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A-Level PE > PAPER 2 - Sport Psychology > Flashcards

PAPER 2 - Sport Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the narrow band approach ?

A
  • performers are split into type a + type b personalities
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2
Q

What are some characteristics of a TYPE A personality ?

A
  • Strong desire to succeed
  • Highly competitive
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3
Q

What are some characteristics of a TYPE B personality ?

A
  • Non-competitive
  • Unambitious
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4
Q

What does the trait theory of personality suggest ?

A
  • Behaviour is consistent + predictable
  • Situation + environment has no bearing
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5
Q

Characteristics of a STABLE personality ?

A
  • constant emotional behaviour
  • calm in competitive situations
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6
Q

What are some characteristics of an UNSTABLE personality ?

A
  • highly anxious
  • unpredictable
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7
Q

What is the RAS ?

A

Reticular Articulating System

- determines if someone is an introvert/extrovert

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8
Q

What are some characteristics of an EXTROVERT ?

A
  • seeks social situations
  • lacks concentration
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9
Q

What are some characteristics of an INTROVERT ?

A
  • doesn’t seek social situations
  • good concentration
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10
Q

What does the interactionist theory suggest ?

A
  • Traits determine behaviour but can be modified by situations
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11
Q

Describe Lewin’s Interactionist Theory of personality w/equation

A
  • Behaviour is a combination of inherited characteristics + environmental influences
  • B = f(P)E
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12
Q

2 Strengths of Interactionist Theory of personality

A
  • takes into account effect of both traits + environment
  • Explains why behaviour is often unpredictable
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13
Q

Psychological Core

Hollander’s Interactionist Theory

A

Where traits are stored

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14
Q

Typical Response

Hollander’s Interactionist Theory

A
  • response in given situation
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15
Q

Role-Related Behaviour

Hollander’s Interactionist Theory

A
  • may be affected by circumstances
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16
Q

Social Environment

Hollander’s Interactionist Theory

A
  • Affects Role-related behaviour

-

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17
Q

What does the social learning theory of personality suggest ?

A
  • We copy the behaviour of significant others
  • Learning requires reinforcement
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18
Q

What is SELF-ACTUALISATION ?

A

the realisation of one’s talents, considered as a drive or need, present in everyone

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19
Q

What are the three components of the triadic model?

A
  • Cognitive
  • Affective
  • Behavioural
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20
Q

Describe the cognitive component

A
  • thoughts + beliefs about attitude object
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21
Q

Describe the affective component

A
  • feelings towards attitude object
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22
Q

Describe the behavioural component

A
  • behaviour/response to attitude object
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23
Q

What does Festinger’s Cognitive Dissonance Theory suggest ?

A
  • all three CAB elements should be consistent for attitude to be stable
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24
Q

How does Festinger believe an attitude is changed ?

A
  • performer must experience two/more opposing beliefs
  • discomfort in attitude = uncomfortable performer
  • Cognitive Dissonance
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25
Q

What is PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATION?

A

method of changing an attitude depends on…

  • The Message
  • The Persuader
  • The Recipient
  • The Situation
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26
Q

What is INTRINSIC MOTIVATION w/example?

A
  • internal drive to succeed

- e.g. personal accomplishments

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27
Q

What is EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION ?
w/example

A
  • external drive to succeed

- e.g. rewards / medals / money

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28
Q

What is the DRIVE THEORY ?

A
  • performance + arousal are directly proportional
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29
Q

What is the INVERTED U THEORY ?

A
  • arousal + performance increase to an optimum point before rapidly decreasing due to over-arousal
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30
Q

What is the CATASTROPHE THEORY ?

A
  • performance + arousal increase gradually
  • decrease due to high levels of cognitive + somantic arousal
  • Can increase again if cognitive increases + somatic is low
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31
Q

What is SOMATIC AROUSAL? w/example

A
  • Changes physiological state
  • Increase HR
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32
Q

What is COGNITIVE AROUSAL?
w/example

A
  • Changes psychological state
  • Increased Anxiety
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33
Q

What is the PEAK FLOW EXPERIENCE ?

A
  • emotional response to reaching a level of optimal performance
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34
Q

What is a dominant response?

A

A well-learned skill

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35
Q

What is CUE UTILISATION ?

A
  • concentrating on relevant cues
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36
Q

What is the INSTINCT THEORY OF AGGRESSION ?

A
  • aggression is a natural + innate response
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37
Q

Give 2 sporting examples of aggressive cues

A
  • Nature of the game - Boxing
  • Unfair Referee decisions
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38
Q

What is the FRUSTRATION-AGGRESSION HYPOTHESIS ?

A
  • frustration will always lead to aggression
39
Q

What is the SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY of aggression ?

A
  • aggression is learned by observing other’s behaviour
40
Q

What is ASSERTION ?

A

forceful behaviour within the rules of sport

41
Q

What are some problems with the INSTINCT THEORY ?

A
  • aggression is often learned
  • too generalised
42
Q

What is the main problem with the FRUSTRATION-AGGRESSION THEORY ?

A
  • frustration doesn’t always lead to aggression
43
Q

What is SOCIAL FACILITATION ?

A
  • positive influence of an audience on performance
44
Q

What is SOCIAL INHIBITION ?

A
  • negative influence of an audience on performance
45
Q

What is EVALUATION APPREHENSION ?

A
  • feeling your performance is being observed, increasing arousal
46
Q

How do personality factors affect social facilitation ?

A
  • extroverts seek high arousal situation so perform better w/audiences
47
Q

How do experience levels of experience affect social facilitation ?

A
  • elite performers do better than beginners due to correct DR + lower anxiety
48
Q

How does the type of skill affect social facilitation ?

A
  • gross skills helped by high arousal + can facilitate performance
49
Q

3 strategies minimising social inhibition ?

A
  • Relaxation Techniques
  • Training w/audience present
  • Decreasing importance of event
50
Q

What is SELF-SERVING BIAS ?

A

person’s tendency to attribute failure to external reason

51
Q

What is CONTROLLABILITY ?

A

whether attributions are controllable or UNCONTROLLABLE

52
Q

What is LEARNED HELPLESSNESS ?

A
  • belief that FAILURE is INEVITABLE
53
Q

What is MASTERY ORIENTATION ?

A
  • motivated by becoming an EXPERT Performer
54
Q

What is ATTRIBUTION RETRAINING ?

A
  • seeking to change LEARNED HELPLESSNESS into MASTERY ORIENTATION
55
Q

3 Benefits of Goal Setting

A
  • Control Arousal
  • Build Confidence
  • Increase Motivation
56
Q

Define Anxiety

A
  • -ve emotional state associated w/arousal
57
Q

4 layers of Hollander’s Interactionist Theory

A
  • Psychological Core
  • Typical Response
  • Role-Related Behaviour
  • Social Environment
58
Q

Define Attitude

A
  • Predisposition towards an attitude object
59
Q

2 ways positive attitudes are formed

A
  • Using sport as stress release
  • Enjoyable sports experiences
60
Q

2 ways negative attitudes are formed

A
  • Lack of ability
  • bad past experience, like injury
61
Q

2 Methods of changing attitudes in sport

A
  • Persuasive communication
  • Cognitive dissonance
62
Q

Example of Cognitive Dissonance

A
  • Rugby Player doing aerobics to keep fit
  • After coach tells him “the fittest players do aerobics to improve stamina”
63
Q

3 considerations of motivation

A
  • Inner drive to achieve goals
  • External Pressures + rewards
  • Intensity + Direction of behaviour
64
Q

Positives of Drive Theory

A
  • Simple to understand
  • Explains high performance by experts
65
Q

Positives of Inverted U theory

A
  • Coaches can understand effect of arousal on performance
  • Verifies optimal point of arousal
66
Q

Positives of Catastrophe theory

A
  • Accounts for coginitive + somatic arousal
  • Performance can increase again by increasing cognitive arousal + keeping somatic low
67
Q

Negatives of Drive Theory

A
  • Doesn’t explain decline in performance
  • Doesn’t account for nature of task/personality
68
Q

-ves of Inverted U theory

A
  • Doesn’t consider different types of arousal
  • Relationship may not be U-Shaped e due to overarousal
69
Q

Negatives of Catastrophe Theory

A
  • Optimal arousal may not be mid-way
  • Doesn’t account for level/personality of performer
70
Q

Define Trait Anxiety

A
  • Reacting to situations w/apprehension
71
Q

State Anxiety

A
  • Emotional state at any given time
72
Q

Competitive Trait Anxiety

A
  • Reacting to competitive situations w/apprehension
73
Q

Symptoms of Somatic Anxiety

A
  • Loss of appetite
  • Sweating
74
Q

Symptoms of Cognitive anxiety

A
  • Indecision
  • Irritability
75
Q

Cognitive Anxiety w/example

A
  • Experienced in the mind
  • Worry about failing
76
Q

Define Somatic Anxiety w/example

A
  • Experienced Physiologically
  • Sweating
77
Q

3 characteristics of a performer in the zone of optimal functioning

A
  • Relaxed
  • Confident
  • Automatic Movements
78
Q

What does the Aggressive cue hypothesis suggest?

A
  • Certain stimuli must be present for aggression to occur
79
Q

What is Aggression?

A
  • Forceful behaviour outside the rules of sport
80
Q

4 effects of Social Facilitation/Inhibition on performance

A
  • Home v Away
  • Personality Factors
  • Levels of Experience
  • Type of Skill
81
Q

How does being Home v Away affect social facilitation?

A
  • win more at home due to nature of audience
82
Q

3 types of goals ?

A
  • outcome goals
  • performance goals
  • process-orientated goals
83
Q

Example of an outcome goal

A
  • Win the basketball game
84
Q

Example of a performance goal

A
  • Achieving 100m in under 10s
85
Q

Example of process-orientated goal

A
  • Ensure jumpshot technique is correct
86
Q

Specific

SMART

A
  • Must be clear
87
Q

Measurable

SMART

A
  • Must be assessed
88
Q

Achievable

SMART

A
  • Should be realistic to performer’s ablility
89
Q

Recorded

SMART

A
  • To monitor progress
90
Q

Time Bound

SMART

A
  • Should be split into ST leading to LT
91
Q

What is the Zone of Optimal Functioning?

A
  • optimum level of arousal unique to all individual performers
92
Q

Strengths of Instinct Theory of Aggression

A
  • Agression can be instinctive
  • Can be hard to control
93
Q

Define Arousal

A
  • Intensity of our emotion, motivation and behaviour

A-Level PE (25 decks)

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