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Parasitology > Hemoflagellates > Flashcards

Hemoflagellates Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two genera that are considered medically important because they’re the only ones that can parasitize humans?

A

Trypanosoma & Leishmania

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2
Q

Previously, these two hemoflagellates are under Phylum Sarcomastigophora but now they are under Phylum what?

A

Phylum Euglenozoa

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3
Q

The primitive structure in hemoflagellates is represented by the genus what?

this genus is parasitic in insects

A

Leptomonas

actually, this is the other term for promastigote (or leptomonal form). kaya other morphological forms are just modified versions of promastigotes (Markell & Voge)

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4
Q

what morphological form in the genus Leptomonas has a centrally-located nucleus, and an anterior flagellum rising from a kinetoplast near the anterior end and is w/o an undulating membrane?

A

Promastigote

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5
Q

In the genus trypanosoma, what morphological form has a kinetoplast located posterior to the nucleus, and the flagellum passes anteriorly, forming the outer edge of the undulating membrane?

A

Trypomastigote

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6
Q

What do you call the morphological form that is found intracellularly in cardiac muscles that is characterized by:
1. loss of undulating membrane
2. loss of flagellum
3. its oval shape

A

Amastigotes

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7
Q

What are the only structures that you can observe in an amastigote?

A
  • nucleus
  • kinetoplast
  • sometimes intracytoplasmic portion of flagellum

these are present in Leishmania which are always intracellular parasites, principally in cells of the reticuloendothelial system

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8
Q

In culture, Leishmania assumes what morphological form?

A

promastigote form

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9
Q

In trypanosomes, what morphological form is found in culture?

A

trypomastigotes

exhibit forms similar to those that occur naturally in insect host

  • to clarify, metacyclic trypomastigotes siya ive searched nd metacyclic is produced in an intermediate host, and infective for the definitive host
  • on d other hand, procyclic trypomastigotes i think (from pro, meaning forward) this is before the metacyclogenesis which’ll be d process of epimastigote transformation to metacyclic trypomastigote
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10
Q

Amastigotes are also called what?

A
  • Leishman-Donovan bodies
  • Leishmanial form

  • Leishman-Donovan bodies kasi mostly caused by L. donovani and these are bodies found intracellularly (gogol)
  • Leishmanial form bcoz ito form found in human and other vertebrate hosts (Mishra et al., 2012)
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11
Q

Promastigotes can be otherwise known as?

A

Leptomonas

found in sandly vector

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12
Q

where can you find the kinetoplast in the oval-shaped morphological form of hemoflagellates?

A

anterior to nucleus

to make things easy, lahat ng kinetoplast located anterior to the nucleus in all forms except for trypomastigote na posterior d nucleus na

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13
Q

What do you call the morphological life form of hemoflagellates that has a kinetoplast located anterior the nucleus and a single flagellum but without an undulating membrane?

A

promastigote

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14
Q

what morphological life form has an undulating membrane that is half of its body length? what about if the undulating membrane runs the length of the entire body?

A

epimastigote; trypomastigote

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15
Q

An epimastigote is also known as what?

A

Crithidia or Crithidial form

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16
Q

what are the different shapes that a trypomastigote may assume?

A

C-, S-, or U-shaped

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17
Q

what do you call the granules present in trypomastigotes?

A

volutin granules

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18
Q

American trypanosomiasis is also called as what? Also, it is caused by what parasite?

A

Chaga’s disease; Trypanosoma cruzi

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19
Q

African trypanosomiasis is caused by what parasites?

A

Trypanosoma brucei complex

T. b. gambiense & T. b. rhodesiense

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20
Q

In both forms of African trypanosomiasis, the parasites occur as ____ in the bloodstream lymphatics, and cerebrospinal fluid

what morphological life form?

A

trypomastigotes

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21
Q

African trypanosomiasis parasites have been reported to occur as what form in the choroid plexus (& possibly other organs)?

A

Amastigotes

present in experimental animals, sa tao no evidence pa so the life forms present in T. brucei complex still remain as trypo and epi

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22
Q

In Chagas’ disease, ____ are found in the bloodstream, and ____ occur intracellularly in cardiac muscle and other tissues.

A

trypomastigotes; amastigotes

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23
Q

what do you call the bugs that are vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi?

A

Reduviid bugs (Triatoma, Panstrongylus, Rhodnius)

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24
Q

Trypanosomes in reduviid bugs develop in what part of the bug?

A

hindgut

trypo to epi eong sa midgut

then carried in feces (seen in T. cruzi)

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25
Q

what do you call the infective stage of T. cruzi?

A

metacyclic trypomastigotes

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26
Q

A triatomine bug is also known as?

A
  • Assassin bug (bites during night)
  • Kissing bug (prefers to bite in mucosal areas or lips)
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27
Q

Unlike usual bugs wherein transmission is through saliva, T. cruzi is transmitted through what?

A

feces

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28
Q

Diagnostic stage of T. cruzi

A

C- or S-shaped trypomastigotes in blood films

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29
Q

MOT of T. cruzi

A
  1. Entry of metacyclic trypomastigotes in site of bite
  2. Blood transmission
  3. Vertical transmission
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30
Q

After the entry of metacyclic trypomastigotes in the body, what happens next? (cruzi life cycle)

just explain in own terms d life cycle (pls press 5 na agad hehe)

A
  • penetration of cells (pwede ring ingested by phagocytes)
  • transformation from metacyclic trypomastigote to amastigote
  • amastigote multiplication through binary fission
  • amastigote to trypomastigote transformation
  • host cell will burst then trypomastigotes will enter bloodstream (& infect other cells ulet)
  • triatomine bug will eat again then ingest trypomastigotes
  • ingested trypomastigotes will transform into epimastigotes in midgut and multiply by binary fission
  • after multiplication, epimastigotes will transform to metacyclic trypomastigotes in the hindgut
  • then triatomine bug will bite again

transformation is fast but promastigote form is present in vector

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31
Q

Laboratory diagnosis for T. cruzi

A
  • Blood (thick and thin smears)
  • CSF, tissue sample, lymph examination
  • Serology
  • Lesion aspiration
  • Concentration methods
  • Electrocardiography
  • Xenodiagnosis
  • Culture
  • PCR
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32
Q

What do you call the serological laboratory diagnosis test wherein it is a complement fixation test using the antigen of T. cruzi?

A

Machado-Guerreiro test

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33
Q

what do you call the laboratory diagnosis wherein blood is fed to the bug then if, after some time, epimastigotes are observed you are infected?

A

xenodiagnosis

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34
Q

what serological test has been described that detects T. cruzi antigens in the urine of px?

A

ELISA

enlarged lymph nodes may yield amastigotes in SEM

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35
Q

At the site of T.cruzi infection, the organisms proliferate, producing an erythematous indurated area known as a ____. This lesion occurs most frequently on the face but may appear elsewhere on the body

A

chagoma

Trypomastigotes or amastigotes may be aspirated from the chagoma in the early stages of the infection

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36
Q

what do you call the sign that is characterized as unilateral edema affecting both the upper and lower eyelid, usually with conjunctivitis, and sometimes spreads to involve the cheek and neck?

A

Romaña’s sign

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37
Q

Unilateral ocular and facial edema, involving the submaxillary lymph nodes, is also known as what syndrome?

present in american trypanosomiasis

A

oculoglandular syndrome

opthalmonganglionary complex

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38
Q

symptoms of generalized infection of T. cruzi may appear from ____ days to ____ weeks or more after the bite

A

4 days to 2 weeks

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39
Q

Lymphatic spread then carries the trypomastigotes of T. cruzi to regional lymph nodes where they transform into what upon ingestion by histiocytes or other cells?

A

Amastigotes

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40
Q

Can trypomastigotes of T. cruzi invade macrophages or other cells or are they reliant on phagocytes for their transformation to amastigotes (which is essential for their life cycle)?

A

Yes, trypomastigotes may actively invade macrophages or other cells

Evidence suggests that lectin-like carbohydrate interactions are involved in the binding of trypanosomes to the host cell. A protein on the surface of the trypomastigote has been shown to bind to N-acetylglucosamine on the host cell

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41
Q

During the acute stage of American trypanosomiasis, organisms will appear in the blood and persist at about how many days?

A

10 days

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42
Q

The high levels of CSF albumin probably correlate with the presence of amastigotes in meningeal and neuronal tissues, known to occur in what disease? (from T.cruzi)

A

acute chagasic meningoencephalitis

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43
Q

Invasion of the CNS in Chaga’s is marked by inflammation of what parts in the brain?

A

cortex and meninges

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44
Q

The antibody-mediated immunity w/ regard to American Trypanosomiasis is associated mainly with what class of immunoglobulins?

A

IgG

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45
Q

Treatment options for Chaga’s disease

A
  • Nifurtimox
  • Benznidazole

pwede rin Allopurinol

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46
Q

T. cruzi amastigotes require what element or nutrient for optimal growth and pathogenicity?

A

Iron

Depletion of host intracellular iron stores may protect against T. cruzi, whereas host responses that transfer iron to the intracellular sites may enhance pathogenicity

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47
Q

what are the cells that are preferentially parasitized by T. cruzi trypomastigotes?

A
  • Cells of the reticuloendothelial system
  • muscular tissue (cardiac, skeletal, smooth)
  • neuroglia cells
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48
Q

____ consists of an intense inflammatory reaction, with invasion of histiocytes, adipose cells of the subcutaneous tissue and the adjacent muscle cells by the proliferating amastigotes, and of the area by neutrophilic leukocytes and lymphocytes

A

Chagoma

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49
Q

during the chronic phase of Chaga’s disease, what are the three common disorders associated w/ it?

eto eong mga paglaki ng organs i just can’t word it right

A
  • cardiomegaly (arrythmias)
  • megaesophagus (achalasia)
  • megacolon (chronic constipations)

achalasia = The difficulty for food and liquid to pass through the food pipe into the stomach. This condition progresses gradually.

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50
Q

Treatment option for treatment of Chaga’s disease where this is the nitrofurfurlidine derivative and ihibits intracellular development of T. cruzi in tissue culture

A

Nifurtimox

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51
Q

Treatment options for treatment of Chaga’s disease where the mode of action is similar to that of metronidazole on T. vaginalis, namely inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis

an imidazole compound

A

Benznidazole

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52
Q

What parasite is transmitted via the reduviid’s saliva and not the feces?

this is nonpathogenic

A

Trypanosoma rangeli

metacyclic trypomastigotes via d salivary glands

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53
Q

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense causes the Gambian or ____ African form of the disease

east or west

A

West African

  • rhodesiense = east
  • rhodes = roads = daan
  • east = right = tama
  • therefore, rhodesiense = tamang daan
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54
Q

____, which causes Nagana disease in native game animals and a severe infection in many domestic animals but apparently does not infect humans.

A

Trypanosoma brucei brucei

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55
Q

Laboratory diagnosis of Trypanosoma brucei

A
  • Blood examination
  • CSF examination (double centri enhances detection)
  • Chancre aspirate or enlarged lymph nodes
  • PCR
  • buffy coat examination (w/ Giemsa)
  • Serum & CSF IgM levels
  • Animal inoculation and culture
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56
Q

Immunoelectrophoresis or ultracentrifugation of the serum of T. brucei infected persons demonstrates a higher level of what immunoglobulin?

thought to be a result of the antigenic variability characteristic of these trypanosomes, confronting the immune system w/ constantly changing antigenic stimuli

A

IgM

IgM levels in serum are 4 times higher in infected ppl

57
Q

What do you call the earliest sign of Gambian sleeping sickness that is characterized as a indurated and painful ulceration in the bite area?

A

Trypanosomal chancre

58
Q

What do you call the sign that is described as the enlargement of the posterior cervical lymph nodes that happens during T. brucei gambiense’s febrile attacks?

A

Winterbottom’s sign

59
Q

In terms of more chronicity, which of the two T. brucei is more acute/chronic?

A
  • T. brucei gambiense = more chronic
  • T. brucei rhodesiense = more acute
60
Q

what is the infective stage (morphological form) of T. brucei to humans?

A

metacyclic trypomastigotes

61
Q

trypanosomes of T. brucei evade host defense mechanisms by constantly changing what?

A

surface protein

or through antigenic variation

it turns off some gene coding for variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) and turning on another

62
Q

MOT of T. brucei

A
  • metacyclic trypomastigote entry through insect bite
  • vertical transmission (uncommon)
63
Q

vector of T. brucei gambiense

A
  • T. b. gambiense = Glossina palparis & Glossina tachinoides
64
Q

vector of T. brucei rhodesiense

A
  • T. b. rhodesiense = Glossina pallidipes & Glossina morsitans
65
Q

Absence of an elevated serum ____ level effectively rules out trypanosomiasis, whereas a detectable level in the cerebrospinal fluid is diagnostic for CNS trypanosomiasis.

what immunoglobulin in African trypanosomiasis?

A

IgM

66
Q

What form of T. brucei has no known or suspected animal reservoirs?

A

T. b. gambiense

rhodesiense = may have animal reservoirs such as bushbuck, hartebeest, and domestic ox

67
Q

Before, it was believed that the trypomastigotes of T. brucei complex were the only developmental stages in the host. Now, amastigotes are found early in infection in what organ?

A

choroid plexus

at least in experimental animals, amastigotes of T. brucei are found early in infection in the choroid plexus

68
Q

What cell in the CNS appears to be the primary antigen-presenting cells regulating immune reactivity in the CNS parenchyma and is involved in the production of cytokines and prostaglandins?

A

Astrocytes

69
Q

Neurologic signs in Gambian sleeping sickness may develop late. One sign, which is characterized as delayed sensation to pain may manifest. What do you call this sign?

A

Kerandel’s sign

pressure on the palms or ulnar nerve may be followed by severe pain a short time after pressure is removed

70
Q

What do you call the sign in chronic Gambian sleeping sickness wherein it is described as the inability to straighten leg when hip is flexed at 90 degrees?

A

Kernig’s sign

71
Q

In terms of parasitemia, which form of T. brucei presents itself with high parasitemia?

A

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

72
Q

What parasite causes the Rhodesian trypanosomiasis that leads to death before demonstration of nervous symptoms?

A

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

73
Q

Diagnostic stage of T. brucei

A

trypomastigotes in peripheral blood

74
Q

in terms of lymphadenopathy manifestation, ano mas malala sa dalawang brucei?

A

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

mas mataas lymphadenopathy ni gambiense kesa kay rhodesiense

75
Q

best diagnostic method of T. b. rhodesiense

A

lymph node biopsy

76
Q

The infection of ____ tends to be acute rather than chronic and untreated persons usually die within ____ months to a year after the onset of disease

A

T. brucei rhodesiense; 9 months deddo

77
Q

what do you call the inflammation of the filtering units of your kidney that may also be seen during Rhodesian trypanosomiasis?

A

glomerulonephritis

hypocomplementemia too pwedeng makita (low complement levels)

78
Q

what do you call the early stages of trypanosomiasis wherein it occurs when trypomastigotes enter the bloodstream and lymph system?

A

hemolymphatic sage

79
Q

this is what u call the late stage of trypanosomiasis wherein there is already CNS involvement

A

Meningoencephalitic stage

80
Q

life cycle of T. brucei

just explain in own words (pls press 5 na agad hehe)

A
  • injection of metacyclic trypomastigotes through insect bites (Glossina spp.)
  • metacyclic trypomastigotes will transform to bloodstream trypomastigotes then multiply by binary fission
  • Glossina bugs will take a meal again then ingest bloodstream trypomastigotes then they will transform into procyclic trypomastigotes in the midgut of tsetse fly
  • procyclic trypomastigotes leave midgut and transforms into epimastigotes then they will multiply in salivary gland then transform into metacyclic trypomastigotes
  • then bite again si Glossina bug
81
Q

What drug is used for treatment of all stages of African trypanosomiasis?

A

Melarsoprol

82
Q

Except melarsoprol, what drugs are used for the treatment of African trypanosomiasis in its hemolymphatic stage?

A
  • Pentamidine
  • Suramin
83
Q

In African trypanosomiasis, what drug interacts with kinetoplast DNA to kill trypanosomes but is unable to cross the blood-brain barrier?

A

Pentamidine

84
Q

In Eastern Africa trypanosomiasis, what do you call the drug that is an enzyme inhibitor that is taken up by trypanosomes selectively during the hemolymphatic stage of the infection?

A

Suramin

less toxic ‘to

85
Q

what do you call the drug that is effective against the hemolymphatic and meningoencephalitic stages of Gambian sleeping sickness and is not effective against its Rhodesian counterpart?

inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase

A

Eflornithine

according to the CDC, this is combined with nifurtimox and is collectively known as NECT (nifurtimox eflornithine combination therapy) and is effectve s 2nd stage

86
Q

what drug may u use in case melarsoprol fails? (African trypanosomiasis)

A

Nitrofurazone

87
Q

Anong hemoflagellate ang makikitaan mo ng apat na morphological life forms?

pagod n ako

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

88
Q

Anong hemoflagellate naman kapag epimastigote lang and trypomastigote ang observable morphological forms?

A

Trypanosoma brucei complex

89
Q

Anong hemoflagellate ang makikitaan mo ng amastigote and promastigote forms only?

A

Leishmania spp.

90
Q

what sandfly spp is associated w/ old world leishmaniasis?

A

Phlebotomus

91
Q

what sandfly spp is associated w/ new world leishmaniasis?

A

Lutzomyia

92
Q

Three species of Leishmania were recognized, corresponding to the clinical entities of leishmaniasis including:

what r the three clinical manifestations of Leishmania

A
  1. Cutaneous leishmaniasis
  2. Mucocutaneous/mucosal leishmaniasis
  3. Visceral leishmaniasis
93
Q

life cycle of leishmaniasis

exp in own words, need not accurate (pls press 5 na agad hehe)

A
  • female sandfly takes a meal then injects promastigotes in the skin then promastigotes are phagocytized
  • promastigotes transform into amastigotes in the phagocytes
  • Amastigotes will then multiply in cells of various tissues and infect other cells
  • sand fly takes another meal then ingests parasitized cells then amastigotes will transform into promastigotes and divide in the midgut
  • after division, promastigotes will migrate to the proboscis then sandfly will bite again
94
Q

what do you call the most common form of leishmaniasis characterized with skin lesions and ulcerations but can be self-healing over a period of months or years?

A

Cutaneous leishmaniasis

95
Q

The old world cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused by?

A
  • L. major
  • L. aethiopica
  • L. tropica
96
Q

New world cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused by mga anong leishmania?

A
  • L. mexicana complex
  • L. braziliensis complex
97
Q

Oriental sore, as seen in the old world cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused by?

A

L. tropica complex

includes:
- L. major = rural oriental sore (moist)
- L. aethiopica
- L. tropica = urban oriental sore (dry)

98
Q

Leishmania what produces a chronic disease that, if not treated, lasts for a year or longer and is characterized by the production of single dry lesions in the face several months after infection?

A

Leishmania tropica

99
Q

what leishmania produces an acute infection characterized by lesions that occur on the lower limbs, and are moist and tend to ulcerate very early; plus, there may be satellite lesions?

A

Leishmania major

100
Q

Leishmania major produces an acute infection with a duration of how many months?

A

3-6 months

101
Q

what is the known main causative agent of CL but has been one of the most neglected Leishmania species?

A

Leishmania aethiopica

102
Q

New world cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused by the species of L. mexicana complex, of which ____ and ____ are the most important

what r the 2 leishmania from mexicana complex rspnsble for new world CL?

A

Leishmania mexicana & Leishmania pifanoi

103
Q

The chiclero ulcer or Bay sore is caused by what leishmania?

A

Leishmania mexicana

104
Q

what leishmania causes cutaneous and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis and is found in brazil? anong spp. vector nito?

A

Leishmania braziliensis & Lutzomyia

105
Q

What do you call the clinical manifestation of leishmaniasis characterized by localized, non-ulcerating papule and develops diffuse satellite lesions and is otherwise known as Anergic or Lepromatous Leishmaniasis?

A

Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

106
Q

What do you call the subgenus that develops promastigotes in the hindgut?

normal leishmania kasi is sa midgut

A

subgenus Viannia

107
Q

what do you call the enzyme that is able to distinguish the subgenus Viannia from other leishmanias?

A

aconitate hydrotase

108
Q

incubation period of Leishmania tropica complex?

A
  • L. major = 2 weeks
  • L. aethiopica & tropica = months to years
109
Q

first sign of infection in CL is what? this may itch inteensely and grow to 2cm or more in diameter

anong tawag doon sa kinakamot smth

A

small red papule

110
Q

If cutaneous lesions are unable to heal, the px is said to be what?

A

anergic or hypersensitive

111
Q

what do you call this patient that is incapable of mounting a response to infection which results from the deficiency in cell-mediated immunity and the characteristics of the parasite (L. aethiopica & pifanoi) itself?

hindi raw ma-heal cutaneous lesions

A

anergic patient

anergic patients may have diffuse CL kasi wala silang panlaban

112
Q

what do u call the patient that is capable of excellent antibody and cellular response but cannot completely eliminate the parasites so the central lesion heals but active peripheral ones continue to form?

hindi raw ma-heal cutaneous lesions

A

hypersensitive patient

hypersensitive patients may have diffuse CL coz they cannot completely erradicate the parasites

113
Q

what do you call the type of response that may be seen in CL which is characterized by the inability to eliminate central cutaneous lesion so the peripheral ones continue to form?

A

leishmaniasis recidiva

114
Q

Host recovery in cutaneous leishmaniasis depends on the development of what type of immunity?

under adaptive immunity

A

cell-mediated immunity

115
Q

Laboratory diagnosis for Leishmaniasis

A
  • Skin & Tissue biopsies for amastigote observation
  • Lesion demonstration
  • Culture in Novy-MacNeal-Nicolle (NNN) medium or Schneider’s medium
  • Montenegro Skin Test (Leishmanin Skin Test)
  • Formol Gel Test
  • Serology
  • Molecular Methods

In short, parasites in smears and culture of ulcer material (bone marrow in VL), skin test, serologic test, hamster inoculation

116
Q

what culture media may be used for the diagnosis of leishmaniasis?

A
  • NNN (Novy-MacNeal-Nicolle)
  • Schneider’s medium
117
Q

what do you call the test to determine if you have a previous exposure to leishmania and is done by injecting a suspension of parasites intradermally?

A

Montenegro Skin Test

positive result = there is enlargement
negative in diffuse CL and VL

118
Q

What do you call the test wherein you use formalin and px serum together and test if formalin forms a gel-like substance? this is used to screen patients with kala-azar

A

Formol Gel Test

used to determine if there is hypergammaglobulinemia

119
Q

Treatment options for leishmaniasis

A
  • Antimony compounds
  • Amphotericin B
  • Pentamidine
  • Nifurtimox
120
Q

what are the two pentavalent antimony that are commercially available to treat leishmaniasis?

A
  1. sodium stibogluconate
  2. meglumine antimoniate
121
Q

ML in old world is caused by what leishmania?

A

Leishmania tropica & Leishmania major

122
Q

ML in new world is caused by what leishmania?

A

Leishmania braziliensis

123
Q

The parasites in ML causes destruction in what parts of the body?

A

mucosal structures (nasal septum, palate, cartilages)

124
Q

what do you call the rapid destruction of the nasal septum and deformation of the nose?

this is the primary ulcerative of ML

ulcers on the oral or nasal mucosa

A

espundia

125
Q

this is what you call the redness and bulging swellings of the tip of the nose during ML

A

tapir nose

126
Q

what do you call the ulceration of the pinna of your ear during ML?

A

Chiclero Ulcer

127
Q

MOT of Leishmania spp.?

A
  • bite of vector
  • blood transfusion
128
Q

the Leishmania spp. targets the cells of what body system?

A

reticuloendothelial system

129
Q

VL is widely known by its Indian name ____.

A

kala-azar

130
Q

As in cutaneous and ML, the causative organisms are parasites of the ____ system

A

reticuloendothelial

131
Q

it is no longer considered that VL is caused by a single agent but by at least 3 species belonging to what leishmania?

A

Leishmania donovani complex

132
Q

Infection caused by L. donovani is commonly referred to as what fever?

A

dum dum fever

133
Q

out of the 3 species of the L. donovani complex, alin ang sa old at alin ang new?

A
  • L. donovani = old
  • L. infantum = old
  • L. chagasi = new

tropica and amazonensis kasama rin s book and are old and new, respectively

134
Q

what leishmania is the common causative agent of VL in Central and South America?

A

L. chagasi

L. amazonensis is from d Americas too but mas common causative agent si chagasi

135
Q

Kala-azar means, literally, ____, having reference to a characteristic darkening of the skin, which has been most often noted in light-skinned Indians

A

black fever

136
Q

A condition known as ____ is sometimes seen in patients who have been treated for VL and may occur in persons who deny any history of disease.

A

dermal leishmanoid

these are lesions that may be erythematous or depigmented macules distributed over the entire body or in patches

137
Q

The most common symptom in VL in the nervous system was a sensation of ____; followed by deafness, foot drop, and multiple cranial nerve palsies.

A

burning feet

138
Q

Aspiration from what is considered by some the diagnostic procedure of choice in VL?

A

Aspiration from sternal marrow

splenic puncture is risky but undoubtedly gud & liver puncture is not productive

Parasitology (25 decks)

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