retained until larva matures into an adult.

hint: IS ng Dipylidium caninum

A

cysticercoid

91
Q

What are the intermediate hosts of Dipylidium caninum?

A
  • Ctenocephalides canis
  • Ctenocephalides felis
  • Pulex irritans

cat, dog, & human flea

92
Q

MOT of Dipylidium caninum

A

ingestion of flea containing cysticercoid larva

93
Q

Infective stage of Dipylidium caninum

A

Cysticercoid

94
Q

Diagnostic stage of Dipylidium caninum

A
  • Egg packets
  • Gravid proglottids
95
Q

Diagnosis of Dipylidium caninum is made on finding in the stool the characteristic ____ or, more rarely, ____

A

proglottids; egg packets

96
Q

The infection with double-pore tapeworm is more common in ____ who kiss or are licked by their infected pets.

A

children

97
Q

Drug of choice for Dipylidium caninum

A

Praziquantel

Niclosamide is an alternative

98
Q

What is the common name of Hymenolepis nana?

A

Dwarf tapeworm

99
Q

Smallest tapeworm of man?

A

Hymenolepis nana

100
Q

What tapeworm may not require an intermediate host to complete its life cycle?

A

Hymenolepis nana

101
Q

There are two life cycles observed in Hymenolepis nana. In the direct life cycle, the ____ is the infective stage; in the indirect life cycle, ____ is the infective stage.

A

embryonated egg; cysticercoid larva

102
Q

The rostellum of Hymenolepis nana is ____

armed or unarmed

A

armed

one row of hooks

103
Q

All segments of Hymenolepis spp. is ____ than ____

A

wider than long

104
Q

Gravid segments of Hymenolepis nana contain a ____ uterus filled with eggs

description ng uterus

A

saclike uterus

105
Q

The eggs of Hymenolepis nana contain a hexacanth oncosphere within a rigid membrane which has ____ polar thickenings or knobs which project ____ to ____ long, thin filaments called ____.

ilang thickening and filament?

A

2 polar thickenings; 4 to 8 filaments; polar filaments

106
Q

The oncosphere of Hymenolepis nana burrows into the ____ of the small intestine and will develop into a cysticercoid then leave.

A

villus

villi

107
Q

The eggs of Hymenolepis nana may develop into cysticercoids in intermediate hosts such as?

A
  • Ctenocephalides canis (dog flea)
  • Ctenocephalides felis (cat flea)
  • Pulex irritans (human flea)
  • Xenopsylla cheopsis (rat flea)
  • Tenebrio (rice beetle)
  • Tribolium (flour beetle)
108
Q

Infective stages of Hymenolepis nana

A
  • Cysticercoid larva (in IH)
  • Embryonated egg
109
Q

The presence of ____ is diagnostic and serves to differentiate the eggs of Hymenolepis nana from those of Hymenolepis diminuta.

A

polar filaments

110
Q

Diagnosis of Hymenolepis nana and Hymenolepis diminuta is done by the detection of ____ in stool sx.

A

eggs

111
Q

True or False

Hyperinfection of Hymenolepis diminuta is possible through the direct life cycle

A

False

H. nana lang possible hyperinfection via eggs (direct life cycle)

moreover, H. nana lang may direct & indirect life cycles

112
Q

Drug of choice for Hymenolepis nana & Hymenolepis diminuta infections

A

Praziquantel

Niclosamide & Nitazoxanide pwede

113
Q

Common name of Hymenolepis diminuta

A

rat tapeworm

114
Q

The rostellum of Hymenolepis diminuta is ____

armed or unarmed

A

unarmed

115
Q

Hymenolepis diminuta’s life cycle requires an ____ intermediate host

A

arthropod

more than 20 diff spp is suitable for the development of cysticercoid

116
Q

Although there are plenty of intermediate hosts for Hymenolepis diminuta, which are the most important?

A
  • flour moths
  • flour beetles

from Tribolium spp.

117
Q

Infective stage of Hymenolepis diminuta

A

Cysticercoid

in flour beetle/moth

118
Q

The oncosphere of Hymenolepis diminuta is enclosed in a membrane that has two polar thickenings but ____ polar filaments.

present or absent

A

absent polar filaments

no polar filaments

119
Q

MOT of Hymenolepis diminuta

A

Ingestion of intermediate host

w/ cysticercoid larva

120
Q

While Hymenolepis diminuta commonly parasitizes ____, it may occasionally be encountered in human beings

A

rats

121
Q

The ovary of Hymenolepis spp. is flanked by two testes on one side and ____ on another

how many on the other?

A

one

3 ovoid testes; 2 on one side ovary & one sa isang side

Parasitology (25 decks)

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