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A-Level PE > PAPER 2 - Skill Acquisition > Flashcards

PAPER 2 - Skill Acquisition Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 classification continua ?

A
  • environment
  • pacing
  • organisation
  • muscular involvement
  • difficulty
  • continuity
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2
Q

What skills are in the environmental continua ?

A

open / closed

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3
Q

What skills are in the pacing continua ?

A

self-paced/externally-paced

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4
Q

What skills are in the organisation continua ?

A

high / low

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5
Q

What skills are in the muscular involvement continua ?

A

fine / gross

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6
Q

What skills are in the difficulty continua ?

A

simple / complex

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7
Q

What skills are in the continuity continua ?

A

discrete / serial / continuous

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8
Q

What is POSITIVE TRANSFER ?

A
  • when one skill aids the learning of another
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9
Q

What is an example of POSITIVE TRANSFER ?

A

golf - cricket

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10
Q

What is NEGATIVE TRANSFER

A
  • learning of one skill inhibits the learning of another
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11
Q

Give an example of NEGATIVE Transfer

A

Basketball - Netball
Jumpshot

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12
Q

What is PROACTIVE TRANSFER ?

A
  • when a skill learned previously is used to help one being currently learned
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13
Q

Give an example of PROACTIVE TRANSFER

A

basketball - netball (pass)

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14
Q

What is RETROACTIVE TRANSFER ?

A
  • when a skill being learned interferes with a skill already learned
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15
Q

Give an example of RETROACTIVE TRANSFER

A

when a netball player returns to netball after playing basketball, they may travel

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16
Q

What is BILATERAL TRANSFER ?

A
  • transfer of a skill to your non-dominant hand/foot
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17
Q

2 ways of minimising negative transfer

A

Avoid teaching similar skills
Make practice sessions game-related

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18
Q

2 ways of optimising +ve transfer

A
  • Ensure previous skills are well learnt
  • +ve reinforcement
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19
Q

Example of Law of Exercise

A
  • Dribbling practice strengthens S-R
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20
Q

Example of Law of Effect

A
  • +ve comments about dribbling strengthen S-R, -ve comments weaken S-R
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21
Q

Example of Law of Readiness

A
  • injury prevents performer mentally + physically from dribbling again
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22
Q

Example of Negative Reinforcement to learn skills

A
  • teacher stops shouting when lay-up is performed w/correct footwork
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23
Q

Example of Positive Reinforcement to learn skills

A
  • Rewarding a player for correct footwork in a lay-up
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24
Q

Example of Punishment used to learn skills.

A
  • When teacher shouts at player for using incorrect footwork they will learn not to use the wrong footwork again
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25
Q

Positives of Operant Conditioning

A
  • Reinforces required S-R
  • Can be used with all stages of learning
26
Q

Negative of Operant Conditioning

A
  • Performer might expect rewards every time new skill is learnt
27
Q

Define Positive Reinforcement

A
  • stimulus is given when desired response occurs
28
Q

Define Negative Reinforcement

A
  • unpleasant stimulus is withdrawn when desired response occurs
29
Q

Describe 3 methods used to learn skills using operant conditioning

A
  • Negative Reinforcement
  • Punishment
  • Positive Reinforcement
30
Q

Describe Cognitive Learning Theory

A
  • We learn best through whole practice
31
Q

2 main concepts of CLT

A
  • Insight Learning
  • Intervening Variables
32
Q

Insight Learning

CLT

A

Previous Experiences + Problem solving develop insight + understanding

33
Q

Intervening Variables

CLT

A
  • Mental processes involved in decision making
34
Q

Describe Bandura’s Social Learning Theory

A
  • Behaviour is copied through imitating significant others
35
Q

4 processes of Bandura’s model of social learning

A
  • Attention
  • Retention
  • Motor Reproduction
  • Motivation
36
Q

Attention

A
  • Ability to focus on important cues
37
Q

Retention

A
  • Ability to remember motor skill
38
Q

Motor Reproduction

A
  • Being physically/mentally able to perform motor skill
39
Q

Motivation

A
  • Being motivated to imitate performance
40
Q

5 types of transfer

A
  • Proactive
  • Retroactive
  • Positive
  • Negative
  • Bilateral
41
Q

4 learning theories

A
  • Operant Conditioning
  • Thorndike’s Laws
  • CLT
  • SLT
42
Q

Gross Skill w/example

A
  • Large Muscle Groups
  • Shotput
43
Q

Fine Skill w/example

A
  • Small Muscle Groups
  • Throwing Darts
44
Q

Open Skill w/example

A
  • Easily affected by environment
  • Chest Pass, Basketball
45
Q

Closed skill w/example

A
  • Unaffected by environment
  • Free throw, basketball
46
Q

Discrete skill w/example

A
  • Clear Beginning + End
  • Penalty, football
47
Q

Serial skill w/example

A
  • Group of discrete skills
  • Sequence of skills in triple jump
48
Q

Continuous skill w/example

A
  • No clear beginning/end
  • Swimming
49
Q

Externally-Paced skill w/example

A
  • Environment controls rate of performance
  • Chest Pass, Basketball
50
Q

Self-Paced skill w/example

A
  • Performer controls rate of performance
  • Free throw, Basketball
51
Q

Simple Skill w/example

A
  • Requires low perceptual load
  • Swimming
52
Q

Complex skill w/example

A
  • Requires high perceptual load
  • Somersault
53
Q

Low org. skill w/example

A
  • Easily broken into sub-routines
  • Trampoline sequence
54
Q

High Org. Skill w/example

A
  • Harder to break into sub-routines
  • Cartwheel
55
Q

Example of Bilateral Transfer

A
  • Having a left + right hand layup in basketball
56
Q

Describe the learning theory of Operant Conditioning

A
  • We learn best through trial + error
57
Q

3 of Thorndike’s laws of operant conditioning

A
  • Law of Effect
  • Law of Exercise
  • Law of Readiness
58
Q

Cognitive Stage of Learning

2 Characteristics

A
  • Inconsistent skills
  • movts. lack fluency
  • trial + error
59
Q

Describe the Associative Stage of Learning

A
  • Still lack some consistency
  • Movements not fully fluent
  • Practice stage
60
Q

Autonomous Stage of Learning

2 Characteristics

A
  • Movts. almost automatic
  • Strong kinaesthetic feel
  • Less of a need for external feedback
61
Q

3 factors affecting successful modelling

A
  • Clear Demonstrations
  • Motivated Observer
  • Significant + Similar to performer

A-Level PE (25 decks)

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