PAPER 2 - Sport Psychology Flashcards
What is the narrow band approach ?
- performers are split into type a + type b personalities
What are some characteristics of a TYPE A personality ?
- Strong desire to succeed
- Highly competitive
What are some characteristics of a TYPE B personality ?
- Non-competitive
- Unambitious
What does the trait theory of personality suggest ?
- Behaviour is consistent + predictable
- Situation + environment has no bearing
Characteristics of a STABLE personality ?
- constant emotional behaviour
- calm in competitive situations
What are some characteristics of an UNSTABLE personality ?
- highly anxious
- unpredictable
What is the RAS ?
Reticular Articulating System
- determines if someone is an introvert/extrovert
What are some characteristics of an EXTROVERT ?
- seeks social situations
- lacks concentration
What are some characteristics of an INTROVERT ?
- doesn’t seek social situations
- good concentration
What does the interactionist theory suggest ?
- Traits determine behaviour but can be modified by situations
Describe Lewin’s Interactionist Theory of personality w/equation
- Behaviour is a combination of inherited characteristics + environmental influences
- B = f(P)E
2 Strengths of Interactionist Theory of personality
- takes into account effect of both traits + environment
- Explains why behaviour is often unpredictable
Psychological Core
Hollander’s Interactionist Theory
Where traits are stored
Typical Response
Hollander’s Interactionist Theory
- response in given situation
Role-Related Behaviour
Hollander’s Interactionist Theory
- may be affected by circumstances
Social Environment
Hollander’s Interactionist Theory
- Affects Role-related behaviour
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What does the social learning theory of personality suggest ?
- We copy the behaviour of significant others
- Learning requires reinforcement
What is SELF-ACTUALISATION ?
the realisation of one’s talents, considered as a drive or need, present in everyone
What are the three components of the triadic model?
- Cognitive
- Affective
- Behavioural
Describe the cognitive component
- thoughts + beliefs about attitude object
Describe the affective component
- feelings towards attitude object
Describe the behavioural component
- behaviour/response to attitude object
What does Festinger’s Cognitive Dissonance Theory suggest ?
- all three CAB elements should be consistent for attitude to be stable
How does Festinger believe an attitude is changed ?
- performer must experience two/more opposing beliefs
- discomfort in attitude = uncomfortable performer
- Cognitive Dissonance
What is PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATION?
method of changing an attitude depends on…
- The Message
- The Persuader
- The Recipient
- The Situation
What is INTRINSIC MOTIVATION w/example?
- internal drive to succeed
- e.g. personal accomplishments
What is EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION ?
w/example
- external drive to succeed
- e.g. rewards / medals / money
What is the DRIVE THEORY ?
- performance + arousal are directly proportional
What is the INVERTED U THEORY ?
- arousal + performance increase to an optimum point before rapidly decreasing due to over-arousal
What is the CATASTROPHE THEORY ?
- performance + arousal increase gradually
- decrease due to high levels of cognitive + somantic arousal
- Can increase again if cognitive increases + somatic is low
What is SOMATIC AROUSAL? w/example
- Changes physiological state
- Increase HR
What is COGNITIVE AROUSAL?
w/example
- Changes psychological state
- Increased Anxiety
What is the PEAK FLOW EXPERIENCE ?
- emotional response to reaching a level of optimal performance
What is a dominant response?
A well-learned skill
What is CUE UTILISATION ?
- concentrating on relevant cues
What is the INSTINCT THEORY OF AGGRESSION ?
- aggression is a natural + innate response
Give 2 sporting examples of aggressive cues
- Nature of the game - Boxing
- Unfair Referee decisions
What is the FRUSTRATION-AGGRESSION HYPOTHESIS ?
- frustration will always lead to aggression
What is the SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY of aggression ?
- aggression is learned by observing other’s behaviour
What is ASSERTION ?
forceful behaviour within the rules of sport
What are some problems with the INSTINCT THEORY ?
- aggression is often learned
- too generalised
What is the main problem with the FRUSTRATION-AGGRESSION THEORY ?
- frustration doesn’t always lead to aggression
What is SOCIAL FACILITATION ?
- positive influence of an audience on performance
What is SOCIAL INHIBITION ?
- negative influence of an audience on performance
What is EVALUATION APPREHENSION ?
- feeling your performance is being observed, increasing arousal
How do personality factors affect social facilitation ?
- extroverts seek high arousal situation so perform better w/audiences
How do experience levels of experience affect social facilitation ?
- elite performers do better than beginners due to correct DR + lower anxiety
How does the type of skill affect social facilitation ?
- gross skills helped by high arousal + can facilitate performance
3 strategies minimising social inhibition ?
- Relaxation Techniques
- Training w/audience present
- Decreasing importance of event
What is SELF-SERVING BIAS ?
person’s tendency to attribute failure to external reason
What is CONTROLLABILITY ?
whether attributions are controllable or UNCONTROLLABLE
What is LEARNED HELPLESSNESS ?
- belief that FAILURE is INEVITABLE
What is MASTERY ORIENTATION ?
- motivated by becoming an EXPERT Performer
What is ATTRIBUTION RETRAINING ?
- seeking to change LEARNED HELPLESSNESS into MASTERY ORIENTATION
3 Benefits of Goal Setting
- Control Arousal
- Build Confidence
- Increase Motivation
Define Anxiety
- -ve emotional state associated w/arousal
4 layers of Hollander’s Interactionist Theory
- Psychological Core
- Typical Response
- Role-Related Behaviour
- Social Environment
Define Attitude
- Predisposition towards an attitude object
2 ways positive attitudes are formed
- Using sport as stress release
- Enjoyable sports experiences
2 ways negative attitudes are formed
- Lack of ability
- bad past experience, like injury
2 Methods of changing attitudes in sport
- Persuasive communication
- Cognitive dissonance
Example of Cognitive Dissonance
- Rugby Player doing aerobics to keep fit
- After coach tells him “the fittest players do aerobics to improve stamina”
3 considerations of motivation
- Inner drive to achieve goals
- External Pressures + rewards
- Intensity + Direction of behaviour
Positives of Drive Theory
- Simple to understand
- Explains high performance by experts
Positives of Inverted U theory
- Coaches can understand effect of arousal on performance
- Verifies optimal point of arousal
Positives of Catastrophe theory
- Accounts for coginitive + somatic arousal
- Performance can increase again by increasing cognitive arousal + keeping somatic low
Negatives of Drive Theory
- Doesn’t explain decline in performance
- Doesn’t account for nature of task/personality
-ves of Inverted U theory
- Doesn’t consider different types of arousal
- Relationship may not be U-Shaped e due to overarousal
Negatives of Catastrophe Theory
- Optimal arousal may not be mid-way
- Doesn’t account for level/personality of performer
Define Trait Anxiety
- Reacting to situations w/apprehension
State Anxiety
- Emotional state at any given time
Competitive Trait Anxiety
- Reacting to competitive situations w/apprehension
Symptoms of Somatic Anxiety
- Loss of appetite
- Sweating
Symptoms of Cognitive anxiety
- Indecision
- Irritability
Cognitive Anxiety w/example
- Experienced in the mind
- Worry about failing
Define Somatic Anxiety w/example
- Experienced Physiologically
- Sweating
3 characteristics of a performer in the zone of optimal functioning
- Relaxed
- Confident
- Automatic Movements
What does the Aggressive cue hypothesis suggest?
- Certain stimuli must be present for aggression to occur
What is Aggression?
- Forceful behaviour outside the rules of sport
4 effects of Social Facilitation/Inhibition on performance
- Home v Away
- Personality Factors
- Levels of Experience
- Type of Skill
How does being Home v Away affect social facilitation?
- win more at home due to nature of audience
3 types of goals ?
- outcome goals
- performance goals
- process-orientated goals
Example of an outcome goal
- Win the basketball game
Example of a performance goal
- Achieving 100m in under 10s
Example of process-orientated goal
- Ensure jumpshot technique is correct
Specific
SMART
- Must be clear
Measurable
SMART
- Must be assessed
Achievable
SMART
- Should be realistic to performer’s ablility
Recorded
SMART
- To monitor progress
Time Bound
SMART
- Should be split into ST leading to LT
What is the Zone of Optimal Functioning?
- optimum level of arousal unique to all individual performers
Strengths of Instinct Theory of Aggression
- Agression can be instinctive
- Can be hard to control
Define Arousal
- Intensity of our emotion, motivation and behaviour
